医学英语综合教程UnitAnatomy.pptx
Unit1Anatomy第1页/共45页Unit1Anatomy Brain-storming1Words and Text2Translation in Medical Literature(time permitted)3Assignment:After-class Listening,Reading and Writing5Oral Presentation4第2页/共45页Brainstorming1.Whatisanatomy?Anatomyisthestudyofthestructureofanimalsandtheirparts,andisalsoreferredtoaszootomy(动物解剖学)toseparateitfromhumananatomy.第3页/共45页Brainstorming2.Subdivisionsofanatomy?1).Grossanatomy大体解剖学a.surfaceanatomy表面解剖学b.regionalanatomy局部解剖学c.systemicanatomy系统解剖学2).Microscopicanatomy显微解剖学a.cytology细胞学b.histology组织学3).Otheranatomya.developmentalanatomy发育解剖学embryology胚胎学parativeanatomy比较解剖学c.clinicalanatomy第4页/共45页IV.WordFormationLead-in词根(root)&词缀(affix)International词根是英语语言中不能再分的最小单位,能代表一个完整的意思并独立存在,称为root.例如:nation,art,face,view等等词缀是指加在词根之前或之后的一个最小语素,它也有一定意义,但是不能独立存在,必须依附于词根.可分为前缀(加在词根之前)和后缀(加在词根之后).一般前缀改变词义,后缀改变词性.第5页/共45页IV.WordFormationMoreexamples:前缀否定:dis-,in-,im-,il-,ir-,un-,non-,mis-,de-,counter-,anti-“前”:pre-preview,preface,pre-existing“后”:post-post-war,post-graduate后缀-able形容词后缀:reliable,understandable-ics名词后缀表学科:economics,physics,acoustics-en动词后缀:sharpen,awaken,brighten,broaden第6页/共45页IV.WordFormationRen-拉Renalhypertension肾性高血压Renalinsufficiency肾机能不全Renaldiabetes肾性糖尿病Renalfailure肾衰竭Renallobe肾叶Nephr(o)-希Nephroscope肾镜Nephroscopy 肾镜检查Nephrotomy nefrtm肾切开术Nephrolith nfrl肾结石第7页/共45页IV.WordFormationCardi-希Cardioaortic主心动脉的Cardiopulmonary心肺的Cardiovascular心血管的Cardiogram心电图Pulm-拉Pulmoaortic肺与主动脉的-ology 学问,科学Biology 生物学Geology 地质学Mycology 真菌学第8页/共45页IV.WordFormation-tomy希后缀切开术Nephrolithotomy,nefrulitmi肾结石切除术Arteriotomy:,tiritmi动脉切开术Ventriculostomyven,trikjul stmi脑室切开术第9页/共45页Glossary1.aortan.2.peripheryn.3.thebesianveins4.vascularadj.5.atriumn.6.intercostaladj.7.arteriolen.8.bronchialadj.9.hilumn.10.alveolaradj.11.capillaryn.12.shuntv./n.13.ventriclen.A.血管的,脉管的B.小气泡C.肋间的D.心房E.外周,外围F.(使)分流G.(脑、心)室H.主动脉I.毛细血管J.支气管的K.心最小静脉L.门M.小动脉第10页/共45页Glossary1.cortexn.2.apexn.3.papillan.4.vertebran.5.medullan.6.thoracicadj.7.coronaladj.8.calyxn.9.corticomedullaryjunctionA.胸的,胸廓的B.脊椎骨,椎骨C.盏D.乳突E.皮髓质结合F.顶尖G.皮质H.髓质I.冠状的第11页/共45页Glossary1.parenchyman.2.afferentadj.3.efferentadj.4.renaladj.5.renalpelvis6.nephronn.7.glomerularadj.8.uretern.9.arcuateartery10.glomerulusn.A.肾的B.传出的C.肾盂D.传入的E.输尿管F.肾小球的G.肾单位H.(肾)小球I.实质J.弓状动脉第12页/共45页I.TextPleaseskimthefirstpartofthetextandthenanswerthefirst3questions.第13页/共45页I.Text1.Wheredothelungsgettheirbloodsupply?Answer:Thelungreceivesitsbloodsupplyfromtwovascularsystemsthebronchialandpulmonarycirculations.第14页/共45页I.Text2.Doesthenutritivebloodflowtothealveolarstructures?Answer:No.Itflowstoallbutthealveolarstructures.第15页/共45页I.Text3.Whatis/areresponsiblefortheactivecontrolofbloodflowdistributioninthelung?Answer:Smallmusculararteriesareresponsiblefortheactivecontrolofbloodflowdistributioninthelung.第16页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part1Thenutritivebloodflowtoallbut(except)thealveolarstructurescomesfromthebronchialcirculation,whichoriginatesfromtheaortaandupperintercostalarteriesandreceivesabout1percentofthecardiacoutput.1.flow的词性?2.which指代的是谁?3.句子主干?4.尝试翻译。名词ThebronchialcirculationThenutritivebloodflowcomesfromthebronchialcirculation.先译主干,再进行补充第17页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part1Thenutritivebloodflowtoallbut(except)thealveolarstructurescomesfromthebronchialcirculation,whichoriginatesfromtheaortaandupperintercostalarteriesandreceivesabout1percentofthecardiacoutput.参考译文:肺的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统,流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织,支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉,接受大约1%的心输出量。