语言学教程-第三版-第八章-语用学ppt课件.ppt

认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目LanguageinUse主讲人张智鹏主讲人张智鹏Chapter 8 认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 Definition of PragmaticsThestudyoflanguageinuse.Thestudyofmeaningincontext.Thestudyofspeakersmeaning,utterancemeaning,orcontextualmeaning.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Speakersmeaning(Afatheristryingtogethis3-year-olddaughtertostopliftingupherdresstodisplayhernewunderweartotheassemble.)Father:WedontDOthat.Daughter:IKNOW,Daddy.YoudontWEARdresses.(wear=do)Explanations:Father:“Wedontdisplayunderweartoothers”(Yes)vs.“Wedontwearunderwear”(No)Daughter:Iknowyoudontwearunderwear.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 UtteranceMeaningvs.SentenceMeaningUtterancevs.SentenceSentence:abstractunitsofthelanguagesystem.Utterance:unitsoflanguageinuse.Sentencemeaning:WhatdoesXmean?Utterancemeaning:WhatdoyoumeanbyX?Dog!Mybagisheavy.“Janet!Donkeys!”(David Copperfield)认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目ContextualMeaning:meaningincontextThemeaningofthesentencedependsonwhothespeakeris,whotheheareris,whenandwhereitisused.ItwasahotChristmasday,sowewentdowntothebeachintheafternoonandhadagoodtimeswimmingandsurfing.Moreexamples:1.A:Areyougoingtotheseminar?B:Itsonlinguistics.(Maybeheisnotinterestedinit,sohewouldntgo)2.A:Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?B:Coffeewouldkeepmeawake.(IdontlikecoffeebecauseIwouldbehardtogoasleepwithit)认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目JohnAustin(1911-1960)How to Do Things with Words(1962)speechacts:actionsperformedviautterances8.1.1 Performatives vs.Constatives（施为句与叙事句）（施为句与叙事句）Constatives:utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis,e.g.:IgototheparkeverySunday.IteachEnglish.Performatives:utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:name,bet,etc.8.1.Speech Act Theory认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目E.g.a.Ido.b.InamethisshipQueenElizabeth.c.Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow.d.Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.e.Ipromisetofinishitintime.f.Iapologize.g.Ideclarethemeetingopen.h.Iwarnyouthatthebullwillcharge.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Felicityconditions:合适/适切条件AsimplifiedversionsuggestedbyAustinisasfollows：A.(i)Theremustbearelevantconventionalprocedure.（必须有一个相应的规约程序）(ii)therelevantparticipantsandcircumstancesmustbeappropriate.（相关的参与者和环境是合适的）B.Theproceduremustbeexecutedcorrectlyandcompletely.（该程序必须正确完全地执行）C.Veryoften,therelevantpeoplemusthavetherequisitethoughts,feelingsandintentions,andmustfollowitupwithactionsasspecified.（有关人员必须有相关的思想、感情和意图，并且必须有相关的后续行为）Problemswithfelicityconditions:Nostrictprocedureforpromising,e.g.I promise.or,I give my word for it.Constativesmayalsobeinfelicitous:“Ibequeathmywatchtomybrother”saidbysomebodywithoutawatch.(TorF?Inorderforthesentencetobetrue,itmustmeettheconditionthat“Imustownawatch”;otherwise,thesentenceisfalse)认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Featuresofperformativesonsyntaxandwordlevels:FirstpersonsingularSpeechactverbs/performativeverbsThepresenttenseIndicativemoodActivevoiceConclusion:Thedistinctionbetweenconstatives&performativescannotbemaintained.Allsentencescanbeusedtodothings.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目8.1.2 A Theory of the Illocutionary Act Speech acts can be analyzed on 3 levels:Alocutionaryact（发话行为/言内行为）:theactofsayingsomethinginthefullsenseof“say”.Anillocutionaryact（行事行为/言外行为）:anactperformedinsayingsomething.Tosaysthistodosth.InsayingX,IwasdoingY.Insaying“Iwillcometomorrow”,Iwasmakingapromise.Illocutionaryforce:equivalenttospeakersmeaning,contextualmeaning,orextrameaning,andmaybetranslatedintoChineseas言外之意.Aperlocutionaryact（取效行为/言后行为）:theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectsonthehearer.BysayingXanddoingY,IdidZ.Bysaying“Iwillcometomorrow”andmakingapromise,Ireassuremyfriends.