英语文体学ChapterPhonologicalOverregularity学习.pptx

Phonological OveregularityPhonological overregularity is characteristic of such literary genres as poetry.It consists of two aspects,namely Phonemic PatterningRhythmic Patterning第1页/共84页Phonemic PatterningPhonemes may be patterned in different ways in English.The most important types of patterning in English literature are:alliteration,rhyme,assonance,consonance and onomatopoeia.第2页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningAlliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant cluster in stressed syllables.v5.1.1 Alliteration第3页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningTwo points about alliteration need to be explained.v5.1.1 Alliteration第4页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningFirstly,what is meant by initial consonant cluster?Lets look at the following syllabic structure.S Onset Rhyme Nucleus Coda s t r i:tv5.1.1 Alliteration第5页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningAs we can see from the above figure,in English a basic syllable contains an initial consonant(consonant cluster),a vowel,and a final consonant(consonant cluster).v5.1.1 Alliteration第6页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningThe initial consonant cluster can be formed by up to 3 consonants,and the final consonant cluster can be formed by up to 4 consonants.In the above example,the word street has a largest initial consonant cluster.While in the word sixths there is a largest final consonant cluster.v5.1.1 Alliteration第7页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningSecondly,a misconception may arise that it is the initial syllable of a polysyllabic word which carries alliteration.v5.1.1 Alliteration第8页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningIt should be pointed out that it is usually the first stressed syllable of a word that carries the alliteration,not necessarily the initial syllable.E.g.In Tennysons“Here in the long unlovely street”,long alliterates with unlovely.v5.1.1 Alliteration第9页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningAlliteration is frequently found in proverbial and idiomatic expressions.E.g.last but not the least safe and sound now or never Speech in silver,silence is golden.v5.1.1 Alliteration第10页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningAlliteration is also a feature of tongue twisters.E.g.A tutor who tooted a flute Tried to tutor two tutors to toot Said the two to the tutor “Is it harder to toot or To tutor two tutors to toot?”v5.1.1 AlliterationFUNCTION?Humor第11页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningAlliteration plays an important role in literature.E.g.Cold are the crabs that crawl on yonder hills,Colder the cucumber that grow beneath.(Edward Lear,Cold Are the Crab)v5.1.1 AlliterationSimilar sounds make up similar feeling or thought第12页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningE.g.When he saw Grendels gruesome footprints,that great man grieved for his retainers.(Beowulf)She is a child of the people,born in the very height and heat of battle.The best laid schemes o mice and men Gang aft a-gley.(Robert Burns,To a Mouse)v5.1.1 AlliterationContrast and Similarity第13页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningAlliteration is not only used in literary texts,but also in the titles of the texts.E.g.Pride and Prejudice Sense and Sensibilityv5.1.1 Alliteration第14页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningFunction of Alliteration-A.to create a sense of humor or childlike tone;B.to arouse similar feeling,thought or mood(onomatopoeia);C.to be forceful and emphatic;D.to form a connection of similarity or contrast between the two item.v5.1.1 Alliteration第15页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningRhyme is the“identity of sounds between words or verse lines extending from the end to the last fully accented vowel and not further”.v5.1.2 Rhyme第16页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningThus theoretically speaking a rhyme may have multiple syllables,though in actual use rhymes of more than two syllables are rare.One-syllable rhymes are referred to as masculine rhymes and two-syllable rhymes are called feminine rhymes.Other kinds of rhymes may be simply called polysyllabic rhymes.v5.1.2 Rhyme第17页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 1 She walks in beauty,like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies;And all thats best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes;Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies.(Byron,She walks in Beauty)v5.1.2 RhymeMasculine rhymes第18页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 2 Reflections on Ice-breaking Candy Is dandy,But liquor Is quicker.(Ogden Nash)v5.1.2 RhymeFeminine rhymes第19页/共84页5.1 Phonemic Patterning1)End rhymes Rhymes which occur at the end of verse lines.E.g.Take her up tenderly,Lift her with care,Fashiond so slenderly,Young,and so fair!(Thomas Hood,The Bridge of Sighs)v5.1.2 Rhyme Types of Rhymes第20页/共84页5.1 Phonemic Patterning2)Internal rhymes Rhymes which occur within a verse line.E.g.Far from citys strident jangle as I angle,smoke and dream.(Newman Levy,Midsummer Jangle)v5.1.2 Rhyme Types of Rhymes第21页/共84页5.1 Phonemic Patterning3)Half-rhymes Rhymes which are formed by repeating either the vowel(or diphthong)or the final consonant cluster.v5.1.2 Rhyme Types of Rhymes第22页/共84页5.1 Phonemic Patterning3)Half-rhymesE.g.Hope is the thing with feathers That perches in the soul,And sings the tune without the words And never stops at all.