否定的翻译精选PPT.ppt
否定的翻译第1页,此课件共31页哦英译汉英语里表示否定意义的词汇、语法手段等跟汉语不完全相同。英语里表示否定意义的词汇、语法手段等跟汉语不完全相同。因此在翻译实践中对于否定句必须特别注意。英语里的否定因此在翻译实践中对于否定句必须特别注意。英语里的否定句又有很多不同形式,所表达的含义也有所不同,译者必须句又有很多不同形式,所表达的含义也有所不同,译者必须辨别清楚才能正确理解和使用各种否定形式。辨别清楚才能正确理解和使用各种否定形式。第2页,此课件共31页哦一、全部否定表示全部否定时,常用表示全部否定时,常用not,no,never,none,neither.nor,not,no,never,none,neither.nor,nothing,nobody,nowherenothing,nobody,nowhere等否定词。汉译时并不难,但需把表示等否定词。汉译时并不难,但需把表示否定的否定的“不、无、非不、无、非”之类的词语用在动词前以构成全部否定。之类的词语用在动词前以构成全部否定。例如:例如:Whether any of this causes immediate harm is not known.Whether any of this causes immediate harm is not known.这是否会造成直接危害目前还不得而知。这是否会造成直接危害目前还不得而知。Never is aluminum found free in nature.Never is aluminum found free in nature.铝在自然界从不以游离状态存在。铝在自然界从不以游离状态存在。Nobody wants a dump,or an incinerator,next door.Nobody wants a dump,or an incinerator,next door.谁都不愿在自己的家门口有个垃圾场或垃圾焚化炉。谁都不愿在自己的家门口有个垃圾场或垃圾焚化炉。第3页,此课件共31页哦二、部分否定英语有些否定句是由英语有些否定句是由all,every,both,always all,every,both,always 等词与否定词等词与否定词notnot构成的,所表达的意思却是不完全否定,相当于汉语的构成的,所表达的意思却是不完全否定,相当于汉语的“不不是所有都是所有都”、“不是每个都不是每个都”、“不是两个都不是两个都”、“不总是不总是”之意。尤其是当否定词与谓语动词构成否定结构时,从形式上之意。尤其是当否定词与谓语动词构成否定结构时,从形式上看很像全部否定,而实际却是部分否定,翻译时要特别注意。看很像全部否定,而实际却是部分否定,翻译时要特别注意。例如:例如:All these metals are not good conductors.All these metals are not good conductors.这些金属并不都是良导体。这些金属并不都是良导体。Every color is not reflected.Every color is not reflected.并非每种色光都会反射回来。并非每种色光都会反射回来。Notice that not all mechanical energy is kinetic energy.Notice that not all mechanical energy is kinetic energy.要注意,并非所有的机械能都是动能。要注意,并非所有的机械能都是动能。Both the instruments are not precision ones.Both the instruments are not precision ones.这两台不都是精密仪器。这两台不都是精密仪器。第4页,此课件共31页哦三、双重否定两个否定词并用,否定同一个词,或者其中一个否定词被用来否定另两个否定词并用,否定同一个词,或者其中一个否定词被用来否定另一个含有否定意义的词时就构成了双重否定。最常见的双重否定形一个含有否定意义的词时就构成了双重否定。最常见的双重否定形式有:式有:no(not).no(not).(no(not).no(not).(没有没有没有没有),no(not).but.no(not).but.(没有没有不不),no(not).without.(no(not).without.(除除不不),not(none).the less.(not(none).the less.(不因不因就不就不),no(not).unless.(no(not).unless.(除除非非才才),not.until.(not.until.(直到直到才才),no(none).other no(none).other than.(than.(不是别的不是别的而是而是),not but that.(not but that.(并非并非不不),not a little.(not a little.(不少;很多;大大地不少;很多;大大地)。一般而言双重否定句可以采用两种方法来译,一是采用双重否定一般而言双重否定句可以采用两种方法来译,一是采用双重否定形式,另一种是译成肯定句。形式,另一种是译成肯定句。例如:例如:第5页,此课件共31页哦Sodium is never found uncombined in nature.Sodium is never found uncombined in nature.自然界中从未发现不处于化合状态的钠。自然界中从未发现不处于化合状态的钠。(或:自然界中所发现的钠都处于化合状态。或:自然界中所发现的钠都处于化合状态。)There has not been a scientist of eminence but was a man There has not been a scientist of eminence but was a man of industry.of industry.没有哪一个有成就的科学家不是勤奋的。没有哪一个有成就的科学家不是勤奋的。(或:所有有成就的科学家都非常勤奋。或:所有有成就的科学家都非常勤奋。)The charging of a condenser from a battery is not unlike the filling The charging of a condenser from a battery is not unlike the filling of tank from a reservoir.of tank from a reservoir.电池给电容器充电就像油库给油箱加油一样。电池给电容器充电就像油库给油箱加油一样。Though often beneficial,mindless use of antibiotics is not without Though often beneficial,mindless use of antibiotics is not without hazard.hazard.