功能翻译论讲座精选PPT.ppt

功能翻译论讲座第1页，此课件共59页哦1.What is functionalist translation theory?定义定义1：功能翻译理论，又称功能翻译理论，又称“功能目的论功能目的论”（Skopos theory，Skopos 是希腊词，意为是希腊词，意为“aim”或或“purpose”），核心是：），核心是：根据译文语境，原文中的哪些内容或成分可以保留，哪些需调根据译文语境，原文中的哪些内容或成分可以保留，哪些需调整或改写，该由译文的预期功能确定。整或改写，该由译文的预期功能确定。(方梦之主编：译学词典，上海外语教育出版社，第方梦之主编：译学词典，上海外语教育出版社，第29页页)定义定义2：Skopos theory(pluralSkopos theories)is the idea that translating and interpreting should primarily take into account the function of both the source and target text.(Paul Kussmaul,Training The Translator,1995,John Benjamins Publishing Co,p.149)功能目的理论与变译功能目的理论与变译 Skopos Theory and Adaptation第2页，此课件共59页哦定义定义3：德国翻译学者Nord将其定义为：“Functionalist means focusing on function or functions of texts and translation.（Nord，1997）”。翻译的“功能主义”就是将关注点放在文本领域发生的一种或多种功能，以传达信息为目的，而较少关注翻译的情感意义和美学意义。狭义而言，它特指以德国“功能主义目的论”为核心的功能派翻译理论。广义而言，凡是用功能主义研究方法而产生的多种理论都属于功能翻译理论范畴。定义归纳第3页，此课件共59页哦For example:汉语:专卖店(不同的专卖店有不同的英语词)女装专卖店-Boutique 海尔专卖店-Haier Outlet福特汽车专卖店-Ford Car Exclusive AgencyFunctions Determines Translation第4页，此课件共59页哦 “功能目的论功能目的论”源于行为理论，认为翻译是一源于行为理论，认为翻译是一种在既定场合发生的目的行为，是言语和非言种在既定场合发生的目的行为，是言语和非言语交际符号向另一种语言的转换。翻译的成功语交际符号向另一种语言的转换。翻译的成功与否决定于欲达到的目的是否完成，讲究翻译与否决定于欲达到的目的是否完成，讲究翻译目的不是对等，而是目的的完备性，是译文在目的不是对等，而是目的的完备性，是译文在译语环境中预期达到的一种或几种功能。译语环境中预期达到的一种或几种功能。”（Nord，2001）定义归纳第5页，此课件共59页哦 功能目的论认为，对等翻译只是翻译多种功能目的论认为，对等翻译只是翻译多种形式的一种，每个文本为某个目的所产生，并形式的一种，每个文本为某个目的所产生，并应该服务于该目的。译文的接受者是决定翻译应该服务于该目的。译文的接受者是决定翻译目的的重要因素之一。根据不同情况有不同的目的的重要因素之一。根据不同情况有不同的目的法则。这些法则来自翻译要求，它是由发目的法则。这些法则来自翻译要求，它是由发起人起人(initiator)(也可能是译者本人也可能是译者本人)给定的。任给定的。任何翻译都是面对意向受众，翻译的要求和目的规定何翻译都是面对意向受众，翻译的要求和目的规定着需要什么样的翻译，而原文只是一种信息源。着需要什么样的翻译，而原文只是一种信息源。定义归纳第6页，此课件共59页哦 中国改革报中国改革报第二版一篇介绍张家界国家森林公园的原文第二版一篇介绍张家界国家森林公园的原文和译文片断，原文的信息被歪曲，翻译目的就达不到。请看：和译文片断，原文的信息被歪曲，翻译目的就达不到。请看：汉语汉语：张家界国家森林公园简介张家界国家森林公园简介湖南张家界国家森林公园是湖南张家界国家森林公园是1982年经国务院批准成立的中国第一个年经国务院批准成立的中国第一个国家森林公园。国家森林公园。1992年因奇特的石英砂岩大峰林质地貌被联合国年因奇特的石英砂岩大峰林质地貌被联合国教科文组织列入教科文组织列入世界遗产名录世界遗产名录。原译文原译文:The Short Guide To Zhangjiajie National Forest ParkZhangjiajie was approved as the first national Forest park of China in 1982,by the state Congress of China and was listed in the Directory of World Heritage by UNESCO for its quartzite sandstone landform in 1992.翻译的要求与目的经常未达到翻译的要求与目的经常未达到第7页，此课件共59页哦 译文的划线部分都有误。这样的英语译文对张家译文的划线部分都有误。这样的英语译文对张家界国家公园的旅游必然带来多少不良影响。连界国家公园的旅游必然带来多少不良影响。连“国务院国务院”这样的重要名称也乱一通。这样的重要名称也乱一通。“中国国务院中国国务院”（the State Council）错译成错译成 the state Congress，世界遗产名录世界遗产名录（World Heritage List）错译成错译成 the Directory of world heritage第8页，此课件共59页哦 Nord认为，功能翻译理论学派，除了认为，功能翻译理论学派，除了“功能目功能目的论的论”以外，还应包括持有相同观点，认同翻译中以外，还应包括持有相同观点，认同翻译中功能作用的其他流派，虽然他们并没有称自己是功功能作用的其他流派，虽然他们并没有称自己是功能翻译学派。（能翻译学派。（Nord，1997）可见，凡是以语言功）可见，凡是以语言功能研究为出发点的翻译理论，都可置于功能翻译理能研究为出发点的翻译理论，都可置于功能翻译理论的框架内。其中颇具影响的有英国翻译学家论的框架内。其中颇具影响的有英国翻译学家Newmark 的的“功能分类说功能分类说”和美国翻译学家和美国翻译学家Nida的的“功能对等论功能对等论”。功能翻译理论强调语言的功能。功能翻译理论强调语言的功能作用，对以传达信息为主的商贸类文本翻译具有较作用，对以传达信息为主的商贸类文本翻译具有较强的指导意义。强的指导意义。“功能翻译理论功能翻译理论”与与“功能目的论功能目的论”第9页，此课件共59页哦 商务部副部长在国务院新闻发布会上讲话节选 多双边经贸关系及区域经济合作进一步发展。多双边经贸关系及区域经济合作进一步发展。