过去完成时 (2)讲稿.ppt

关于过去完成时(2)第一页，讲稿共四十二页哦构成：助动词构成：助动词had+动词的过去分词动词的过去分词用法：用法：1.过去完成时动词表示过去某一时间或某一动作过去完成时动词表示过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。强调过去某一动作发生之前完成的动作或状态。强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前时。在另一动作之前时。1.他说他以前见过你。他说他以前见过你。He said that he _(see)you before.had seen2.到六点钟为止他们已经工作八小时了。到六点钟为止他们已经工作八小时了。By six oclock they _(work)for eight hours.had worked第二页，讲稿共四十二页哦2.过去完成时词可以表示过去某一时刻过去完成时词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态，这一动之前发生的动作或呈现的状态，这一动作一直持续作一直持续 或将继续下去。或将继续下去。By six oclock they _(work)for eight hours.When I came to GZ,he _(be)there for a long time.用法：用法：1.到了六点钟为止，他们已经工作了八小时了。到了六点钟为止，他们已经工作了八小时了。2.我到广州时，他在那里很长时间了。我到广州时，他在那里很长时间了。had workedhad been3.到上个月中旬我们在北京住了有五年时间了。到上个月中旬我们在北京住了有五年时间了。By the middle of last month we _(live)in Beijing for five years.had lived第三页，讲稿共四十二页哦1.到昨晚上，他已写完那封信。到昨晚上，他已写完那封信。By yesterday evening he _(write)that letter.2.他说他以前见过你。他说他以前见过你。He said that he _(see)you before.3.当我进来时，他已做完了作业。当我进来时，他已做完了作业。When I came in he _(finish)his homework.过去完成时与过去完成时与 by then(截止到那时截止到那时);by 9 oclock(直到九点钟直到九点钟)by the end of(在在结束结束/末之前末之前);by the time(在在时之前时之前);up till then(直到那时直到那时);up until last night(直到昨晚）等连用，表示过去的过去。直到昨晚）等连用，表示过去的过去。had writtenhad seenhad finished第四页，讲稿共四十二页哦3.过去完成时和过去完成时和 already,just,ever,yet 等连用表示过去的过去。等连用表示过去的过去。用法：用法：例如：例如：1.他告诉我说他们队已经赢了。他告诉我说他们队已经赢了。He told me that his team _ already _(win).hadwon2.她说她仍没去过长城。她说她仍没去过长城。She said that she _(not go to)the Great Wall yet.hadnt been to第五页，讲稿共四十二页哦用法：用法：过去完成时与过去完成时与when,before,as soon as,till/until 等引导时间状语的从句连用，强调等引导时间状语的从句连用，强调动作发生的时间前后。动作发生的时间前后。例如：例如：1.她到家之前她的孩子已经睡着了。她到家之前她的孩子已经睡着了。When she got home her children _(sleep).had slept2.在他们到达之前电影已经开始了。在他们到达之前电影已经开始了。Before they arrived here the film _ already _(start).hadstartedLast night,as soon as I _(finish)my work I went to sleep.3.我完成作业了就去睡觉了。我完成作业了就去睡觉了。had finished第六页，讲稿共四十二页哦1.After he _(finish)his work he went out.had finished2.The children ran away after they _(break)the window.had broken3.I went to Toms house but he _(go)out.had gone4.Annie told me that his father _(go)to Paris and he _(come)back in a few days.had gonewould come5.My friend _(buy)the car two years ago.He _(buy)it for two years.boughthas had第七页，讲稿共四十二页哦形容词：用于修饰名词或不定代词，描述被修饰成分的性质、特征、状态或属性等。在句子中可以作定语,表语,宾语补足语,主语或宾语.Eg.*It seems that hes a kind-hearted guy.(作定语作定语)*Animal life is fascinating.(作表语作表语)*Something awful happened today.(作后置定语作后置定语)*Lets make our motherland strong.(作宾语补足语作宾语补足语)(keep/leave/find/make n.+adj)(作宾语补足语作宾语补足语)第八页，讲稿共四十二页哦*形容词的类型形容词的类型:1.1.品质形容词品质形容词(表示人或物的属性表示人或物的属性,品质品质,特征等特征等)e.g.attractive,angry,soft,terrible,young,e.g.attractive,angry,soft,terrible,young,clever,powerful,expensive,common clever,powerful,expensive,common 2.2.颜色形容词颜色形容词 e.g.light/dark/deep/bright greene.g.light/dark/deep/bright green(以上这两类词通常可以用于比较级以上这两类词通常可以用于比较级,通常都可以作定语通常都可以作定语,表语表语)3.3.