虽然抗生素在正常使用时是有益的,但如果盲目使用,也会有害。虽然抗生素在正常使用时是有益的,但如果盲目使用,也会有害。第6页,此课件共31页哦四、意义上的肯定英语中有的否定词与其他词连用形成一个固定结构,这种固定结构在英语中有的否定词与其他词连用形成一个固定结构,这种固定结构在形式上是否定的,但意义上是肯定的,常见的有形式上是否定的,但意义上是肯定的,常见的有nothing like.(nothing like.(没没有什么比得上有什么比得上),cannot.too.(cannot.too.(越越越好越好),no(not).more(),no(not).more(非常;非常;完全完全),no/not/nothing+more than.(no/not/nothing+more than.(不过不过),no/not/no/not/nothing+less than.(nothing+less than.(多达多达)等。等。例如:例如:There is nothing like mineral water to quench ones thirst.There is nothing like mineral water to quench ones thirst.矿泉水是最解渴的饮料。矿泉水是最解渴的饮料。第7页,此课件共31页哦Pesticides can cause a lot of harm,so you can never be too Pesticides can cause a lot of harm,so you can never be too careful when using them.careful when using them.杀虫剂会造成很大危害,因此使用时应特别小心。杀虫剂会造成很大危害,因此使用时应特别小心。These scientists could not believe the Curies more.These scientists could not believe the Curies more.这些科学家完全相信居里夫妇。这些科学家完全相信居里夫妇。Laser,its creation being thought to be one of todays wonders,is Laser,its creation being thought to be one of todays wonders,is nothing more than a light that differs from ordinary lights only in nothing more than a light that differs from ordinary lights only in that it is many times more powerful and so can be applied in the that it is many times more powerful and so can be applied in the fields that no ordinary light or other substance has ever been fields that no ordinary light or other substance has ever been able to get in.able to get in.人们认为激光的发明是当代的奇迹之一。其实,它无非是一人们认为激光的发明是当代的奇迹之一。其实,它无非是一种光,与普通光的区别仅在于其功率比普通光大许许多多倍,种光,与普通光的区别仅在于其功率比普通光大许许多多倍,因而它能用于普通光和其他光质从未进入过的领域。因而它能用于普通光和其他光质从未进入过的领域。第8页,此课件共31页哦五、含蓄否定英语中有大量词语和句子结构,尽管在形式上没有否定词或否定英语中有大量词语和句子结构,尽管在形式上没有否定词或否定词缀,但其意义上却是否定的,它们在英语的否定表达中起着极词缀,但其意义上却是否定的,它们在英语的否定表达中起着极其重要的作用,大家在学习中应注意积累。其重要的作用,大家在学习中应注意积累。常见的含蓄否定动词和动词短语如:常见的含蓄否定动词和动词短语如:deny(deny(拒绝;否认拒绝;否认),excludeexclude(排除;除去排除;除去),avoid(avoid(避免避免),fail(fail(不能;没有不能;没有),ignore(ignore(不顾;忽不顾;忽视视),lack(lack(不足不足),miss(miss(失败;没有失败;没有),overlook(overlook(忽视;不顾忽视;不顾),stop(stop(停止停止),keep/prevent/protect/save.from(keep/prevent/protect/save.from(避免避免;不;不受受),refuse(refuse(拒绝拒绝),neglect(neglect(忽略忽略)等等。等等。常见的含蓄否定名词如:常见的含蓄否定名词如:exclusion(exclusion(排除;除去排除;除去),neglect(neglect(忽视忽视),refusal(refusal(拒绝拒绝),absence(absence(缺少;没有缺少;没有),failure(failure(失败失败),deficiency(deficiency(不足;缺乏不足;缺乏)等等。等等。常见的含蓄否定形容词和形容词短语如:常见的含蓄否定形容词和形容词短语如:devoid of(devoid of(没有没有),ignorant of(ignorant of(不知道不知道),few(few(几乎没有几乎没有),short of(short of(缺少缺少),far from(far from(绝绝不不),little(little(几乎没有几乎没有),safe from(safe from(免于免于),last(last(决不会决不会),free fromfree from(没有;免于没有;免于)等等。等等。第9页,此课件共31页哦常见的含蓄否定副词如:常见的含蓄否定副词如:hardly(hardly(几乎不几乎不),rarely(rarely(不常;难得不常;难得),vainly(vainly(无效无效),scarcely(scarcely(大概不;几乎不大概不;几乎不),seldom(seldom(很少很少)等等。等等。常见的含蓄否定介词和介词短语有:常见的含蓄否定介词和介词短语有:above(above(在在以上以上),at at issue with(issue with(与与意见不合意见不合),behind(behind(不如不如),below(below(不值得不值得),beneath(beneath(不相称不相称),beside(beside(同同无关无关),beyond(beyond(超出超出),but forbut for(要不是;若非要不是;若非),in default of(in default of(没有没有时时),in defect of(in defect of(假如假如没有没有时时),in place of(in place of(代替代替),in vain(in vain(无效;徒劳无效;徒劳),instead instead of(of(而不是而不是),off(off(离开;解除离开;解除)等等。