中国与世界上绝大多数国家（地区）保持着良好的经贸关系，中国与世界上绝大多数国家（地区）保持着良好的经贸关系，与主要经济体及周边国家（地区）、发展中国家的经贸合作进一与主要经济体及周边国家（地区）、发展中国家的经贸合作进一步深化。步深化。Further progress has been made in bilateral and multilateral economic and trade relations as well as regional economic cooperation.China has maintained excellent economic and trade links with the overwhelming majority of countries(regions)and its economic and trade cooperation with major economies and its neighboring countries(regions)has been further deepened.第10页，此课件共59页哦信息不对等 原文的主题已知：中国多双边经贸关系及区域经济合作进一步发展。译文的主题完全丢失 Further progress has been made in bilateral and multilateral economic and trade relations as well as regional economic cooperation.改译：China has made more progress in bilateral and multilateral economic and trade relations as well as regional economic cooperation.第11页，此课件共59页哦信息不对等 中国与世界上绝大多数国家（地区）保持着良好的经中国与世界上绝大多数国家（地区）保持着良好的经贸关系，与主要经济体及周边国家（地区）、发展中国家贸关系，与主要经济体及周边国家（地区）、发展中国家的经贸合作进一步深化。的经贸合作进一步深化。China has maintained excellent economic and trade links with the overwhelming majority of countries(regions)and its economic and trade cooperation with major economies and its neighboring countries(regions)has been further deepened.第12页，此课件共59页哦 The functional approach has a great affinity with Skopos theory.The function of a translation is dependent on the knowledge,expectations,values and norms of the target readers,who are again influenced by the situation they are in and by the culture.These factors determine whether the function of the source text or passages in the source text can be preserved or have to be modified or even changed.How are functions involved?第13页，此课件共59页哦 1971年德国的莱斯（年德国的莱斯（K.Reiss）首先提出）首先提出“把把翻译行为所要达到的特殊目的翻译行为所要达到的特殊目的”作为翻译评价的新作为翻译评价的新模式。模式。1984年她在与费米尔（年她在与费米尔（H.J.Vermeer）合写的）合写的General Foundation of Translation Theory一书中一书中声称：译者在整个翻译过程中的参照系不应是声称：译者在整个翻译过程中的参照系不应是“对对等等”翻译理论所注重的原文及其功能，而应是译文翻译理论所注重的原文及其功能，而应是译文在译语文化环境中所预期达到的一种或若钟交际功在译语文化环境中所预期达到的一种或若钟交际功能。能。20世纪世纪90年代初，德国学者克利斯蒂安年代初，德国学者克利斯蒂安诺德诺德（Christiane Nord）进一步拓展了译文功能理论。）进一步拓展了译文功能理论。她强调译文与原文的联系，但这种联系的质量与数她强调译文与原文的联系，但这种联系的质量与数量由译文的预期功能确定。量由译文的预期功能确定。2.The Formation of Skopos Theory第14页，此课件共59页哦 功能目的理论的两项基本原则是：功能目的理论的两项基本原则是：1.翻译各方面的交互作用受翻译目的所决定；翻译各方面的交互作用受翻译目的所决定；2.目的随接受对象的不同而变化。按照这两项目的随接受对象的不同而变化。按照这两项 原则，译者可以为了达到目的而采用任何他自己认原则，译者可以为了达到目的而采用任何他自己认为适当的翻译策略。换句话说，目的决定方式为适当的翻译策略。换句话说，目的决定方式（The end justifies the means）。例如：）。例如：第15页，此课件共59页哦 中国认真履行加入世贸组织的各项承诺，对外开放不断扩中国认真履行加入世贸组织的各项承诺，对外开放不断扩大。同时积极参加世贸组织新一轮谈判，为完善多边贸易体制大。同时积极参加世贸组织新一轮谈判，为完善多边贸易体制发挥了建设性作用。近期以来，已有新西兰、南非等发挥了建设性作用。近期以来，已有新西兰、南非等9个国家正个国家正式宣布承认中国的完全市场经济地位，为中国与这些国家经贸式宣布承认中国的完全市场经济地位，为中国与这些国家经贸合作的开展创造了更为有利的条件。合作的开展创造了更为有利的条件。China has seriously implemented its WTO commitments and continuously opened up.At the same time,we are active in participating in the new round of WTO negotiation and playing a constructive role for the improvement of the multilateral trading system.Not long ago,9 countries including New Zealand,Singapore,and South Africa have formally declared that they recognized Chinas full market economy status,which has created more favorable conditions for the economic and trade cooperation between China and these countries.