欧洲文化入门ppt课件.ppt

European Culture:An Introduction为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能TextbookEuropean Culture:An Introduction欧洲文化入门主编：王佐良 祝珏 李品伟 高厚堃外语教学与研究出版社为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Contents1.Greek Culture and Roman Culture2.The Bible and Christianity3.The Middle Ages4.Renaissance and Reformation5.The Seventeenth Century6.The Age of Enlightenment7.Romanticism8.Marxism and Darwinism9.Realism10.Modernism and Other Trends11.Review for Final Testchronological为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Term ScheduleNo.of Classes/Week2No.of Weeks18Total No.of Classes36为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能AssessmentlFinal ScorelCoursework 20%lFinal Test 80%为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能IntroductionlUses of the SubjectlLanguage cannot be learned without the knowledge of the culture behind it.lNecessary to the citizens of the world.lTwo Major Elements in European CulturelGreco-Roman elementlJudeo-Christian element为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Division 1Greek Culture&Roman Culture为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelThe Historical Context1200 B.C.War between Greece and Troy5th century B.C.Greek culture reached a high point-Failure of Persian invasion-Establishment of democracy and flourishing of S.P.L.A.&HWCivil war between Athens and Sparta 4th century B.C.All Greece ruled by Alexander,King of Macedon 146 B.C.Romans conquered Greece 为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelSocial and Political StructurelAthens was a“democracy”.lThe economy rested on an immense amount of slave labour.lThe Greeks loved sports.lOlympic GameslThe worlds foremost amateur sports competition(1896)为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelHomer 700B.C.Author of ancient Greeks epics (1200-1100 B.C.)lThe Iliad Trojan War Greek:Agamemnon,Achilles,Odysseus Trojan:HectorlThe Odyssey Return of Odysseus after the Trojan War to his home island of Ithaca.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek Culture为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelLyric PoetrylSappho(612-580 B.C.)woman poet -The most important lyric poet of ancient Greece -Noted for love poems of passionate intensitylPindar(518-438 B.C.)Best known for odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games.(the 14 Olympian odes)为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelDrama -Developed in the 5th century B.C.-Performed in open-air theatres,actors wore masksWriterWorksTragedy/ComedyCharacteristicsNoted forAeschylus(525-456 B.C.)Prometheus Bound,Persians,AgamemnonTragedyOnly two actors and a chorus;Written in verseVivid character portrayal and majestic poetrySophocles(496-406 B.C.)Oedipus the King,Electra,AntigoneTragedyAdd a third actor and decrease the size of the chorus.Strong impact on European literature.Some plots adopted by later writers.“the Oedipus complex”Euripides(484-406 B.C.)Andromache,Medea,Trojan WomenTragedyMainly about women;more of a realist;characters less heroic,more like ordinary people.The first writer of“problem plays”Aristophanes(450-380 B.C.)Frogs,Clouds,Wasps,BirdsComedyLoose in plot,satirical in tone,full of clever parody and acute criticism.Contemporary events and direct attacks on well-known people of the day为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelHistorylHerodotus(484-430 B.C.)lFather of HistorylWrote wars between Greeks and PersianslFull of anecdotes,digressions,and lively dialoguelThucydides(460-404 B.C.)lMore accurate as an historianlWrote wars between Athens and Sparta,between Athens and SyracuselTrace events to causes and bring out the effects为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturePhilosopherIdeasPythagoras(580-500 B.C.)Founder of scientific mathematicsAll things are numbers.Heracleitus(540-480 B.C.)Fire is the primary element of the universe.Everything else has arisen out of it.All is flux,nothing is stationery.The strife between the opposites produce the harmony.Democritus(460-370 B.C.)One of earliest philosophical materialistsSpeculate about the atomic structure of matter.“For all men good and truth are the same,but pleasure is different for different men.It is repentance for what has been shamefully done that sets life right.He who does wrong is more unfortunate than he who is wrong.It is right,since we are human,that we should not laugh at human misfortunes but lament them.”lPhilosophy and Science为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelGreatest Names in European PhilosophylSocrates(470-399 B.C.)lTeacher of PlatolThe dialectical method of argumentlPut on trial on a charge of“injuring the city”lCondemned to death为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelGreatest Names in European PhilosophylPlato(428-348 B.C.)lStudent of Socrates and teacher of AristotlelWrote famous Dialogues to record SocrateslIdealismOnly“ideas”like beauty,truth,goodness are completely realThe physical world is only relatively reallMany of his ideas were absorbed into Christian thought为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelGreatest Names in European PhilosophylAristotle(384-322 B.C.)lPlatos pupillThe great humanist and the great man of science meetWrote epoch-making works on logic,moral philosophy,politics,metaphysics,psychology,physics,zoology,poetry,rhetoric.Did much to form the philosophical,scientific and cosmological outlook of an entire culture.lWorks that are still important nowEthics,Politics,Poetics,RhetoriclDiffer from his teacher in many waysEmphasize direct observation of nature,theory should follow fact;Plato relied on subjective thinking.Idea and matter made up concrete individual realities;Plato held ideas had a higher reality than the physical world.lMans aim in life is happiness为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CultureSchoolsPhilosopherIdeasSophistsProtagoras(500 B.C.)Man is the measure of all things.CynicsDiogenes(412-323 B.C.)He decided to live like a dog and the word“cynic”means“dog”in Greek.Reject all conventions,advocate self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life.ScepticsPyrrhon(360-272 B.C.)Not all knowledge was attainable.EpicureansEpicurus(341-270 B.C.)materialistPleasure is the highest good in life;not sensual enjoyment,but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval;could be attained by the practice of virtue.StoicsZeno(335-263 B.C.)materialistOpposed to the Epicureans.The most important thing in life is not pleasure but duty.One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.Virtue is the sole good in the life of a man.If he has to die,he should die nobly.lContending Schools of Thought为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelScienceDemocritus Put forward the first atomic theory.Plato A mathematician.Archimedes Did important work not only in geometry,but also in arithmetic,mechanics,and hydrostatics.Mathematics,the purest of sciences,was applied in acoustics,optics,geography,Statics and astronomy.Aristotle Contributed to Zoology,started methodical research,laid massive foundations for modern science.Euclid Well-known for his Elements,a textbook of geometry and in use until the early years of the 20th century.Greek scientists deduce theories and build up systems.