跨文化商务沟通chapter.pptx
Chapter 1The Nature of Intercultural Communication第1页/共38页1-2Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.1-2TopicsGlobalization/glocalization/grobalizationCultureEnculturation/AcculturationEthnocentrismNorms,rules,roles,and networksSubcultures and subgroupsCommunication barriersMultinational management orientations第2页/共38页1-3Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.1-3Example of MiscommunicationTelex sent to a factory manager of a U.S.subsidy in Lima,Peru:“Please send a headcount of the people in your factory and in your office,broken down by sex.Information urgent.”The local manager,a Peruvian,replied:“Heres your headcount:we have 30 in the factory,15 in the office,5 in the hospital on sick leave,none broken down by sex.If you must know,our problem here is with alcohol.”(Axtell,1994)第3页/共38页1-4Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.4Communication and CultureCommunication and culture are inseparable.Culture is a code we learn and share.Learning and sharing require communicationCommunication requires coding and symbols that are learned and shared.(Smith,1966)第4页/共38页1-5Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.5DefinitionsInternational communication-communication between governments or among nationsIntracultural communication-communication between members of the same cultureGlobal business communication-communication between businesses from different countries第5页/共38页1-6Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.6Intercultural business communication interpersonal communication within and between businesses that involve people from more than one cultureMelting pot-sociocultural assimilation of people of differing backgrounds and nationalities;implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society(macroculture)Diffusion-the process by which two cultures learn and adapt materials and adopt practices of each other第6页/共38页1-7Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.7World culture-the idea that as traditional barriers among people of differing cultures break down,one culture will emergeGlobalization-the ability of a firm to take a product and market it in the entire civilized world第7页/共38页1-8U.S.Census 201064%White Americans16%Hispanic Americans14%African Americans 5%Asian Americans .9%Amer.Indians&Alaskan Natives .2%Native Hawaiians&Pacific Islanders .9%OthersCopyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.8第8页/共38页1-9Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.9Globalization,Glocalization,and GrobalizationGlobalizationthe worldwide diffusion of practicesGlocalizationthe interpenetration of the global and localGrobalizationfocuses on the imperialistic ambitions of nations,corporations,and organizations to impose themselves on others第9页/共38页1-10Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.10Dimensions of CultureLanguages(codes/modes)Verbal NonverbalPhysical PsychologicalEnvironment Human Behavior Content ProcessesNatural Man Made Knowledge Belief Encoding Systems Decoding Thought From Borden,1991,171第10页/共38页1-11Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.11Describe the U.S.or another Culture Using BordenLanguageVerbalNonverbalPsychologicalContentKnowledgeBelief SystemsProcessesEncoding ThoughtDecoding ThoughtPhysicalEnvironmentCultural activities第11页/共38页1-12Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.12Perceptions&StereotypesPerceptions are learned through the dimensions of culture.Culture is learned through perception.Stereotypes are perceptions about certain groups of people or nationalities,often based upon limited knowledge and/or exposure第12页/共38页1-13Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.13Stereotypes of U.S.PersonsInformal relationshipsRather formal in business attire(suits for men;dresses or suits for women)WorkaholicsEmbarrass foreign businesspeople Overly concerned with time,money,and appointments第13页/共38页1-14Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.14Make decisions on hard,objective factsConsider contracts and the written word as very important Be aware of the status differences within the organization;however,generally no display of superiority or inferiority is made which makes rank-conscious foreigners uneasyAre very mobileConvey superiority in their actions第14页/共38页1-15Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.15Stereotypes of Selected Cultures(Japanese and U.S.Students)JapaneseAmericansEnglishgentlemanly,formal,proper,politepolite,intelligentIrishcold,patient,drinkers,jovial,religioushot-tempered,loudChinesediligent,seriousquiet,small,ingenious,laboring industrious,smartMexicanscheerful,passionate lazy,poor,loud,spicy-food eatersdirty,uneducatedRussianscold,dark,closed,cold,respect authority,secret,selfishhard-workingIsraelisreligious,faithful,religious,quarrelsome,warlike,Jewishwealthy,greedy第15页/共38页1-16Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.16TermsEnculturation-socialization process you go through to adapt to your societyFrontstage culture-cultural information that you are willing to share with outsidersBackstage culture-cultural information concealed from outsidersAcculturation-process of adjusting and adapting to a new and different cultureCultural synergy-two cultures merge to form a stronger overriding