违背功能目的论的翻译第16页，此课件共59页哦 中国认真履行加入世贸组织的各项承诺，对外开中国认真履行加入世贸组织的各项承诺，对外开放不断扩大。放不断扩大。China has seriously implemented its WTO commitments and continuously opened up.认真认真-seriously？vigorously(目的决定翻译方式）目的决定翻译方式）不断扩大不断扩大-continuously opened up?(这个翻译方式没有表达这个翻译方式没有表达“对外开放不断扩大对外开放不断扩大”China has vigorously implemented its commitments for its entry into WTO and has kept opening wider to the outside world.第17页，此课件共59页哦 （谁？）同时积极参加世贸组织新一轮谈判，为完善多边（谁？）同时积极参加世贸组织新一轮谈判，为完善多边贸易体制发挥了建设性作用。贸易体制发挥了建设性作用。At the same time,we are active in participating in the new round of WTO negotiation and playing a constructive role for the improvement of the multilateral trading system.China has also cordially attended the new round of WTO negotiations,playing a constructive role for improving the multilateral trade system.第18页，此课件共59页哦 近期以来，已有新西兰、南非等9个国家正式宣布承认中国的完全市场经济地位，为中国与这些国家经贸合作的开展创造了更为有利的条件。Not long ago,9 countries including New Zealand,Singapore,and South Africa have formally declared that they recognized Chinas full market economy status,which has created more favorable conditions for the economic and trade cooperation between China and these countries.改后半句：,creating more favorable conditions for China to have economic and trade cooperation with these countries.第19页，此课件共59页哦提示：提示：近期以来近期以来=not long ago?recently 宣布承认宣布承认=have declared they recognized?declared their recognition of Chinas full market economy status 新西兰、南非等新西兰、南非等9个国家个国家=9 countries including New Zealand,Singapore,and South Africa?9 countries such as New Zealand,South Africa第20页，此课件共59页哦 作为受文化制约的语言符号，原文语篇和译文作为受文化制约的语言符号，原文语篇和译文语篇受到各自交际环境的影响，译文功能与原文功语篇受到各自交际环境的影响，译文功能与原文功能可相似或保持一致，也可能完全不同。根据不同能可相似或保持一致，也可能完全不同。根据不同的语境因素和预期功能，选择最佳的处理方法，这的语境因素和预期功能，选择最佳的处理方法，这是功能翻译理论比以对等为基础的翻译理论或极端是功能翻译理论比以对等为基础的翻译理论或极端功能主义的翻译理论更为优越之处。翻译功能理论功能主义的翻译理论更为优越之处。翻译功能理论指导下的翻译方法表现出较大的灵活性，较高的科指导下的翻译方法表现出较大的灵活性，较高的科学性和易操作性。学性和易操作性。Gideon Toury(原特拉维夫大学教原特拉维夫大学教授授)把把“功能目的论功能目的论”看作是看作是“译文文本中心论译文文本中心论”的的翻版。翻版。Advantages of Skopos Theory第21页，此课件共59页哦 The Skopos theory,an approach to translation put forward by Hans Vermeer and developed in Germany in the late 1970s,oriented a more functional and sociocultural concept of translation.Translation is considered not as a process of translation,but as a specific form of human action.The following examples can tell us why it is an action:1.小心滑倒小心滑倒-Carefully Slide（西南大学宾馆客房内）（西南大学宾馆客房内）2.2.洗澡时小心滑倒洗澡时小心滑倒 -Pay Attention to Your Step while Taking Bath (浙江某市花园山庄客房内浙江某市花园山庄客房内)3.不在公共场合袒胸赤膊不在公共场合袒胸赤膊-Do not wear clothes exposing the neck or shoulders in public places参考：参考：1.小心滑倒小心滑倒-Caution!Wet(Slippery)Floor2.2.洗澡时小心滑倒洗澡时小心滑倒 -Caution!Wet(Slippery)Floor3.不在公共场合袒胸赤膊不在公共场合袒胸赤膊-Dress yourself decently in public placesYou can see,the original translation and the revised are different in actions.3.What Is Skopos Theory about?