西方语言学流派布拉格学派和哥本哈根学派.pptx
布拉格学派创始于1926年10月6日，布拉格语言学会召开第一次会议马泰修斯、特鲁别茨柯依、雅克布逊特点：国际性、成员积极参加国际学术活动、独立刊物布拉格语言学论丛第1页/共18页Contents 1.结构-功能语言观2.音位对立3.历时音位学4.区别性特征5.句子功能展示成分6.哥本哈根学派的基本理论第2页/共18页第一节 结构-功能语言观基本观点：重视历时语言研究的同时，强调共时语言研究的首要地位语言是一个价值系统研究实现各种功能的语体从语言功能入手，然后去研究语言形式结构-功能语言观第3页/共18页第一节 结构-功能语言观功能语言观雅克布逊语言学与诗学对话6个因素：语境、讲话人、听话人、信息、接触方式、语码话语聚焦一个因素时，就产生一种功能语境=所指功能（referential）、讲话者=表情功能（expressive）、听话者=呼吁功能（conative）、信息=诗学功能（poetic）、接触方式=寒暄功能（phatic）、语码=元语言功能（metalingual）第4页/共18页第一节 结构-功能语言观布拉格学派注重语义研究，这是与美国结构主义的根本区别功能文体和功能方言语言系统的开放性模糊性第5页/共18页第二节 音位对立布拉格学派的突出贡献是区分了语音学和音位学Langue vs.Parole区分音位对立的标准与整个对立系统的关系对立成员之间的关系区别力量的大小双边/多边对立、均衡/孤立对立、否定/分级/等价对立、抵消/永恒对立第6页/共18页第三节 历时音位学音位学研究方法不仅适用于共时语言学，也适用于历时语言学历时音位学用音位学的观点来研究语音演变和谐原则和经济原则第7页/共18页第四节 区别性特征特鲁别茨柯依找出了经常出现的语音对立的音位特性雅克布逊发展了音位理论声学频谱分析语音（从描写一个音如何产生到描写一个音听起来是什么样子）双分法第8页/共18页第五节 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分用信息论的原理来分析话语或文句，测量一句话的各个部分对全句意义的贡献三分法 vs.二分法交际力一个语言单位交际力的大小就是它对交际展开过程的贡献大小，即推动交际向前发展的作用的大小第9页/共18页第五节 句子功能展示成分Communicative Dynamism(CD)J.FirbasLinguistic communication is dynamic,not static.CD measures the amount of information an element carries in a sentence.The degree of CD is the effect contributed by a linguistic element.He was cross.The lowest degree of CD is carried by he,and the highest degree of CD is carried by cross,with the degree carried by was ranking between them.第10页/共18页第五节 句子功能展示成分Theoretically,any element-sentence,phrase,word,morpheme-may be singled out in order to establish a sharp contrast.The only element conveying new information has significant semantic content,whereas all the other elements conveying known information are determined by the context.The contextually dependent elements carry the lowest degree of CD.第11页/共18页第五节 句子功能展示成分Contextual dependence or independence is determined by the very purpose of the communication.第12页/共18页第五节 句子功能展示成分Normally the subject carries a lower degree of CD than the verb and/or the object and/or adverbial provided either the verb or the object and/or adverbial are contextually independent.This is because a known or unknown agent expressed by the subject appears to be communicatively less important than an unknown action expressed by the finite verb and/or an unknown goal(object or adverbial of place)at or towards which the action is directed.-A man broke into the house and stole all the money.第13页/共18页第五节 句子功能展示成分If the subject is followed by a verb expressing“existence or appearance on the scene”and is contextually independent,then it will carry the highest degree of CD,because an unknown person or thing appearing on the scene is communicatively more important than the act of appearing and the scene itself.-An old man appeared in the waiting room at five oclock.第14页/共18页第五节 句子功能展示成分If the subject is contextually dependent,a contextually independent adverbial of time or place becomes an important local and temporal specification,carrying greater degree of CD than both the subject and the finite verb,as in-The old man was sitting in the waiting room.第15页/共18页第五节 句子功能展示成分Firbas defined FSP as the distribution of various degrees of CD.The initial elements of a sequence carry the lowest degree of CD,and with each step forward,the degree of CD becomes incremental till the element that carries the highest.Contextually dependent elements are always thematic.Non-thematic elements do not always depend on the context,and not every contextually independent element is non-thematic.第16页/共18页第六节 哥本哈根学派的基本理论叶姆斯列夫语言理论绪论从哲学和逻辑学的角度阐述了语言学的理论性问题，明确提出了语言的符号性质，成为哥本哈根学派的理论纲领通过一系列形式化系统来发现语言的具体结构语言理论要经得起事实 的检验语言理论研究的对象是篇章（text）简介原则语符学Simon Dik的功能篇章语法第17页/共18页感谢您的观看！第18页/共18页
