06Chapter-6-cognition-语言学概论-教学课件.ppt
Chapter SixLanguage and Cognition11.What is Cognition?n nMental processes,Mental processes,information processinginformation processingn nMental process or faculty of Mental process or faculty of knowing,including knowing,including awarenessawareness（意识（意识（意识（意识）,perception perception（直觉）（直觉）（直觉）（直觉）,reasoning reasoning（推理）（推理）（推理）（推理）,and,and judgment judgment（判断）（判断）（判断）（判断）.2n nThe formal approach:structural patterns,including the study of morphological,syntactic,and lexical structure.n nThe psychological approach:language from the view of general systems ranging from perception,memory,attention,and reasoning.n nThe conceptual approach:how language structures(processes&patterns)conceptual content.32.Psycholinguisticsn nPsychological aspects of language.n nPsychological states and mental activity with the use of language.n nLanguage acquisition,language production&comprehension.4n nLanguage acquisition(L1/L2)n nLanguage comprehensionn nLanguage productionn nLanguage disordersn nLanguage and Thoughtn nNeurocognitionSix subjects of research62.1 Language Acquisitionn nHolophrastic stage（单词句阶段）：（单词句阶段）：（单词句阶段）：（单词句阶段）：Shortly Shortly before their first birthday and lasting from two before their first birthday and lasting from two months to a year.months to a year.n nLanguages sound patternsLanguages sound patternsn nPhonetic distinctions in parents language.Phonetic distinctions in parents language.n nOne-word stage:objects,actions,motions,One-word stage:objects,actions,motions,routines.routines.7Two-word stage:around 18mChild utteranceChild utterance Mature speakerMature speakerPurposePurposeWant cookieWant cookieI want a cookieI want a cookieRequestRequestMore milkMore milkI want some more milkI want some more milkReReq qu uestestJoe seeJoe seeI(Joe)see youI(Joe)see youInformingInformingMy cupMy cupThis is my cupThis is my cupWarningWarningMommy chairMommy chairThis chair belongs to MThis chair belongs to MWaWar rn ningingBig boyBig boyI am a big boyI am a big boyBraggingBraggingRed carRed carThat car is redThat car is redNamingNamingThat carThat carThat is a carThat is a carNaNammi ingng8n nThree-word-utterance stagen nGive doggie paper.Give doggie paper.n nPut truck window.Put truck window.n nTractor go floor.Tractor go floor.10Fluent grammatical conversation stagen nEmbed one constituent inside another:n nGive doggie paper.Give doggie paper.n nGive big doggie paper.Give big doggie paper.n nUse more function words:missing function words and inflection in the beginning but good use(90%)by the age of 3,with a full range of sentence types.n nAll parts of all language are acquired before the child turns four.11Garden path sentences 19701970年年年年,心理语言学家心理语言学家心理语言学家心理语言学家T.G.Bever T.G.Bever 在在在在 The cognitive basis for The cognitive basis for linguistic structureslinguistic structures一文中指出一文中指出一文中指出一文中指出,在英语中存在一种叫做花园幽径在英语中存在一种叫做花园幽径在英语中存在一种叫做花园幽径在英语中存在一种叫做花园幽径句句句句 (garden path sentence or GP sentences)(garden path sentence or GP sentences)的特别句子，例如的特别句子，例如的特别句子，例如的特别句子，例如,The girl told the story cried.The girl told the story cried.我们读到前一段我们读到前一段我们读到前一段我们读到前一段The girl told the The girl told the storystory时时时时,大多数人都以为这已是一个完整的句子大多数人都以为这已是一个完整的句子大多数人都以为这已是一个完整的句子大多数人都以为这已是一个完整的句子,told,told是句子的谓语是句子的谓语是句子的谓语是句子的谓语,但是但是但是但是,当我们往下读到当我们往下读到当我们往下读到当我们往下读到cried cried 时时时时,才恍然大悟才恍然大悟才恍然大悟才恍然大悟,cried,cried才是这个才是这个才是这个才是这个 句子中句子中句子中句子中的主要动词。