等等。常见的含蓄否定连词有:常见的含蓄否定连词有:before(before(在在以前;尚未以前;尚未),but(but(而不而不),but that(but that(要不是;若非要不是;若非),rather than(rather than(而不而不),too.to.(too.to.(太太不不),unless(unless(如果不如果不)等等。等等。第10页,此课件共31页哦这里就此略举几例:这里就此略举几例:It is the last type of machine for such a job.It is the last type of machine for such a job.这是最不适合这种作业的机器。这是最不适合这种作业的机器。Oil is being found in parts of the world which were once Oil is being found in parts of the world which were once pronounced lacking in oil.pronounced lacking in oil.在世界上一些曾被宣告为贫油的地区,石油正在为人们所发现。在世界上一些曾被宣告为贫油的地区,石油正在为人们所发现。Far from increasing the reaction rate,high temperatures decrease Far from increasing the reaction rate,high temperatures decrease it.it.高温不但没有加快该反应速度,反而降低了反应速度。高温不但没有加快该反应速度,反而降低了反应速度。On freezing water becomes larger in volume instead of smaller.On freezing water becomes larger in volume instead of smaller.水在结冰时体积增大,而不是缩小。水在结冰时体积增大,而不是缩小。第11页,此课件共31页哦TRANSLATION APPRECIATION1.No man can do two things at once.1.No man can do two things at once.一心不可二用。一心不可二用。2.No man is content.2.No man is content.人心不足蛇吞象。人心不足蛇吞象。3.No man is wise at all times.3.No man is wise at all times.聪明一世,糊涂一时。聪明一世,糊涂一时。4.No news is good news.4.No news is good news.没有消息就是好消息。没有消息就是好消息。5.Too many cooks spoil the broth.5.Too many cooks spoil the broth.厨师多了烧坏汤。厨师多了烧坏汤。第12页,此课件共31页哦6.Not to advance is to go back.6.Not to advance is to go back.不进则退。不进则退。7.Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.7.Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人。世上无难事,只怕有心人。8.The cat shuts its eyes when stealing.8.The cat shuts its eyes when stealing.掩耳盗铃。掩耳盗铃。9.The danger past and God forgotten.9.The danger past and God forgotten.过河拆桥。过河拆桥。10.There is no general rule without some exception.10.There is no general rule without some exception.任何规律均有例外。任何规律均有例外。第13页,此课件共31页哦11.Time tries all.11.Time tries all.路遥知马力,日久见人心。路遥知马力,日久见人心。12.Older and wiser.12.Older and wiser.活得长者见识多。活得长者见识多。13.Tall trees catch much wind.13.Tall trees catch much wind.树大招风。树大招风。14.Teach others by your example.14.Teach others by your example.躬亲示范。躬亲示范。15.The best hearts are always the bravest.15.The best hearts are always the bravest.无私者无畏。无私者无畏。第14页,此课件共31页哦EXERCISES SLEEP DEBT AND MICROSLEEPSEven if society is getting too little sleep,it is reasonable to Even if society is getting too little sleep,it is reasonable to question whether this makes any measurable difference in question whether this makes any measurable difference in our lives.Research has shown that when people get less our lives.Research has shown that when people get less sleep than they need,they build up a sleep debt.Each day sleep than they need,they build up a sleep debt.Each day without enough sleep increases the debt,and when it without enough sleep increases the debt,and when it becomes large enough,problems appear.becomes large enough,problems appear.