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelArt,Architecture,Sculpture and PotterylArt Greek art is a visual proof of Greek civilization.lArchitecturelthe Doric style(masculine style):sturdy,powerful,severelooking and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers,monotonous and unadorned.lthe Ionic style(feminine style):graceful and elegant,shows a wealth of ornament.lthe Corinthian style:ornamental luxury.lFamous temples:the Acrpolis at Athens(437-432 B.C.);the Parthenon(447-432 B.C.).为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelArt,Architecture,Sculpture and PotterylSculptureThe earliest Gods,stiff,lifeless wood carving;7th century B.C.Size became bigger and life-size,stand stiff;5th century B.C.Beauty of the internal structure of human bodies and mythological figures.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelArt,Architecture,Sculpture and PotterylDiscus Thrower -relaxation and contraction of the muscle -sense of body movement -good sense of harmony and the balance of opposites为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelArt,Architecture,Sculpture and PotterylVenus de Milo -the most famous -broken arms -symbol of beauty,grace and health,a personification of vitality and dignity.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelArt,Architecture,Sculpture and PotterylLaocoon group about 125 B.C.-a priest of Troy -he was suffered a slow death and killed by serpents with his sons for he warned the Trojans against Greek attack -the expression of Laocoons face-fear,sympathy and terror为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelArt,Architecture,Sculpture and PotterylPotteryla result of domestic needs and needs for foreign tradelVarying shapes(jars,utensils)lBeautiful paintings(everyday scenes,animals,figures in Iliad and Odyssey)lVases from AtticalBlack-figure paintings&Red-figure paintings 为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Greek CulturelImpact played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countrieslSpirit of Innovation -invented mathematics,science and philosophy -first write history -speculate the nature of the worldlSupreme Achievement philosophy,science,epic poetry,tragedy,comedy,lyric poetry,historical writing,architecture,sculpture,etc.lLasting Effect -the bold effort they made to understand the world had an enduring effect on later generations;-in literature,countless writers quoted,adapted,borrowed;-Byrons Isles of Greece -Shelleys Hellas and Prometheus Unbound -Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Roman CulturelRomans and Greeks-Burning of Corinth(146 B.C.)marked Roman conquest of Greece.-Greece was a province of the Roman Empire.-The language of western Roman Empire was Latin,the eastern was Greek.CommonDifferenceRoman-Both traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly,hostile to monarchy and to servility.-Religions were alike.-Languages worked in similar ways,members of the Indo-European language.Built a vast empire.GreekDidnt build a vast empire.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Roman CulturelRoman HistorylBefore the year 27 B.C.,a republiclTwo centuries later after 27 B.C.,the Roman Empire reached the greatest extent.lPax Romana(the Romans enjoyed a 200 years peace)lRoman law(the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries)lIn the 3rd century,the empire decline(inroads of northern tribes)lIn the 4th century,move capital from Rome to Byzantium(renamed Constantinople)lAfter 395,the empire was divided into East(the Byzantine Empire)and WestlIn 476,the end of the West Roman EmpirelIn 1453,the East Roman Empire collapsed为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Roman CulturelLatin LiteratureThe writings in Latin showed great originality,besides beingprofound,powerful and beautiful.lProselMarcus Tullius Cicero(106-43 B.C.)-Played an important role in the Roman senate.-His eloquent,oratorical manner of writing,described as Ciceronian,had an enormous influence on the development of European prose.lJulius Caesar(102/100-44 B.C.)-A successful general and the dictator in Rome.-Commentaries,models of succinct Latin,use language with economy and ferocity.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Roman CulturelLatin LiteraturelPoetrylLucretius(93-50 B.C.)Wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.lVirgil(70-19 B.C.)-The greatest of Latin poets -Wrote the great epic,the Aeneid.(Aeneas,a truly tragic hero)为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Roman CulturelArchitecture,Painting and SculpturelArchitecture Romans were great engineers.lThe Pantheon -The greatest and the best preserved Roman temple.-It is in a round,domed form,has the worlds first vast interior space.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Roman CulturelArchitecture,Painting and SculpturelArchitecturelPont du Gard An exceptionally well-preserved aqueduct that spans a wide valley in southern France.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Roman CulturelArchitecture,Painting and SculpturelArchitecturelThe Colosseum An enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome,a masterpiece of engineering,holding 5000 spectators,with interior 2/3 of a mile round.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Roman CulturelArchitecture,Painting and SculpturelPainting -strongly influenced by the art of Greece -wall-paintings in every house in Pompeii,the Lady Musician and Young Girl,the Maiden Gathering Flowers,the Landscape.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Roman CulturelArchitecture,Painting and SculpturelSculpture glorify the rule of the emperors and events of the Roman EmpirelConstantine the Great head of the first Christian emperor为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Roman CulturelArchitecture,Painting and SculpturelSculpturelSpoils from the Temple in Jerusalem(81 A.D.)records of triumphant procession celebrating the Roman conquest of Judaea in A.D.70.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Roman CulturelArchitecture,Painting and SculpturelSculpturelShe-wolf a statue illustrating the legend of creation of Rome