第22页，此课件共59页哦 In Skopos theory,one of the most important factors determining the purpose of a translation is the intended receiver or audience of the target text with their language.The theory focuses on the purpose of the translation,which determines the translation methods and strategies to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result.For example:航友宾馆-Hang You Hotel (上海虹桥机场）(航友，就是“航空之友”，翻译就是传递这个信息）Vermeer regards it as an“offer of information”for the target audience.From this view,the status of the source is clearly much lower in Skopos theory than the equivalence theory.第23页，此课件共59页哦 The main idea of Skopos theory is that translators should hold the thought from the perspective of the target readers during translation.Therefore,translators should bear in mind what the function of translation text is,what the target readers demand is and even what communicative situation is.Finally,the choice of translation strategies is decided by the purpose of the translation text,in order to achieve a better function text.第24页，此课件共59页哦 严禁携带易燃易爆物品进站乘车严禁携带易燃易爆物品进站乘车1.No carrying combustibles and explosive in metro（上海百盛附近的地铁站）2.Bring combustibles and explosives into the station and on board is strictly prohibited.（上海中山公园地铁站内）3.Inflammable explosive and dangerous articles are forbidden.（杭州火车站内）4.Hazardous goods are strictly prohibited taken into on train.（上海火车站内）四种译法，哪个实现了功能？第25页，此课件共59页哦No Entry of Hazardous Goods into the Station or on the TrainAnother example may tell us more:原文：女生宿舍，男生莫入译文：Female Students OnlyPurposes Determine Translation Strategies第26页，此课件共59页哦 The three main rules are:skopos rule,coherence rule and fidelity rule.1.Skopos Rule（目的规则）（目的规则）The top-ranking rule for any translation is thus the skopos rule,which means that a translation action is determined by its skopos;that is,the end justifies the means”by Reiss and Vermeer.Vermeer also stresses on many occasions that the skopos rule is a general rule,and translation strategies and methods are determined by the purpose and the intended function of the target text.Three Rules of Skopos Theory第27页，此课件共59页哦Careful Motion Gate Watch For the Mobile Gate第28页，此课件共59页哦2.Coherence Rule（连贯规则）（连贯规则）The coherence rule states that the target text must be interpretable as coherent with the target text receivers situation.In other words,the target text must be translated in such a way that it is coherent for the target text receivers,given their circumstances and knowledge.In terms of coherence rule,the source text is no longer of most authority but only part of the translation beliefs.It is only an offer of information for the translator,who in turn picks out what he considers to be meaningful in the receivers situation.Three Rules of Skopos Theory第29页，此课件共59页哦3.Fidelity Rule（忠实规则）（忠实规则）Translation is a preceding offer of information.It is expected to bear some relationship with the corresponding source text.Vermeer calls this relationship intertextual coherence or fidelity.This is postulated as a further principle,referred to as the fidelity rule by