(Emily Dickson,Hope Is the Thing with Feathers)v5.1.2 Rhyme Types of Rhymes第23页/共84页5.1 Phonemic Patterning4)Pararhymes Rhymes which are formed by repeating the initial consonant cluster as well as the final consonant cluster.E.g.Too fast in thought or death to be bestirred Then,as I probed them,one sprang up and stared (Wilfred Owen,Strange Meeting)v5.1.2 Rhyme Types of Rhymes第24页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningRhymes are arranged in a pattern within a poem.This pattern is called a rhyme-scheme.It is customary and convenient to denote rhyme-schemes briefly by using letters of the alphabet.E.g.1 LucyE.g.2 Prothalamionv5.1.2 Rhyme第25页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningIf a writer plans to adopt a traditional verse form,then the choice of rhyme-scheme is also determined by the form.For example,a couplet by definition requires the lines to rhyme in pairs.E.g.Leisurev5.1.2 Rhyme第26页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningA Shakespearean sonnet has a more elaborate rhyme-scheme.E.g.Sonnet 18v5.1.2 Rhyme第27页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningWhat is the function of rhymes?E.g.1 The Love Song of J.Alfred PrufrockE.g.2 The Rape of the Lockv5.1.2 Rhyme第28页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningWhat is the function of rhymes?A.The general function of rhymes is to get the texts more organized and to bestow“music”to the texts.B.Rhymes can be used to achieve cohesion(logical association or association in content).v5.1.2 Rhyme第29页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningAssonance consists of the repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllable of a sequence of words.v5.1.3 Assonance第30页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningE.g.1 Think from how many trees Dead leaves are brought To earth on seed or wing v5.1.3 Assonance第31页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningE.g.2 Song v5.1.3 Assonance第32页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 3 Break,break,break,On thy cold grey stones,O sea!(Alfred Tennyson,Break,Break,Break)The double assonance of/ei/and/u/suggests the steady,inexorable movement of the sea as well as the narrators anguish.v5.1.3 Assonance第33页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 4 Thou still unravished bride of quietness,Thou foster child of silence and slow time.(John Keats,Ode on a Grecian Urn)The dipthong/ai/repeats several times which reinforces the idea of a long,peaceful and quiet existence.v5.1.3 Assonance第34页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 5 the great Mississippi,the majestic,the magnificent Mississippi,rolling its mile-wide tide along,shinning in the sun.(Mark Twain,Life on the Mississippi)v5.1.3 Assonance第35页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningA.Assonance is much used in poetic language as an aspect of sound patterning and cohesion to achieve a particular effect of euphony.B.Assonance not only contributes to musical quality of a literary text,but also to its meaning.vFunctions of Assonance第36页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningConsonance comes from Latin that means to harmonize.Consonance is a harmony of consonant.It is a kind of end-alliteration or consonantal assonance whereby final consonants in stressed syllables are repeated,but with different preceding vowels.e.g.add-read,stroke-luck,rain-tone,furnished-varnished.v5.1.4 Consonance第37页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 1 Like one in danger,Cautious,I offered him a crumb And he unrolled his feathers And rowed him softer home-Than Oars divide the Ocean,Too silver for a seam-Or Butterflies,off Banks of Noon Leap,plashless as they swim.(Emily Dickinson,A Bird)v5.1.4 Consonance第38页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 2 (Jon Swan,In Her Song She Is Alone)v5.1.4 Consonance第39页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 3 I am the enemy you killed,my friend.I knew you in this dark;for so you frowned Yesterday,through me as you jabbed and killed.I parried,but my hands were loath and cold.Let us sleep now (Wilfred Owen,Strange Meeting)v5.1.4 Consonance第40页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningA.Consonance is much used in poetic language as an aspect of sound patterning and cohesion to achieve a particular effect of euphony.B.Consonance not only contributes to musical quality of a literary text,but also to its meaning.vFunctions of Consonance第41页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningOnomatopoeia makes use of imitation of sounds for effects.It is a device used in poetry and prose to add vividness or vitality to description or narration.v5.1.5 Onomatopoeia第42页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningUllmann(1977)classified onomatopoeia into two types:primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia.v5.1.5 Onomatopoeia第43页/共84页5.1 Phonemic Patterning1)Primary onomatopoeia Primary onomatopoeia usually imitates sounds made by a person,animal,thing or associated with some action or movement.v5.1.5 Onomatopoeia第44页/共84页5.1 Phonemic Patterning1)Primary onomatopoeia E.g.cackle quack honk twitter chirp grunt roar chuckle giggle blab hiss miaowv5.1.5 Onomatopoeia第45页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 1 Hark,hark!Bow-Bow,The watch-dog barks!Bow-Bow!Hark,hark!I hear The strain of strutting chanticleer,Cry,“Cook-a-doodle-doo!”v5.1.5 Onomatopoeia第46页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 2 A deep peal of thunder went rolling and tumbling down the heavens and lost itself in sullen rumbling in the distance.A sweep of chilly air passed by,rustling all the leaves and snowing the flaky ashes broadcast about the fire.