第18页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part1draininto流入,排入,注入e.g.Todaysslaverwill drainintotomorrowstear.今日垂涎,明日流泪。e.g.TheriversdrainintotheBalkhashlake,whichsustainsthelivelihoodofmorethantwomillionKazakhs.这些河流汇入巴尔喀什湖,维系着两百多万哈萨克人的生活。第19页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part1Theremainder(ofwhat?)drainsintothepulmonaryveinsand,alongwiththecontributionfromthethebesianveinsintheheart,representsacomponentofthe1to2percentright-to-leftshuntfoundinnormalsubjects.参考译文:剩余的(2/3)输出流入肺静脉,并在心脏最小静脉的作用下,在正常情况下,以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。第20页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part1Thearteriesdowntothelevelofthesubsegmentalairways(2-mmdiameter)arethin-walled,predominantlyelasticvessels.1.downto表示的位置关系?2.句子主干?3.尝试翻译参考译文:肺段支气管(直径2mm)以上的肺动脉血管壁薄,(主要是)且富弹性。第21页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part1Beyondthis,thearteriesbecomemuscularizeduntiltheyreachdiametersof30m,atwhichpointthemuscularcoatdisappears.1.this指代什么?2.beyond如何与上文衔接?参考译文:由此下行,动脉成肌肉化发展,逐渐缩窄至仅30微米,(此时)肌肉层消失。第22页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part1Mostofthearterialpressuredroptakesplaceinthesesmallmusculararteries,whichareresponsiblefortheactivecontrolofbloodflowdistributioninthelung.参考译文:大部分动脉压降产生在这些肌肉化的小动脉中,他们起着调节肺部血流分布的作用。第23页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part1Thepulmonaryarteriolesemptyintoanextensivecapillarynetworkanddrainintothin-walledpulmonaryveins,whicheventuallyjoinwiththearteriesandbronchiatthehilumandexitthelungtoentertheleftatrium.1.empty的词性?动词。排空;注入此句中,emptywhatinto?2.which指代什么?参考译文:肺小动脉将血液排入广泛分布的毛细血管网,流入肺静脉。肺静脉的壁很薄,他们最终在肺门处与动脉和支气管汇合/并行,出肺进入左心房。第24页/共45页语法特点:非限制性关系分句关系分句是由关系词引导的关系结构,这种分句结构又称为“定语从句”。这种分句的主要功能是作名词修饰语(即“定语”)。关系分句就其与先行项的语义关系分为限制性关系分句(RestrictiveRelativeClause)和非限制性关系分句(Non-restrictiveRelativeClause)。第25页/共45页语法特点:非限制性关系分句限制性关系分句和非限制性关系分句的区别:1.形式不同限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,口语中使用时也不停顿;而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开,口语中使用时有停顿。2.功能不同限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别,如果去掉,就会造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整。如:Peoplewhotakephysicalexerciselivelonger.进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)Hisdaughter,whoisinBostonnow,iscominghomenextweek.他女儿现在在波士顿,下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)第26页/共45页语法特点:非限制性关系分句限制性关系分句和非限制性关系分句的区别:3.翻译不同在翻译定语从句时,一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前,而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。如:Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolen.他就是汽车被窃的那个人。IveinvitedJim,wholivesinthenextflat.我邀请了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。4.含义不同比较下面的两个句子:Ihaveasisterwhoisadoctor.我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)Ihaveasister,whoisadoctor.我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)第27页/共45页语法特点:非限制性关系分句Translation:1.就是这本书,也可以说是小册子,推荐每位内科医生阅读。Thisisthebook,orpamphlet,whichhasbeenrecommendedtoeveryphysician.2.血流可因更快(morerapid)和更有力(morevigorous)的心脏活动(heartaction)而增加,这就使热量加速(accelerate)转移(movementofto)到皮肤。Thebloodflowmaybeincreasedbymorerapidandvigorousheartaction,whichacceleratesthemovementofheattotheskin.第28页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part2Pleasereadthesecondpartofthetextfromthebeginningtotheendandthenanswerthelasttwoquestions.第29页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part24.Wheredoafferentarteriolescomefrom?Answer:Afferentarteriolescomefromterminalinterlobulararteries.