微生物学史微生物学史 (3).ppt

MicrobiologyandNobelPrizeEmil Emil/eimi:l/Adolf Adolf dif/von Behring/bering/von Behring/bering/The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901Prize motivation:for his work on serum srm/therapy,especially its application against diphtheria dfri,by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths.Corynebacterium diphtheriaeRobertKochTheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine1905Prize motivation:for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis.Tuberculosis(TB)is a serious illness affecting tissue,especially in the lungs.Robert Koch,who had conducted a range of important studies on illnesses caused by microorganisms,discovered and described the TB bacterium in 1882.Mycobacterium tuberculosisSir Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic penicillin.He had the insight to recognize the significance of the inhibition of bacterial growth in the vicinity/vsnti/of a fungal contaminant.Sir Alexander FlemingSir Alexander FlemingThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 19451945Prize motivation:for the discovery of penicillin and its curative kjrtv/effect in various infectious diseases.Joshua Joshua dw/LederbergLederbergThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 19581958Prize motivation:for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria.It was long thought that bacteria multiply by dividing,so that all bacteria have the same genetic make-up.Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum demonstrated in 1946 that bacterias genes can also change in a way similar to that of sexual reproduction seen in more complex organisms.Bacteria can go through a phase in which two bacteria exchange genetic material with one another by passing pieces of DNA across a bridge-like connection.Joshua Lederberg also proved the phenomenon known as transduction,in which DNA is transferred between bacteria via bacteriophages.Jacques Jacques k/Monod&Franois Monod&Franois Jacob Jacob deikbThe The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965Medicine 1965Prize motivation:for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.The biochemical processes that take place within an organisms cells are controlled by the genes found inside DNA molecules.Jacques Monod and Franois Jacob proved how the genetic information is converted during the formation of proteins by means of a messenger,which proved to the substance we now know as RNA.Different cells work in different ways at different times,however.This too is regulated by genes.In the early 1960s Jacques Monod and Franois Jacob mapped the intricate processes that determine how genes are expressed or suppressed in a self-regulating process.David Baltimorebltm/,Renato/rinatou/Dulbecco and Howard Martin TeminThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 19751975Prize motivation:for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell.StanleyStanley/stnli/B.PrusinerB.PrusinerThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 19971997Prize motivation:for his discovery of Prions-a new biological principle of infection.Creutzfeldt-/kritsfelt/Jakob/jeikb/diseaseandrelatedillnessesaffectingpeopleandanimalsinvolvethedegenerationofbraincells.In1982StanleyPrusinerwasabletoisolateasuspectedinfectiousagent,aproteinthathecalledaprion.Heidentifiedthegenebehindtheprionprotein,butdeterminedthatitisalsopresentinhealthypeopleandanimals.StanleyPrusinershowedthattheprionmoleculesarefoldedinadifferentwaythanthenormalproteinsandthatthefoldingoftheprioncanbetransferredtonormalproteins.Thisisthebasisfortheillness.HaraldHarald/h:rld/zur Hausenzur Hausen，Franoise Franoise Barr-SinoussiBarr-Sinoussi，Luc MontagnierLuc MontagnierThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 20082008The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008 was divided,one half awarded to Harald zur Hausen for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical svaklcancer,the other half jointly to Franoise Barr-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus.HPVHIVhuman papilloma viruseshuman immunodeficiency virus1.serum therapy血清血清 疗法疗法2.Diphtheria 白喉白喉3.Corynebacterium diphtheriae白喉杆菌白喉杆菌4.Tuberculosis结核病结核病5.Tuberculin结核毒素结核毒素6.tubercle bacteria结核细菌结核细菌7.Mycobacterium tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌结核分枝杆菌8.Penicillin青霉素青霉素9.curative effect疗效疗效10.in the vicinity of 在在.附近附近11.genetic recombination基因重组基因重组12.Multiply增殖增殖13.sexual reproduction有性生殖有性生殖14.Transduction转导转导15.Bacteriophage细菌噬菌体细菌噬菌体16.Prions朊病毒朊病毒17.Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease克雅氏病克雅氏病18.human papilloma viruses人乳头瘤病毒人乳头瘤病毒19.cervical cancer宫颈癌宫颈癌20.human immunodeficiency virus人类免人类免疫缺陷病毒疫缺陷病毒21.AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome获得性免疫缺乏综合征；艾滋病获得性免疫缺乏综合征；艾滋病 Wordlist