cultureMulticultural-people who can move between two or more cultures very comfortablyEthnocentrism-the belief that your own cultural background is correctMindsets-ways of being that allow us to see,perceive,and reason through our own filter第16页/共38页1-17Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.17Dimensions of AcculturationIntegration-persons become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integritySeparation-individuals keep their culture and stay independent of the new cultureAssimilation-persons are absorbed into their new culture and withdraw from their old cultureDeculturation-individuals lose their original culture and do not accept the new culture第17页/共38页1-18Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.18Norms,Rules,Roles,and Networks(Situational factors that influence encoding and decoding of verbal and nonverbal messages)Norms-culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which,if broken,carry a form of overt or covert penaltyRules-formed to clarify cloudy areas of normsRoles-include behavioral expectations of a position within a culture and are affected by norms and rulesNetworks-formed with personal ties and involve an exchange of assistance第18页/共38页1-19Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.19Subcultures and SubgroupsSubcultures(or microcultures)-groups possessing traits that set them apart from others within the macroculture.U.S.examples:senior citizens,Catholics,disabled persons,Asian AmericansSubgroups-groups with which the macroculture does not agree and has problems communicating.U.S.examples:youth gangs,prostitutes,embezzlers第19页/共38页1-20Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.20Cultural IntelligenceInvolves linguistic intelligence,spatial intelligence,intrapersonal intelligence,and interpersonal intelligenceInvolves the ability to interact successfully with individuals from other cultures第20页/共38页1-21Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.21Communication BarriersPhysical-time,environmentCultural-social,ethnic,religion,socialPerceptual-viewing from your own mindsetMotivational-mental inertia of listenerExperiential-dissimilar experiences or life happenings第21页/共38页1-22Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.22Linguistic-unusual vocabularyEmotional-personal feelings,likes or dislikesNonverbal-how something is said or how the person behaves or gesturesCompetition-listeners having the ability to do other things第22页/共38页1-23Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.23Cultural IcebergAbove the waterlinewhat we can see;behaviors that are visible Below the waterlinewhat we cannot see;behaviors that are not visible or that do not make sense to us第23页/共38页1-24Metaphors in Culture 文化中的隐喻The Culture Iceberg The Culture Onion 文化冰山 文化洋葱 第24页/共38页1-25Culture is like an iceberg第25页/共38页1-26Culture is like an onion第26页/共38页1-27Symbols Symbols refers to words,gestures,pictures,or objects that carry a particular meaning only recognized by those who share the culture.第27页/共38页1-28Heroes“Heroes”is a term used to indicate persons,ordinary or famous,real or imaginary,as long as they possess characteristics that are highly prized and worshiped in a culture.第28页/共38页1-29Rituals Rituals are those collective activities that are considered socially essential within a culture.第29页/共38页1-30Values Values are social principles,goals,or standards accepted by persons in a culture.第30页/共38页1-31Culture is our software第31页/共38页1-32Culture is like the water a fish swims in.第32页/共38页1-33Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.33Domestic and Global MindsetsDomestic MindsetFunctional expertisePrioritizationStructureIndividual responsibilityNo surprises Trained against surprisesGlobal MindsetBigger,broader pictureBalance of contradictionsProcessTeamwork and diversityView change as opportunityOpenness to surprises第33页/共38页1-34Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.34Multinational Management OrientationsEthnocentric Management-All workers treated the same;no allowance for cultural differences in the work forcePolycentric Management-Considers the cultural needs of country where the firm is locatedRegiocentric Management-Considers the region rather than the country in which the firm is locatedGeocentric Management-A synergy of ideas from different countries of operation第34页/共38页1-35Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.35Ten Commandments for Going InternationalBe well prepared.Ask questions;be observant;listen.Make an effort.When problems develop,assume the main cause is miscommunication.Be patient.Assume the best about people.Be sincere.Keep a sense of humor.Try to be likable.Smile.第35页/共38页1-36Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.36What foreign students WOULD like to see incorporated into their own culture:Opportunity for individuals to raise their station in lifeEfficiency of organizationsHard work and productivityFreedom to express opinions openlyGeneral sense of freedom第36页/共38页1-37Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.37What foreign students WOULD NOT like to see incorporated into their own culture:Excessive individualismWeak family tiesTreatment of older peopleMaterialismCompetitivenessRapid pace of lifeDivorce“Free”male/female relationsImpersonality第37页/共38页1-38感谢您的观看！第38页/共38页
