语言学第三组幻灯片.ppt

语言学第三组第1页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二Since the 1970s,Pirece,the American scholar of linguistic signs,put forward the theory of iconicity,from then on many scholars start to pay more attention to the theory of iconicity which becomes a hot topic at the same time.The Origin of IconicityThe concept that language signs is iconicity is raised by Pirece the founder of American pragmatics and semiotics.In his theory,the signs are divided into three types,icon(象似符),index(标记符或指示符),symbol(代码符).On the basis of the general definition,Pierce pointed out that:in each languages syntax,with the principles of the convention,there seems a logical Iconicity.(在索绪尔的影响下，国内几乎所有语言学教科书都把语言定义为：“人类用于交际的任意的有声符号系统”(胡壮麟，1999)，并把语言符号的任意性解释为音义之间没有自然的、直接的、必然的内在联系，即能指和所指的关系是“无理可据”或“非象似性”的。)第2页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二The definition of iconicity Iconicity as a semiotic notion refers to a natural resemblance or analogy between the form of a sign(the signifier,)and the object or concept(the signified)it refers to in the world or rather in our perception of the world.语言的象似性是说语言的能指和所指之间,也即语言的形式和内容之间有一种必然的联系,即两者之间的关系是可以论证的,是有理据的。第3页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二 Iconicity In the Word Level第4页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二classificationDominant Iconicity（显性象似性）sound iconicity （语音象似性）morphology iconicity（词形象似性）etymology iconicity （词源象似性）Latent Iconicity（隐性象似性）第5页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二sound iconicity=direct iconicity(直接象似性)+symbolism iconicity(象征象似性）direct iconicity-onomatopoeia（拟声词）（拟声词）e.g.crack(发爆裂声),thunder(雷鸣声)bang(砰砰声),boom(隆隆声)mew(猫叫声),gurgle(咯咯的笑声)click(咔嗒声),impact(冲击)第6页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二Symbolism Iconicity:没有直接象似性那样显而易见，它的象似性只存在于某些词的字母组合发音和意义之间。e.g.glisten(闪闪发光),glimmer(发出微光),gleam(发出柔光),glitter(闪光、闪烁)；/gr-/象似“沉闷而令人不快的声音”，groan，grouse，grudge,etc；/-ump/象似“沉重地碰击”，如bump，clump，hump，lump,etc。第7页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二morphology IconicityIn the morphological level,there is resemblance between the writing forms of some words and the meaning of them.For instance Chinese are pictographs.And in English some words that begin with the letter o represent the things that look like eeg such as orbit,orpal etc.第8页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二Morphology Iconicity-refers to there is resemblance between the word spelling and the objective thing.It is including morphology direct iconicity and morphology construction iconicity.morphology direct iconicity(直接象似性直接象似性)e.g.字母 H 最初表示“栅栏”，现代英语含有字母H 的词汇中多带有“阻碍、包围、庇护、隐藏、房子”等意义的词汇，如home（家），house（房子），hotel（旅店）,hospital（医院），hamper（阻碍），helmet（防护帽），hermit（隐士），harbor（庇护），haven（庇护所）e.g.“w”和“s”的字形弯弯曲曲的像水波，主要表示水和波形运动以及与“弯、缠、扭、曲、转”等相关的形态和动作，如water（水），wave（波浪），whirl（回旋），whirlpool（旋涡），wind（弯曲前进），wrench（猛扭、扳手），wring（榨取）morphology construction iconicity(象似结构性象似结构性)主要指英语中构词法中的合成、派生、转化、混成等 e.g.moonwalk=moon+work（月球行走）第9页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二Latent IconicityLatent iconicity主要体现在了英语词汇的语义象似性（meaning-iconicity）上，词汇通过隐喻,借代,提喻进行词义转移。e.g.在The cancer in her personality led to her divorce.中“cancer”一词原义为“癌症”，以癌症所富有的相关的语义特征为依据，学生则可较轻松地得出“personality”中的“cancer”应该指个性中不可救药的毛病。e.g.After his wife died,he really hit the bottle.在此句中，用装酒的瓶子借代酒，此句应翻译为：他妻子死后，他就酗酒了。e.g.He managed to earn bread.这个句子中,以 bread 喻指 living,是典型的以部分代替整体。是以提喻进行词义转移的。第10页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二Iconicity In the Sentence level第11页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二Three types of iconicityIconicity of orderIconicity of distanceIconicity of complexity第12页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二Iconicity of orderDefinition:the similarity between temporal events(时间)and the linear arrangement of elements（事物直线安排）in a linguistic construction.顺序象似性,即事件发生的时间顺序及概念与语言描述的线性顺序相对应第13页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二a.他跨上摩托车骑走了。b.他走进房间打开灯一屁股坐在沙发上。C.Veni,vidi,vici I came,I saw,I conquered Caesar 这种象似性反映了语言描述的线性顺序、照应客观事件的时间顺序及概念时间顺序。第14页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二A.I killed the children.causing and dying occur at the same time and place.B.I caused the children to die.It seems that there is no physical contact between the killer and the killed.Conclusion:a single word(e.g.kill)tends to convey a more direct causation than a phrase(e.g.cause to die)第15页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二Iconicity of distanceit accounts for the fact-things which belong together conceptually tend to put together liguistically,vice versa.接近象似性,即认知上相近的概念在语言形式的时间和空间上也接近。相同多个形容词的排列顺序的原则之一就是:与中心词概念上越接近的修饰语置于与中心词越近的位置上,如 the famous delicious Italian pepperoni pizza the old black wooden desk第16页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二Multi-adjectives before a nounA.the famous delicious Italian pepperoni pizzaB.the Italian delicious famous pepperoni pizzaC.the famous pepperoni delicious Italian pizzaD.the pepperoni delicious famous Italian pizza第17页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二Iconicity of complexityThe phenomenon that linguistic complexity reflects conceptual complexity is usually called 数量象似性,指在概念上信息量大,更重要、更难预测的信息,其语言表达就更长、更复杂。试比较以下两组a)他是我哥哥。b)他是我表妹的哥哥。c)他是我表妹的丈夫的哥哥。a)我不去。b)我不去,他也不去。c)我不去,他也不去,我们几个都不去。显然,更大的信息量需要用更长、更复杂的语言形 式来表达。第18页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二2023/4/16Relationship:Arbitrariness&IconicityThey are not completely contradictory because there are two reasons that mentioned below:First,the sign discussed by iconicity supporters is not the same of arbitrariness supporters.The former has a wider coverage.Saussure argued that sign consists of sound image and concept and the relation between the two is arbitrary.第19页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二2023/4/16 This shows whats meant by Saussure is linguistic sign.However,iconicity supporters sign means the property of meta-sign including all the signs,not only the language signs.Second,these two have different philosophy background.Arbitrariness came into being under the background of the philosophy which emphasize the objectivity and rationality.第20页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二2023/4/16 So it looked at language as a self-contained and self-govern system.But the philosophical basement of iconicity is embodied philosophy.It is better to consider iconicity as a complement of arbitrariness rather than a substitute.第21页，共21页，编辑于2022年，星期二