睡眠不足与短暂昏睡睡眠不足与短暂昏睡尽管人们正逐渐减少睡眠,但我们还是应该分析一下这究竟会尽管人们正逐渐减少睡眠,但我们还是应该分析一下这究竟会对我们的生活有多大影响。有关研究表明,如果人们的睡眠没对我们的生活有多大影响。有关研究表明,如果人们的睡眠没有达到所需要的时间,即每天都缺少睡眠就会造成睡眠不足。有达到所需要的时间,即每天都缺少睡眠就会造成睡眠不足。长此以往当睡眠严重不足时就会引发很多问题。长此以往当睡眠严重不足时就会引发很多问题。第15页,此课件共31页哦The problems associated with sleep debt are most likely to The problems associated with sleep debt are most likely to show themselves at certain times of the day when the show themselves at certain times of the day when the pressure of sleep is greatest.The human body has pressure of sleep is greatest.The human body has observable cycles known as circadian rhythms.Thus,a observable cycles known as circadian rhythms.Thus,a circadian rhythm is one that varies through a roughly 24-circadian rhythm is one that varies through a roughly 24-hour cycle.For sleep and wakefulness there is a shorter,hour cycle.For sleep and wakefulness there is a shorter,embedded cycle around 12 hours long.The pressure to go embedded cycle around 12 hours long.The pressure to go to sleep is greatest in the wee hours of the morning,to sleep is greatest in the wee hours of the morning,between 1 and 4 a.m.between 1 and 4 a.m.由睡眠不足带来的问题很可能在一天中睡眠压力达到最高峰时出现。由睡眠不足带来的问题很可能在一天中睡眠压力达到最高峰时出现。人体内有明显的节律循环,称作昼夜节律。昼夜节律大概以人体内有明显的节律循环,称作昼夜节律。昼夜节律大概以2424小时小时为一个周期。而其中的睡眠循环和非睡眠循环则要短些,大约每为一个周期。而其中的睡眠循环和非睡眠循环则要短些,大约每1212小时构成一个循环。在凌晨小时构成一个循环。在凌晨1 1点到点到4 4点这短短几小时的时间里,睡眠点这短短几小时的时间里,睡眠压力最大。压力最大。第16页,此课件共31页哦A somewhat less-pronounced but still noticeable increase in A somewhat less-pronounced but still noticeable increase in sleepiness occurs 12 hours later,between 1 and 4 p.m.3 It is sleepiness occurs 12 hours later,between 1 and 4 p.m.3 It is this second low point that makes people sleepy after lunch,not this second low point that makes people sleepy after lunch,not the meal that they may have just eaten,since even if people eat the meal that they may have just eaten,since even if people eat exactly the same meal for breakfast,lunch,and supper,they get exactly the same meal for breakfast,lunch,and supper,they get sleepy only after the midday meal.sleepy only after the midday meal.1212小时之后,也就是在下午小时之后,也就是在下午1 1点到点到4 4点,人们的困倦再次达到高点,人们的困倦再次达到高峰,虽不如凌晨时那么强烈但也相当明显,因此人们吃过午峰,虽不如凌晨时那么强烈但也相当明显,因此人们吃过午饭后便会感到困倦。其实这种困倦并非由人们刚刚食用的食饭后便会感到困倦。其实这种困倦并非由人们刚刚食用的食物所致,因为即使人们一日三餐所吃的食物都相同,他们也物所致,因为即使人们一日三餐所吃的食物都相同,他们也仍然只是在午饭后感到困倦。仍然只是在午饭后感到困倦。第17页,此课件共31页哦If people are operating with a sleep debt,they will tend to be If people are operating with a sleep debt,they will tend to be less efficient,particularly when their circadian cycle is at its less efficient,particularly when their circadian cycle is at its lowest ebb.One of the most manifest results of sleep debt is the lowest ebb.One of the most manifest results of sleep debt is the occurrence of microsleeps.A microsleep is a short period of occurrence of microsleeps.A microsleep is a short period of time,perhaps only a few seconds to a minute in length,in which time,perhaps only a few seconds to a minute in length,in which the brain actually goes to sleep,regardless of what the person the brain actually goes to sleep,regardless of what the person may be doing at the time.In fact,the person often is not aware may be doing at the time.In fact,the person often is not aware of this momentary blackout.of this momentary blackout.