第30页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part25.Whatdotheinterlobulararteriesprovideatthecorticomedullaryjunction?Answer:Thesesmallerarteriesprovideperpendicularbranches,thearcuatearteries,atthecorticomedullaryjunction.第31页/共45页第32页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part2如何用英文表达“构成”:1.整体+Comprise/consistof/becomposedof/bemadeupof+部分e.g.Thecommitteecomprises/consistsoftwolawyers,twojournalistsandateacher.委员会由两名律师、两名记者和一名教师组成。2.部分+constitute/compose/makeup+整体e.g.Twolawyers,twojournalistsandaheadteacherconstitute/composethecommittee.两名律师、两名记者和一名校长组成该委员会。第33页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part2现在分词短语做状语表结果:thesecalycescollectivelycommunicatewithmajorcalyces,formingtherenalpelvis.e.g.Thereismudandwatereverywhere,makingitdifficulttotravelfromplacetoplace.现在分词作结果状语表示一种必然性(自然结果)。(making可以改为whichmakes,相当于一个前因后果的非限制性定语从句。)e.g.他每天回来得很晚,这使他的妻子很生气。Hecomeshomelateeveryevening,makinghiswifeveryangry.第34页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part2练习:现在分词短语做状语表结果:e.g.她把玩具丢在地上,碎成很多片。Shethrewthetoyontheground,breakingitintopieces.e.g.她的丈夫十年前去世了,丢下三个孩子需要她照顾。Herhusbanddiedtenyearsago,leavingthreechildrenforhertolookafter.第35页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part2Bloodisdeliveredtoeachkidneyfromamainrenalarterybranchingfromtheaorta.1.branching用来修饰什么?2.如何翻译?第36页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part2Bloodisdeliveredtoeachkidneyfromamainrenalarterybranchingfromtheaorta.现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰前面的名词,相当于一个定语从句Doyouknowtheboystandingatthedoor?Doyouknowtheboywhoisstandingatthedoor?Theylivedinahousefacingthesouth.Theylivedinahousethatfacedthesouth.第37页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part2Bloodisdeliveredtoeachkidneyfromamainrenalarterybranchingfromtheaorta.branching=whichbranches参考译文:由主动脉分支出来的肾总动脉为两肾输送血液。第38页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part2Themainarteryusuallydividesintotwomainsegmentalbranches,whicharefurthersubdividedintolobararteriessupplyingtheupper,middle,andlowerregionsofthekidney.参考译文:肾总动脉通常分为两个主侧支,这两个侧支又进一步分为叶动脉,为肾脏上、中、下区域供应血液。第39页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part2Theglomerularcapillariesreceivebloodthroughafferentarteriolesthatoriginatefromtheseterminalinterlobulararteries.分析:Theglomerularcapillaries(A)receivebloodthroughafferentarterioles(B)thatoriginatefromtheseterminalinterlobulararteries(C).主干:A通过B接收血液,B来源于C源自C的B为A输送血液参考译文:这些末端叶间动脉伸展出的小动脉为肾小球毛细血管输送血液。第40页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part2Thenephroniscomposedoftwomajorcomponents:afilteringelementcomposedofanenclosedcapillarynetwork(theglomerulus)andanattachedtubule.Thetubulecontainsseveraldistinctanatomicandfunctionalsegments.第41页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part2Thenephroniscomposedoftwomajorcomponents:afilteringelementcomposedofanenclosedcapillarynetwork(theglomerulus)andanattachedtubule.Thetubulecontainsseveraldistinctanatomicandfunctionalsegments.第42页/共45页TextAnalysis:Part2Thenephroniscomposedoftwomajorcomponents:afilteringelementcomposedofanenclosedcapillarynetwork(theglomerulus)andanattachedtubule.Thetubulecontainsseveraldistinctanatomicandfunctionalsegments.参考译文:“肾单位”包含两大部分:过滤部分紧包着毛细血管网(肾小球)和一个附着在上面的小管。这个小管包含几个独特的解剖和功能划分。第43页/共45页本文的语篇行文特点1.广泛使用定语从句,5个which引导的非限制性定语从句,2个that引导的限制性定语从句。详尽、严谨地对于概念化名词进行解释说明。wherearethey?2.现在分词短语的使用。作后置定语;作状语表结果。wherearethey?3.第一部分主要使用主动语态(activevoice),对客观存在的真理式内容进行描述。第二部分频繁使用被动语态。描述客观,避免主观武断,突出文章的科学性和客观性。wherearethey?4.全文使用一般现在时态(simplepresenttense)。用于客观事实的描述。第44页/共45页谢谢您的观看!第45页/共45页