类属形容词类属形容词(表示属于哪一类表示属于哪一类)e.g.cultural,monthly,foreign,native,male,e.g.cultural,monthly,foreign,native,male,magic,free,western,direct magic,free,western,direct 4.4.强调形容词强调形容词(起强调作用起强调作用)e.g.It was e.g.It was purepurepurepure luck to win the lottery(luck to win the lottery(彩票彩票).).(以上这两类词通常不能用于比较级以上这两类词通常不能用于比较级.通常不作表语通常不作表语,只作定语只作定语.).)第九页，讲稿共四十二页哦形容词的类型形容词的类型2 21.1.ing 形容词(由现在分词演变而来,多属于品质形容词)2.e.g.exciting,interesting,fascinating,pleasing,exciting,interesting,fascinating,pleasing,3.3.boring,encouraging,surprising,amusing,disappointing boring,encouraging,surprising,amusing,disappointing4.(这类词通常可用于可用于形容词比较级)5.5.例外例外:由不及物动词变来的由不及物动词变来的 living,rising,living,rising,只作定语只作定语,不可用比较级不可用比较级6.2.ed ed 形容词 (由过去分词演变而来,具有被动意义)7.e.g.excited,interested,fascinated,pleased,depressed,excited,interested,fascinated,pleased,depressed,8.8.bored,surprised,amused,disappointed,tired,worried bored,surprised,amused,disappointed,tired,worried9.(这类词通常可用于可用于形容词比较级)10.10.注意注意:某些只能做表语的形容词某些只能做表语的形容词pleased,tired,touched,pleased,tired,touched,11.11.lost,dressed,lost,dressed,12.12.3.3.合成形容词合成形容词.E.g.good-looking,kind-hearted,one-way,E.g.good-looking,kind-hearted,one-way,13.13.well-prepared,hard-working,time-wasting,twenty-year-old well-prepared,hard-working,time-wasting,twenty-year-old 第十页，讲稿共四十二页哦形容词的位置:1.多个形容词修饰名词时候的顺序.与被修饰名词关系2.越近的的形容词越靠近该名词.3.品质品质-颜色颜色-类别类别4.4.a little white wooden a little white wooden househouse5.5.品质品质-大小大小/年岁年岁-颜色颜色-国家国家-分词分词 (名词名词)6.6.a beautiful big old brown French handmade a beautiful big old brown French handmade cupboardcupboard7.8.2.形容词后置的情况.9.1)在something,anything,nothing,everything之后.10.10.2)与表示数量的词组连用时.11.e.g.5 years old,11 meters tall/long/fare.g.5 years old,11 meters tall/long/far12.第十一页，讲稿共四十二页哦副词:主要用于修饰动词、形容词和其他副词或者全句，描述被修饰成主要用于修饰动词、形容词和其他副词或者全句，描述被修饰成分的特征或状态。在句中可作分的特征或状态。在句中可作 状语状语,表语表语,也可作定语也可作定语,宾语补足语宾语补足语,也可构成成语动词也可构成成语动词.E.g.(作状语作状语)It snowed It snowed heavilyheavily last January.last January.(修饰动词修饰动词,),)I I recentlyrecently went to Berlin for a meeting.went to Berlin for a meeting.(修饰动词修饰动词)Miss Perez speaks French Miss Perez speaks French fairlyfairly well.well.(修饰形容词修饰形容词)Hes driving Hes driving very very carefully.carefully.(修饰副词修饰副词)Normally we dont have classes on Sundays.Normally we dont have classes on Sundays.(修饰整句修饰整句)(作表语作表语-多数与介词同型的副词可作表语多数与介词同型的副词可作表语)He is He is outout for the moment.for the moment.I must be I must be offoff now.now.We will be We will be abroadabroad next year.next year.(down,up,about,in,through,over,etc.)(down,up,about,in,through,over,etc.)p.s.p.s.如何判断是介词还是副词如何判断是介词还是副词?带宾语时候则为介词带宾语时候则为介词,否则为副词否则为副词.第十二页，讲稿共四十二页哦副词副词:(作定语作定语)e.g.I hope you enjoy your stay e.g.I hope you enjoy your stay herehere.(.(修饰名词修饰名词)The view The view aroundaround is very beautiful.(is very beautiful.(修饰名词修饰名词)Is there anything Is there anything onon tonight?(tonight?(修饰名词修饰名词)Imitate the example Imitate the example aboveabove,please.