语言学实用学习.pptx
4.American Structuralism 4.1 Early period:Boas and Sapir4.2 Bloomfields theory4.3 Post-Bloomfieldian Linguistics(omitted)第1页/共24页American StructuralismAmerican Structuralism is a branch of synchronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.It developed in a very different style,from that of Europe,under the leadership of the anthropologist F.Boas(1858-1942),whose tradition has actually influenced the whole of the 20th-century American linguistics.第2页/共24页American StructuralismSpecialized in the anthropology of North America,Boas worked as organizer of a survey of the many indigenous（本土的）languages of America north of Mexico.The result of the survey was the book Handbook of American Indian Languages(1911).Boas trained the men who investigated other languages.For decades,all the great names of American linguists learned their subject from Boas at first or second hand.Boas1.Early period:Boas and Sapir第3页/共24页American StructuralismBoas held that there was no ideal type or form of languages,for human languages were endlessly diverse.Boas was strongly opposed to the view that language is the soul of a race,and he proved that the structure and form of a language has nothing to do with the evolution of a race and the development of a culture.Thus,there were only differences in language structure,while there is no difference between languages in terms of being more or less reasonable or advanced.Boas第4页/共24页He undertook the description of American Indian languages after Boass method.Sapir-Worf HypothesisUniversal features of languageWithout language,thought is impossible,and there is no culture.Sapir 第5页/共24页Language:An Introduction to the Study of Speech(1921)An anthropological viewpoint The nature of language and its developmentFocus on typologyElements of speech,the sounds of language,form in language,grammatical process,grammatical concepts,types of linguistic structure,and historical changes Sapir 第6页/共24页American Structuralism2.Bloomfields theoryThe principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is L.Bloomfield(1887-1949).He is such a landmark figure in the history of American linguistics that the period between 1933 and 1950 is known as Bloomfieldian Era,in which American descriptive linguistics formally came into being and reached its prime development.第7页/共24页American StructuralismBloomfields Language(1933)was once held as the model of scientific methodology and the greatest work in linguistics in the twentieth century which started American structuralism as a school of thought.For Bloomfield,linguistics is a branch of psychology,and specifically of the positivistic brand of psychology known as BEHAVIORISM.Behaviorism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of stimulus-response reinforcement,and the adults use of language is also a process of STIMULUS-RESPONSE.第8页/共24页2)Behaviourism.外部刺激：Hunger语言外部实际反应：get her an apple语言的代替性反应：I want an apple 语言的代替性刺激：Ok,Ill get it for you.第9页/共24页Linguistic utterances can be substitutes for stimulus and response外界刺激语言反应行为反应语言刺激第10页/共24页.Mental processes of the speakerMental processes of the hearerObservable parts:utterancesLearning a language involves constant practice and repetition in real situations rather than merely teaching language learners grammatical theories.第11页/共24页American Structuralism3.Post-Bloomfieldian linguisticsInfluenced by Bloomfields Language,American linguists such as Z.Harris(1909-),C.Hockett(1916-2000),G.Trager,H.L.Smith,A.Hill,and R.Hall further developed structuralism,characterized by a strict empiricism.第12页/共24页1)Harris Methods in Structural Linguisticsmarking the maturity of American descriptive linguistics.2)Hockett A Course in Modern Linguisticsa well-known textbook in the American descriptive tradition3)K.Pike their technique of linguistic analysis TAGMEMICS.4)Sydney M.Lamb cognitive stratification theory第13页/共24页5.Transformational-Generative GrammarNOAM CHOMSKY(1928-),institute professor at MIT.Linguist,philosopher,and political activist.第14页/共24页1)Early theories(1957)Innateness hypothesisLanguage acquisition mechanismCompetence and performanceTransformations:generating an infinite set of sentences from a finite set of elementsDeep structure and surface structurePhrase structure rulesTransformations第15页/共24页Phrase structure rulesS NP VPVP V NPNP Det NV act,beat,catch,dive,N man,boy,book,flower,.短语结构规则第16页/共24页第17页/共24页Transformational rulesNP1+Aux+V+NP2John+will+write+a storyNP2+Aux+be+en+V+by+NP1a story+will+be+en+write+by+John转换规则第18页/共24页The five stages of development of TG Grammar:1)The classical theory(1957)2)The standard theory(1965)3)Extended standard theory4)GB/PP theory(1981)5)The Minimalist Program2)TG Grammar第19页/共24页6.Revisionists?Rebels?1.Case GrammarCase Grammar is an approach that stresses the relationship of elements in a sentence.It is a type of generative grammar developed by C.J.Fillmore in the late 1960s.In this grammar,the verb is the most important part of the sentence,and has a number of case-making relationships with various noun phrases.第20页/共24页2.Generative Semantics.Generative Semantics,developed in the late1960s and early 1970s,is a reaction to Chomskys Syntactic-based TG Grammar.The leading figures are J.R.Ross,G.Lakoff,J.D.Cawley,and P.Postal.第21页/共24页Generative Semantics considers that all sentences are generated from a semantic structure.Generative Semantics holds that there is no principled distinction between syntactic processes and semantic processes.第22页/共24页Thank you!Thank you!第23页/共24页感谢您的观看！第24页/共24页