我们在理解这个句子的时候的主要动词。我们在理解这个句子的时候的主要动词。我们在理解这个句子的时候的主要动词。我们在理解这个句子的时候,如同在一个美丽的花如同在一个美丽的花如同在一个美丽的花如同在一个美丽的花园寻找它的出口园寻找它的出口园寻找它的出口园寻找它的出口,大多数人都认为出口一定在花园的主要路径的大多数人都认为出口一定在花园的主要路径的大多数人都认为出口一定在花园的主要路径的大多数人都认为出口一定在花园的主要路径的末端末端末端末端,正当我们悠然自得地走向花园的出口时正当我们悠然自得地走向花园的出口时正当我们悠然自得地走向花园的出口时正当我们悠然自得地走向花园的出口时,却突然发现走错了却突然发现走错了却突然发现走错了却突然发现走错了路路路路,通向出口的正确路径是另一条毫不起眼的荒僻小径。因此通向出口的正确路径是另一条毫不起眼的荒僻小径。因此通向出口的正确路径是另一条毫不起眼的荒僻小径。因此通向出口的正确路径是另一条毫不起眼的荒僻小径。因此,Bever,Bever 把这样的句子叫做花园幽径句把这样的句子叫做花园幽径句把这样的句子叫做花园幽径句把这样的句子叫做花园幽径句13Garden path sentencesn na.I saw the plane flying to Beijing.n nb.I saw Mountain Tai flying to Beijing.n na.The florist sent the flowers was very pleased.n nb.The performer sent the flowers was very pleased15Garden path sentencesn nJohn gave the man the dog for Christmas.n nJohn gave the man the dog bit a bandage.16Garden path sentencesn nThe desert train was seldom on timen nThe desert train was too hard to bear18Garden path sentencesn nThe old man the boatn nI convinced her children are noisyn nThe complex houses married and single students and their families.n n Fat people eat accumulates.19Garden path sentencesn nThe horse raced past the barn fell.n nThe man sold the painting admired it.n nThe man pushed through the door fell.n nThe man who hunts ducks out on weekends.n nThe cotton clothing is usually made of grows in Mississippi.n nThe man who whistles tunes pianos.n n After Mary mended the sock ripped again.20Garden path sentencesn nA:请问您是请问您是,?n nB:我是你们的董事长我是你们的董事长,派来的派来的n nA:I would like a book please?n nB:Something light?n nA:That doesnt matter;I have my car with me.Something lightSomething light是含有歧义的表达是含有歧义的表达是含有歧义的表达是含有歧义的表达,可指重量轻的东西可指重量轻的东西可指重量轻的东西可指重量轻的东西 可指轻可指轻可指轻可指轻松的读物松的读物松的读物松的读物“由于是在书店里由于是在书店里由于是在书店里由于是在书店里,B,B明显是指后一明显是指后一明显是指后一明显是指后一 意义意义意义意义,但但但但A A故意违反故意违反故意违反故意违反合作的原则理解为前一种意义合作的原则理解为前一种意义合作的原则理解为前一种意义合作的原则理解为前一种意义,给给给给B B以以以以 意想不到的回答意想不到的回答意想不到的回答意想不到的回答,幽默的效幽默的效幽默的效幽默的效果在这突如其来的回答中得果在这突如其来的回答中得果在这突如其来的回答中得果在这突如其来的回答中得 以实现以实现以实现以实现21 GP幽默主要是在口头交际中应用幽默主要是在口头交际中应用,所以绝对不所以绝对不能忽视语音手段说能忽视语音手段说 话者主要利用语言中的同音异话者主要利用语言中的同音异义字或词来取得幽默的效果。如在中国相声我义字或词来取得幽默的效果。如在中国相声我舅舅中的一段舅舅中的一段:A:那怎么去呀那怎么去呀?B:坐专车去坐专车去 A:专门送你的车专门送你的车?B:不不,专车专车 A:怎么个专车怎么个专车?B：拉砖的车：拉砖的车 22Garden path sentences需要提醒的是需要提醒的是,应注意应注意GP幽默应用的场合幽默应用的场合,应用场应用场合不当会引起不必要的麻烦合不当会引起不必要的麻烦“如在一家餐馆如在一家餐馆,顾客顾客(C)和侍者和侍者(W)的对话如下：的对话如下：n nC:Do you serve crabs here?n nW:Sure,sit down,we serve anybody.以上对话中的以上对话中的serve主要有两个意义主要有两个意义:一是一是“提供提供,供供给给”二是二是“为为服务服务”很明显顾客指前一个意思很明显顾客指前一个意思,而侍者故意理解为后一个意思而侍者故意理解为后一个意思,幽默效果是达到了幽默效果是达到了,但这个幽默是不合适的但这个幽默是不合适的,表现出侍者对顾客的蔑视表现出侍者对顾客的蔑视24Garden path sentences需要提醒的是需要提醒的是,应注意应注意GP幽默应用的场合幽默应用的场合,应用场应用场合不当会引起不必要的麻烦合不当会引起不必要的麻烦“如在一家餐馆如在一家餐馆,顾客顾客(C)和侍者和侍者(W)的对话如下：的对话如下：n nC:Do you serve crabs here?n nW:Sure,sit down,we serve anybody.以上对话中的以上对话中的serve主要有两个意义主要有两个意义:一是一是“提供提供,供供给给”二是二是“为为服务服务”很明显顾客指前一个意思很明显顾客指前一个意思,而侍者故意理解为后一个意思而侍者故意理解为后一个意思,幽默效果是达到了幽默效果是达到了,但这个幽默是不合适的但这个幽默是不合适的,表现出侍者对顾客的蔑视表现出侍者对顾客的蔑视25 1.它的重要意义可能要比看上去大。它的重要意义可能要比看上去大。There may be more importance in it than would seem.2.它的内涵较眼睛看到的要深。它的内涵较眼睛看到的要深。Theres more in it than meets the eye 3.天地间的奇迹比人们所梦想的要多得多。天地间的奇迹比人们所梦想的要多得多。There are more wonders in heaven and earth than are dreamt of.26