(,please.(修饰名词修饰名词)(构成成语动词构成成语动词,即固定搭配的短语即固定搭配的短语)e.g.put off,put on,turn off,make up,give upe.g.put off,put on,turn off,make up,give up 第十三页，讲稿共四十二页哦副词的类型及其功能副词的类型及其功能:1.1.时间副词时间副词(表示发生时间表示发生时间,发生的频繁程度以及其他发生的频繁程度以及其他.).)e.g.e.g.I was working for CIS I was working for CIS thenthen./I will see you./I will see you laterlater.(just now/ago/before/so far/now etc.(just now/ago/before/so far/now etc.always,rarely,frequently,continually,etc.)always,rarely,frequently,continually,etc.)2.2.地点副词地点副词(表示地点或者地区范围表示地点或者地区范围)e.g.e.g.everywhere,upstairs,nationally,outsideeverywhere,upstairs,nationally,outside3.3.方式副词方式副词(说明行为的方式说明行为的方式,包括一些情绪的副词包括一些情绪的副词)e.g.quietly,badly,efficiently,sadlye.g.quietly,badly,efficiently,sadly4.4.程度副词和强调副词程度副词和强调副词(表示表示“到达某种程度到达某种程度”,”,表示强调表示强调)e.g.almost,quite,fairly,nearly,verye.g.almost,quite,fairly,nearly,very5.5.疑问副词疑问副词(引导特殊疑问句引导特殊疑问句),连接副词连接副词(从句或者不定式从句或者不定式)和关系副词和关系副词(定语从句定语从句).).e.g.how,where,when,why,which,howe.g.how,where,when,why,which,how 第十四页，讲稿共四十二页哦 观察下列各句，辨别括号中单词的词类。1.He is a(fast)worker.2.He works very(fast.)3.Thats a(hard)math problem.4.You have to work(hard)at your lessons 5.I feel(better)now.6.He plays football(better)than I.7.Tom draws(worse)than his brother.8.He was(worse)than his brother.9.Of all the boys,he reads(best.)10.Of all the boys,he is the(best.)11.That plane flew(high)that day.第十五页，讲稿共四十二页哦 12.That plane is(high)in the sky now.13.A(straight)line is the shortest between 2 points.14.Stand (straight).15.He always speaks in a (low)voice.16.He is a clever businessman.He always buys (low)and sells high.17.At the end of the streeet,there is a(low)wall.18.We didnt go(far)because we knew that famous place was too(far)away.19.He is a (slow)boy.Hes always (slow)to make up his mind.And he even likes to take a(slow)train when he travel.20.Please tell the driver to go(slower).21.The(last)time I saw you was the last Sunday in June.第十六页，讲稿共四十二页哦 22.She was very well when I(last)saw her.23.The train was ten minutes(late).24.He arrived home(late)last night and he got up late this morning.25.Not many people write with the(left)hand.26.Please turn(left)now.第十七页，讲稿共四十二页哦形容词和副词的比较等级（假设A和B为进行比较的人或事物）1、原级：使用形容词或副词原形，表示A与B一样（或不一样）。2、比较级：使用形容词或副词比较级形式，表示A与B二者相比哪一个更。3、最高级：使用形容词或副词最高级形式，表示三者（或三者以上）相比哪一个最。第十八页，讲稿共四十二页哦1.一般在词尾后加 er 或est.soon-sooner-soonest clever-cleverer-cleverest2.以辅音字母辅音字母加“y”结尾的形容词副词,先把“y”变为“i”,再加er或est.(形容词加形容词加-ly构成的副词除外构成的副词除外)angry-angrier-angriest busy-busier-busiest3.以一个辅音字母结尾的形容词，前面的元音字母发短元音时,应 先写双写这一个辅音字母，再加er或est.big-bigger-biggest thin-thinner-thinnest fat-fatter-fattest wet-wetter-wettest hot-hotter-hottest red-redder-reddest 形容词或副词比较级和最高级的构成第十九页，讲稿共四十二页哦4.多音节词和一些双音节词在该词前加more/most变为比较级/最高级。