英国现代主义.pptx

I.Modern periodIt is from the second half of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century.第1页/共35页II.Background The catastrophic First World War tremendously weakened the British Empire and brought about great sufferings to its people as well.The postwar economic dislocation and spiritual disillusion produced a profound impact upon the British people,who came to see the prevalent wretchedness in capitalism.1.The influences of the two World Wars on Britain第2页/共35页The Second World War marked the last stage of the disintegration of the British Empire.Britain suffered heavy losses in the war:thousands of people were killed;the economy was ruined;and almost all its former colonies were lost.The once sun-never-set Empire finally collapsed.第3页/共35页III.Culture background All these radical changes gave rise to all kinds of philosophical ideas in Western Europe.In the mid-19th century,a.Karl Marx and Engels put forward the theory of scientific socialism,which not only provided a guiding principle for the working people,but also inspired them to make dauntless fights for their own emancipation.第4页/共35页b.Darwins theory of evolution exerted a strong influence upon the people,causing many to lose their religious faith.“survival of the fittest.”第5页/共35页c.Einsteins theory of relativity provided entirely new ideas for the concepts of time and space.第6页/共35页d.Freuds analytical psychology drastically altered our conception of human nature.第7页/共35页e.Arthur Schopenhauer,a pessimistic philosopher,started a rebellion against rationalism,stressing the importance of will and intuition.德国哲学家亚瑟.叔本华的悲观主义与反理性哲学强调了人的意愿与直觉的重要性。第8页/共35页f.Friedrich Nietzsche went further against rationalism by advocating the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality.尼采继承了叔本华的理论后，更进一步的反叛理性主义与基督教精神，推崇强权与霸权。第9页/共35页g.Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy,which put the emphasis on creation,intuition,irrationality and unconsciousness.亨利.伯格森在前人基础上创立了非理性哲学，强调创造力，直觉，非理性与无意识。第10页/共35页h.Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism.i.French symbolism,appearing in the late 19th century.第11页/共35页j.After the First World War,all kinds of literary trends of modernism appeared:expressionism,surrealism,futurism,Dadaism,imagism and stream of consciousness.一战后，所有的现代主义文学潮流都产生了：表现主义（强调自我表现，反对艺术的目的性），超现实主义，未来主义，达达主义（颓废派文艺），意象主义以及意识流等等。第12页/共35页After the Second World War，a variety of modernism，or post-modernism，like existentialist literature，theater of the absurd，new novels and black humor,rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that the world was absurd，and the human life was an agony.二战后，另一种形式的现实主义，即后现代主义，比如存在主义文学，荒诞派戏剧，新小说及黑色幽默，如雨后春笋涌现出来，其理论基础便是存在主义所讲的“世界是荒谬的，人生则是巨大的痛苦”。第13页/共35页IV.Modernism It is a reaction against realism.It rejects rationalism which is the theoretical base of realism;it excludes from its major concern the external,objective,material world,which is the only creative source of realism;by advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation,1.The definition第14页/共35页it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story,plot,character,chronological narration,etc.which are essential to realism.Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.第15页/共35页Thematic characteristics Rejection of the history,the outdated social system,the traditional thoughts and the traditional moralities and the religious thoughts Separation of meanings and senses from the context Despairing individual behaviors in the face of an unmanageable future Sense of spiritual loneliness,alienation,frustration and disillusionment Substitution of a mythical past Two World Wars effects on Humanity 第16页/共35页 Formal/Stylistic characteristicsFree indirect speech Stream of consciousness juxtaposition of characters wide use of classical allusions 第17页/共35页Figure of speech Intertextuality Personification Hyperbole Parataxis（意合、互补）Comparison Quotation Satire IronyAntiphrasis（反用法）Symbolic representation Psychoanalysis Pun 第18页/共35页V.Stream of consciousnessStream-of-consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow,tracing a characters fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.Stream of consciousness and interior monologue are distinguished from dramatic monologue,where the speaker is addressing an audience or a third person,and is used chiefly in poetry or drama.In stream of consciousness,the speakers thought processes are more often depicted as overheard in the mind(or addressed to oneself)and is primarily a fictional device.The term was introduced to the field of literary studies from that of psychology by philosopher and psychologist William James,brother of writer Henry James.