Reiss and Vermeer in 1984.The fidelity rule merely states that there must be coherence between the translated version and the source text Three Rules of Skopos Theory第30页，此课件共59页哦4.The Relationship among the Rules Fidelity rule is considered subordinate to coherence rule,and both are subordinate to the skopos rule.If the skopos requires a change of function,the criterion will no longer be fidelity to the source text but adequacy or appropriateness with regard to the skopos.And if the skopos demands intra-textual incoherence,the standard of coherence rule is no longer vivid.（忠实规则服从连贯规则，两者又（忠实规则服从连贯规则，两者又都服从目的规则）都服从目的规则）Relationship among the Rules第31页，此课件共59页哦No Littering 第32页，此课件共59页哦 Skopos theory reflects a general shift from predominantly LINGUISTIC and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation.This shift drew inspiration from communication theory,action theory,text linguistics and text theory,as well as from movements in literary studies towards reception theories(接受接受理论）理论）.Apart from Hans Vermeer,the founder of skopos theory,other scholars working in the paradigm include Margret Ammann(1989/1990),Hans Hnig and Paul Kussmaul(1982),Sigrid Kupsch-Losereit(1986),Christiane Nord(1988)and Heidrun Witte(1987a).Skopos Theory Is a Theorical Shift第33页，此课件共59页哦 Skopos theory takes seriously factors which have always been stressed in action theory,and which were brought into sharp relief with the growing need in the latter half of the twentieth century for the translation of non-literary text types.第34页，此课件共59页哦 In the translation of scientific and academic papers,instructions for use,tourist guides,contracts,etc.,the contextual factors surrounding the translation cannot be ignored.These factors include the culture of the intended readers of the target text and of the client who has commissioned it,and,in particular,the function of the text is to perform in that culture for those readers.Skopos theory is directly oriented towards this function.第35页，此课件共59页哦 Translation is viewed not as a process of transcoding,but as a specific form of human action.Like any other human action,translation has a purpose.Skopos must be defined before translation can begin;in highlighting skopos,the theory adopts a prospective attitude to translation,as opposed to the retrospective attitude adopted in theories which focus on prescriptions derived from the source text.In addition to its purpose,any action has an outcome.The outcome of translational action is a translatum(Vermeer 1979:174),a particular variety of target text.Translation is an action第36页，此课件共59页哦 According to skopos theory,translation is the production of a functionally appropriate target text based on an existing source text,and the relationship between the two texts is specified according to the skopos of the translation.One practical consequence of this theory is a reconceptualization of the status of the source text.It is up to the translator as the expert to decide what role a sourc