(以ly结尾的副词除early以及不规则变化外，也应加more/most)Eg.interesting more/most interesting careful more/most careful slowly more/most slowly usefulmore useful-the most useful 例外:tired more/the most tired以下两种变化方式都可:friendly-friendlier,friendliest /more/the most friendlyOften-oftener/oftenest more/the most often第二十页，讲稿共四十二页哦形容词或副词比较级和最高级的构成不规则变化 good/well better,best bad/badly/ill worse,worst many/much more,most little less,least *old older,oldest 年长的；老的；旧的 elder,eldest（亲戚关系中）年长的 *far farther,farthest 远的 further,furthest 远的（有更加、进一步的含义）第二十一页，讲稿共四十二页哦形容词或副词各比较等级的基本用法第二十二页，讲稿共四十二页哦1、原级：使用形容词或副词原形，表示A与B一样（或不一样）。主要用于A as/(not so)as B 结构。Eg.1)Jim is as tall as Mike.Jim is not so tall as Mike.2)Jim works as hard as Mike.Jim doesnt work so hard as Mike.第二十三页，讲稿共四十二页哦2、比较级：使用形容词或副词比较级形式，表示A与B 二者相比哪一个更。主要用于A than B 结构。Eg.1)Jim is taller than Mike.2)Jim works harder than Mike.第二十四页，讲稿共四十二页哦比较级用法扩展1）比较级前面可以有much,even,far,Still,a bit,a little,a lot,等修饰语,用以加深程度。e.g.e.g.This book is much better than that one.This book is much better than that one.e.g.Hes far cleverer than his brother.e.g.Hes far cleverer than his brother.e.g.Eat a bit more,will you?e.g.Eat a bit more,will you?2）比较级比较级，表示越来越 hotter and hotter 越来越热 more and more beautiful 越来越漂亮3）than 后面的人称代词用主格或宾格都可以。He is taller than I(am).He is taller than me.第二十五页，讲稿共四十二页哦3、最高级：使用形容词或副词最高级形式，表示三者（或三者以上）相比哪一个最。主要用于the in/among/of+所包含人或事物的数量3的集合短语结构。Eg.1)Jim is the tallest in our class.2)Jim works(the)hardest of all the boys.最高级用法扩展 第二十六页，讲稿共四十二页哦最高级用法扩展形容词最高级前的the在以下几种情况下可以省略：1）该形容词前有物主代词或名词所有格。He is my/Jims best friend.2）比较含义模糊。We are busiest on Monday.This is a most interesting book.这里的most相当于very。补充：China is one of the most beautiful countries.The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.第二十七页，讲稿共四十二页哦The Object Clause第二十八页，讲稿共四十二页哦 宾语从句是主从复合句的一种。主从复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的。主句是复合句的主体，从句仅仅是主句的一个成分，它从属于主句，不能独立。从句在全句中充当什么成分，就叫什么从句。宾语从句当中的从句在全句中作宾语。第二十九页，讲稿共四十二页哦重点和难点重点和难点 1 1、由不同引导词引导的宾语从句、由不同引导词引导的宾语从句 2 2、直接引语和间接引语、直接引语和间接引语 3 3、宾语从句中时态的变化、宾语从句中时态的变化第三十页，讲稿共四十二页哦由从属连词由从属连词thatthat引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句 由连接代词 who,whom,whose,which，what 和连接副词 where,how,why,when引导的宾语从句由从属连词由从属连词 whether,if 引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句第三十一页，讲稿共四十二页哦note：that 在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分，在口语当中往往省略e.g.1.I hear(that)_.（一小时后他会回来）2.He said(that)_.（他非常想念我们）3.The teacher told us(that)_.（地球围着太阳转）he will be back in an hour he missed us very much the earth moves around the sun第三十二页，讲稿共四十二页哦1.He asked _.(谁能回答这个问题）2.Do you know_?（他们在等谁）3.He asked _.（谁的书法是班上最好的）5.Do you know _(地球和月亮哪一个比较小）6.Please tell me _.（我们什么时候开会）7.Can you tell me _?（他在哪儿）8.Could you tell me _?（我该怎么去车站）9.Would you tell me _?（为什么火车迟到了）由连接代词what,whom,whose,which,what及连接副词 when,where,how,why引导的宾语从句 who could answer the question whom they are waiting for whose handwriting was the best in the class when well have a meeting where he is how I can get to the station why the train is late?which is smaller,the earth or the moon?