第19页/共35页VI.Main writers:A.George Bernard Shaw乔治.萧伯纳(1856-1950)a brilliant dramatist,Shaw is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.萧伯纳在戏剧方面被公认为自莎士比亚后，英国最优秀的戏剧大师。Main works:Cashel Byrons Profession 卡歇尔。拜伦的职业 Widowers House 鳏夫的房产 Mrs.Warrens Profession 沃伦夫人的职业 Man and Superman人与超人 Too True to Be Good 难以置信第20页/共35页B.John Galsworthy(1867-1933)约翰.高尔斯华绥He was born into an upper-middle class family.Main works:From the Four Winds来自四位吹奏者(short stories)The Silver Box 银盒The Forsyte Saga:(his first trilogy第一部费尔塞特世家三部曲 The Man of Property财主;In Chancer骑虎难下To Let出租)A Modern Comedy 现代喜剧End of the Chapter 篇章末尾第21页/共35页C:William Butler Yeats(1865-1939)威廉.巴特勒.叶芝He was born into an Anglo-Irish Protestant family in Dublin.He was awarded Nobel Prize for literature.Main works:The Lake Isle of Innisfree 伊尼斯弗利的湖中沙洲The Man Who Dreamed of Faeryland.梦见仙境的人No Second Troy 没有第二个特洛伊September 1913 Sailing to Byzantium 驶向拜占庭Once out of nature 一旦脱离凡尘Monuments of unaging intellect 长青知识的纪念碑第22页/共35页Artifice of eternity 永恒的世界Of what is past,or passing,or to come 为过去现在将来歌唱Leda and the Swan 丽达及天鹅The Countess Cathleen 凯瑟琳伯爵夫人The Land of Hearts Desire 心欲的土地The Shadowy Waters 布满影荫的水城Purgatory炼狱第23页/共35页D.T.S.Eliot(1888-1965)乔治.艾略特He first studied at Smith Academy in his hometown,then at Harvard where he concentrated his energies on studying philosophy and logic.The study in France,Germany and Oxford.Editor of the The Egoist and The Criterion.He rewarded the Nobel Prize and the Order of Merit in 1948.第24页/共35页 Main works Prufrock and Other Observations 普鲁弗洛克与其他情况 The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock普鲁弗洛克的情歌 The Waste Land荒原(the most famous poem,comparable to Wordsworths Lyrical Ballads.)five parts 1.The Burial of the Dead 埋葬死者 Unreal city 虚幻之城(in part1)2.A Game of Chess 棋赛 HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME 赶快，到点关门了(in part2)3.The Fire Sermon激情训诫 4.Death by Water溺水而死 5.What the Thunder Said雷训 第25页/共35页1927-are the plays have something to do with Christian themes.Ash Wednesday 灰星期三Four Quartets 四个四重奏Murder in the Cathedral大教堂凶杀案The Family Reunion合家团圆 The Cocktail Party 鸡尾酒会The Confidential Clerk机要秘书The Elder Statesman 政界元老Everyman每个人 Tradition and Individual Talent.传统与个人才能第26页/共35页E:D.H.Larence(1885-1930)戴维.伯特.劳伦斯 He was the son of the coal-miner with little education.Main works:The White Peacock 白孔雀 Sons and Lovers儿子与情人 Women in Love恋爱中的女人Aarons Rod亚伦神杖 Lady Chatterleys Lover 查太莱夫人的情人 第27页/共35页F:James Joyce(1882-1941)詹姆斯.乔伊斯He was born into a Catholic family in Dublin.His novels which have the same setting:Ireland,especially Dublin,and the same subject:the Irish people and their life.And Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist.乔伊斯则是最伟大的意识流小说家第28页/共35页Main WorksDubliner 都柏林人15 short storiesA Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.青年艺术家的肖像Ulysses尤利西斯(his masterpiece)Finnegans Wake 菲尼根斯。韦克第29页/共35页C.Shaws plays have plots,but they dont work by plots.The plot is usually the disregarded backbone to one long,unbroken conversation.D.Structurally and thematically,Shaw followed the great traditions of realism.As a realistic dramatist,he took the modern social issues as his subjects with the aim of directing social reform.第30页/共35页VII.DiscussionA He makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another.His characters are the representatives of ideas,points of view,that shift and alter during the play;B.Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation.The inversion is an intergral part of an interpretation of life.1.What are the main characteristics of Bernard Shaws plays?第31页/共35页2.Analyze the main character Paul in Sons and Lovers.Pauls psychological development is traced with great subtlety.He depends heavily on his mothers love and help to make sense of the world around him.In order to become an independent man and a true artist he has to make his own decisions about his life and work,and has to struggle to become free from his mothers influence.第32页/共35页However,Paul is proved to be incapable of escaping the overpowering emotional bond imposed by his mothers love,so he fails to achieve a fulfilling relationship with Miriam or Clara.Finally,his mother died and he was left alone in despair.But the book ends with Pauls determination to face the unknown future.第33页/共35页第34页/共35页感谢您的观看！第35页/共35页