人们睡眠不足,效率就特别低,尤其是当人们的昼夜节律循环处人们睡眠不足,效率就特别低,尤其是当人们的昼夜节律循环处于最低点时,效率就更低了。睡眠不足最明显的后果之一就是人于最低点时,效率就更低了。睡眠不足最明显的后果之一就是人们会出现短暂的昏睡。短暂昏睡的时间很短,也许就几秒钟或一们会出现短暂的昏睡。短暂昏睡的时间很短,也许就几秒钟或一分钟。在这短暂的时间里,不管人们当时在做什么,他们的大脑分钟。在这短暂的时间里,不管人们当时在做什么,他们的大脑其实已经入睡了,可人们通常却感觉不到这种短暂的昏睡。其实已经入睡了,可人们通常却感觉不到这种短暂的昏睡。第18页,此课件共31页哦汉译英各种语言都有各自不同的表达肯定和否定的方式。单从思维各种语言都有各自不同的表达肯定和否定的方式。单从思维逻辑概念来说,中国人和西方人有相似的否定思维方式。在逻辑概念来说,中国人和西方人有相似的否定思维方式。在翻译的过程中,我们可以直接把汉语的否定形式译成英语的翻译的过程中,我们可以直接把汉语的否定形式译成英语的否定形式。例如:否定形式。例如:“你明天不去上课吗?你明天不去上课吗?”译成:译成:“Are Are you not going to attend class tomorrowyou not going to attend class tomorrow?”但是,英汉两种语言但是,英汉两种语言在表达肯定和否定的方式上是有明显区别的。在表达肯定和否定的方式上是有明显区别的。汉语中的否定概念通过词汇手段表达,否定句带有否定字词的标汉语中的否定概念通过词汇手段表达,否定句带有否定字词的标记。如:记。如:“不、无、非、没、莫、勿、未、否不、无、非、没、莫、勿、未、否”等,等,以及由这些以及由这些字组成的词语,字组成的词语,如:如:“毫无、根本没有、否则、决不、没有、未毫无、根本没有、否则、决不、没有、未尝。尝。”等。另外,还有表示部分否定的词语,如:等。另外,还有表示部分否定的词语,如:“并非所有的并非所有的都,几乎没有,不是每个都,不总是,几乎不,不怎么都,几乎没有,不是每个都,不总是,几乎不,不怎么”,以及,以及表示双重否定的词语:表示双重否定的词语:“非非不不 ,非,非莫,不莫,不没有没有”等。等。英语中表达否定概念通常有三种手段。英语中表达否定概念通常有三种手段。第19页,此课件共31页哦一是借助词汇表达否定。一是借助词汇表达否定。英语借助英语借助no,not,never,nor,neither no,not,never,nor,neither 等否定词,和具有否定意等否定词,和具有否定意义的词语:义的词语:hardly,rarely,seldom,barely,scarcely,narrowly,few,hardly,rarely,seldom,barely,scarcely,narrowly,few,littlelittle等带有半否定意义的副词;等带有半否定意义的副词;fail,deny,defy,miss lack,ignore,fail,deny,defy,miss lack,ignore,refuse,neglect,overlook,exclude,withhold,prevent(from)refuse,neglect,overlook,exclude,withhold,prevent(from)等带等带有否定意义的动词;有否定意义的动词;unless,until,rather than,orunless,until,rather than,or等带有否定意等带有否定意义的连词;义的连词;but,without,above,except,beyond,instead of,but,without,above,except,beyond,instead of,in place of,out of,anything but,in vainin place of,out of,anything but,in vain等带有否定意义的介词;等带有否定意义的介词;far from,free from,safe from,missing,ignorantfar from,free from,safe from,missing,ignorant等带有否定意义的等带有否定意义的形容词;以及由形容词;以及由no-,non-,dis-,in-,un-,im-,-lessno-,non-,dis-,in-,un-,im-,-less等含有否定意等含有否定意义的前缀和后缀组成的词语。义的前缀和后缀组成的词语。第20页,此课件共31页哦二是借助结构和表达方式表达否定。二是借助结构和表达方式表达否定。英语还运用比较结构英语还运用比较结构 more.than.,other than.,rather more.than.,other than.,rather than.,would rather than.,know better than.,too.to.,than.,would rather than.,know better than.,too.to.,too.for.too.for.等来表达否定。在这类结构中等来表达否定。在这类结构中,连词连词thanthan引出意义否引出意义否定的部份。例如定的部份。例如:部队宁可绕道走部队宁可绕道走,也不踩庄稼。也不踩庄稼。The troops would rather take a roundabout way than tread The troops would rather take a roundabout way than tread on the crops.on the crops.他年龄太小,不能照顾自己。他年龄太小,不能照顾自己。He is too young to take care of himself.He is too young to take care of himself.第21页,此课件共31页哦还有由连词还有由连词if if 引起的表示诅咒、发誓、感叹的句型也能表达否定的引起的表示诅咒、发誓、感叹的句型也能表达否定的含义。例如:含义。例如:他说他要放手就不是人。他说他要放手就不是人。He said hed be damned if hed stop.He said hed be damned if hed stop.由此可见,由于汉语和英语在