第三十三页，讲稿共四十二页哦由从属连词由从属连词whether,if 引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句e.g.1.I want to know _.（他是否跟我们一起去公园）2.Ask him _.（他是否能来）3.I dont know _.（是否要下雨）if(whether)he will go to the park with us whether(if)he can come whether it is going to rain or not第三十四页，讲稿共四十二页哦直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系陈述句变为引导的宾语从句e.g.1.He said,“You are younger than I”.2.He says,“Tony is a good student”.He said that I was younger than him.He says that Tony is a good student.第三十五页，讲稿共四十二页哦直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系一般疑问句变为if(whether)引导的宾语从句e.g.1.She said,“Do you often come here to read newspaper?”2.“Will they go to visit the Great Wall?”he asked.She asked if(whether)I often came here to read newspaper.He asked if(whether)they would go to visit the Great Wall.第三十六页，讲稿共四十二页哦直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系特殊疑问句变为特殊疑问句变为who,what,when等引导的宾语从句等引导的宾语从句e.g.1.He asked,“Where do you live?”2.“How can we get to the post office?”he asked.He asked where I lived.He asked how they could get to the post office.第三十七页，讲稿共四十二页哦直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系 1、当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，宾语 从句的谓语动词可以用所需要的任何一种时态。2、当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，宾语从句的谓语 动词要用相应的过去时态，但当宾语从句叙述的内容 为客观真理时，仍然用一般现在时。e.g.The teacher said that the moon moves around the sun.第三十八页，讲稿共四十二页哦1.The radio says it _ cloudy Tomorrow.(be)2.The headmaster hopes everything _ well.(go)3.Tony says that they _(play)basketball at six oclock yesterday evening.4.I hear they _(return)it already.5.He said that they _ members of the Party since 1948.(be)6.He asked what they _ at eight last night.(do)7.The teacher told his class that light _ faster than sound.(travel)8.I think you _ about the relay race now.(talk)9.I didnt know whom the letters _ from.(be)will be goes were playing has returned had been travels are talking were were doing第三十九页，讲稿共四十二页哦10.I didnt know what time he _ the letter.(write)11.Mr Cai told me that the earth _(move)round the earth.12.Could you tell me who _ away the book already?(take)13.Ling Feng told me he _ to several times.(be)14.Our teacher told us in class the sun _ in the east.(rise)15.Can you tell me what they _ yesterday?(do)wrote moves has taken has been risesdid第四十页，讲稿共四十二页哦将下列句子合并为一句将下列句子合并为一句:1.Where do they stop on the way?I asked.2.What will you speak at the meeting?Could you tell me?3.Do they like to make friends with us?He asked.4.“I am doing my homework.”He said.5.“I will come back.”Tony said.6.“Is he doing his homework?”Jim asked.I asked where they stopped on the way.Could you tell me what you will speak at the meeting?He asked if they liked to make friends with them.He said that he was doing his homework.Tony said that he would come back.Jim asked if he was doing his homework.第四十一页，讲稿共四十二页哦感感谢谢大大家家观观看看第四十二页，讲稿共四十二页哦