(Mark Twain,The Adventures of Tom Sawyer)v5.1.5 Onomatopoeia第47页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 3-6 Sister Carrie The Return of the Native The Skater of Ghost Lake Springv5.1.5 Onomatopoeia第48页/共84页5.1 Phonemic Patterning2)Secondary Onomatopoeia Secondary Onomatopoeia refers to the association between a certain sound and a symbolic meaning.We can also call it sound symbolism.v5.1.5 Onomatopoeia第49页/共84页5.1 Phonemic Patterning2)Secondary Onomatopoeia Sounds have sensory qualities,which suggest certain impressions.These sensory qualities are not the product of any systematic or scientific study or theory;rather they are recognized as such through long association between the sounds of words and the meanings of words.v5.1.5 Onomatopoeia第50页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 1-3 The Brook Ulysses To Autumnv5.1.5 Onomatopoeia第51页/共84页5.1 Phonemic Patterning1)Firstly,onomatopoeia can create vividness and vitality.Example 1 My maids of rivulets hurrying through the lawn,The moan of doves in immemorial elms,And murmuring of innumerable bees.(Alfred Tennyson,Come Down,O Maid)v5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect第52页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 2 I chatter over stony ways,In little sharps and trembles,I bubble into eddying bays,I babble on the pebbles.(Tennyson,The Brook)v5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect第53页/共84页5.1 Phonemic Patterning2)Secondly,onomatopoeia can also be employed to describe concrete objects to make the language be full of sound and color,dramatic and more impressive.v5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect第54页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 1 As the alarm clock burrs,the bedroom curtain swing silently apart,the Venetian blinds snap up and thermostat boosts the heat to a cozy 70.The percolator in the kitchen starts burbling The TV set blinks on with the days first newscast.(The Age of Miracle Chips)v5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect第55页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 2 When she came into the yard the cock sat on the pump and cried:“Cock-a-doodle-do”,Our golden girl has come home again.”(Grimms Fairy Tales)v5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect第56页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 3 Towards midnight he wanted to make up his fire;as he was blowing at it,he heard voices suddenly crying from one of the corners,“Me-ow,me-ow,how cold we are.”(Grimms Fairy Tales)v5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect第57页/共84页5.1 Phonemic Patterning3)Thirdly,onomatopoeia plays an important part in playing up certain circumstances and conveying the feelings of characters.v5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect第58页/共84页5.1 Phonemic Patterning4)Fourthly,onomatopoeia helps to achieve rhythm and beauty in music.Rhyme and rhythm are the major features of poetry.v5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect第59页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample The fair breeze blew,the white foam flew;The furrow followed free,We were the first that ever burst Into the silent sea.(S.T.Coleridge,The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)v5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect第60页/共84页5.1 Phonemic PatterningPhonemicPatterningAlliteration RhymeFull RhymeOnomatopoeiaHalf RhymeAssonance&Consonance第61页/共84页5.2 Rhythmic PatterningEnglish is a stress-timed language.Its rhythm is based on the contrast of the stressed and unstressed syllables.第62页/共84页5.2 Rhythmic PatterningIn English,every word except the monosyllabic ones has one syllable that carries the stress.Some polysyllabic words may have two stresses,a primary stress and a secondary one.v5.2.1 Stress第63页/共84页5.2 Rhythmic PatterningIt is customary to mark stress with a high vertical stroke before the syllable carrying the stress,leaving lack of stress unmarked.Where it is desirable to indicate secondary stress,this will be marked by a low vertical stroke before the syllable concerned.v5.2.1 Stress第64页/共84页5.2 Rhythmic PatterningGenerally speaking,the stress falls on the first syllable for the two-syllable words.E.g.letter sorryv5.2.1 Stress Word Stress第65页/共84页5.2 Rhythmic PatterningGenerally speaking,the stress falls on the last but the third syllable for the polysyllabic words.E.g.difficult democracyv5.2.1 Stress Word Stress第66页/共84页5.2 Rhythmic PatterningIt is usually the words belonging to the open-class that bear stress.E.g.John is a student.We ate the meat hungrily.v5.2.1 Stress Sentence Stress第67页/共84页5.2 Rhythmic PatterningEnglish verse is more rhythmical than prose or speech for it is the most carefully organized use of language.The rhythmic patterning of English verse is usually analyzed in terms of meter.v5.2.2 Meter第68页/共84页5.2 Rhythmic PatterningFour kinds of meter 1)length meter 音长型2)accentual meter 音强型3)syllabic meter 音节型4)accentual syllabic meter 重音-音节型 a pattern of regularity both i