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 一、术语解释一、术语解释1.LocutionaryAct,IllocutinaryActandPerlocutionaryAct(5points)北京交通大学2005研，武汉大学2005研【答案】AccordingtoAustin,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking.Alocutionary act is the uttering of words,phrases,and clauses,which conveys meaning by giving outmeaningful sounds.An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speakers intention;it is the actperformed insayingsomething.Therefore,whensomebodysays“Morning”,wecanaskaquestionlike“Whatdidhedo?”,andtheanswercouldbe“Heofferedagreeting.”Aperlocutionaryactistheeffectoftheutterance.Thus,bysaying“Morning!”thespeakerhasmadeitclearthathewantstokeepfriendlyrelationswiththehearer.Whenthetwospeakersareonnormalterms,theeffectmaybenegligible.Butiftherewereanytensions between them,asimple“Morning!”from onesidemaybring about great changes intheirrelationship.Theothermayacceptthisshowoffriendliness,andbefriendswithhimagain.Inthiscase,wecansay“hesmadepeacewithhisfriend”.英英 语语 专专 业业 考考 研研 真真 题题 精精 选选认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目2.constative武汉大学2007研【答案】Constativereferstoanutterancethatassertsorstatessomethingthatcanbejudgedastrueorfalse.Forexample,thestatement“Thecatisonthefloor”isaconstative.3.locutionaryact武汉大学2008研【答案】AccordingtoJohnAustin,therearethreesensesinwhichsayingsomethingmaybeunderstoodasdoingsomething.Thefirstsenseisanordinaryone.Thatis,whenwespeakwemoveourvocalorgansandproduceanumberofsounds,organizedinacertainwayandwithacertainmeaning.Theactperformedinthissenseiscalledalocutionaryact.Itistheactofutteringwords,phrases,andclauses，andtheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Theothertwoactsareillocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目4.speechact浙江大学2005研【答案】“Speechact”isacentralconceptinSpeechActTheory,accordingtowhich,weareperformingvariouskindsofactswhenwearespeaking.Actionsperformedthroughutterancesaregenerallycalledspeechacts.5.performatives中山大学2008研【答案】Performativesaresentencesthatdonotstateafactordescribeastate.Theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Theutteringofthesesentencesis,orispartof,thedoinganaction.Thejudgesimprisonmentsentence,thepresidentswarorindependencedeclaration,etc.,areperformatives.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目二、简答题二、简答题Pleaseexplaintheoriginalideainthespeechacttheory.南开大学2004研【答案】Speechacttheory,originallyproposedbyAustin,isaphilosophicalexplanationofthenatureoflinguisticcommunication.Austin made a distinction between what he called“constatives and“performatives”.Constatives werestatements that either state or describe,and were thus verifiable;performatives,on the other hand,weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.Lateron,foravarietyofreasons,Austingaveuphisinitialdistinctionbetweenconstativesandperformatives.Hesetupanothermodeltoexplainthewayactswereperformedbymeansoflanguage.Accordingtohisnewmodel,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking:locutionaryact,illocutionaryact,andperlocutionaryact.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目三、选择题三、选择题1.PointoutwhichitemdoesnotfallunderthesamecategoryastherestandexplainthereasoninONEsentence.南京大学2007研A.threatenB.adviseC.beseech(恳求)D.urge Focusonthetypeofillocutionaryact【答案】AExplanation:intermsofillocutionaryact,sentenceArepresentsaCommissive（承诺性：说话人将来行为的承诺，如答应、保证等）speechactwhiletheothersareDirective（指令性：使听话人做某事，如请求命令或要求）.Other kinds of speech are expressive（表情语：表达情感，如道歉、欢迎或同情）,declarative（宣告语：如洗礼命名、宣布结为夫妻、声明辞职等），andrepresentative（表性语：相信命题为真，如断言、假设）。2.isusingasentencetoperformafunction.西安外国语学院2006研a.Aperlocutionaryactb.Anillocutionaryactc.Alocutionaryactd.Speechact【答案】d认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目3.Bysaying“Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen,”aspeakermightbeperformingthethreeacts:locutionary,illocutionaryandperlocutionary.西安交通大学2008研A.atthesametimeB.oneafteranotherC.twofirstandthentheotherD.onefirstandthentheothertwo【答案】A4.TheIllocutionaryActwasdevelopedby.西安交通大学2008研A.JohnAustinB.LevinsonC.JohnLyonsD.JohnSearle【答案】D认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目五、填空题五、填空题1.Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheof,orthetheutterance.人大2004研【答案】consequence；changebroughtaboutby2.Whenateachersays“Theexamthisyearisgoingtobereallydifficult”,thesentencewouldhaveanforce.清华大学2000，2001研【答案】illocutionary六、判断正误题六、判断正误题SpeechacttheorywasproposedbyG.Leech.北京第二外国语学院2008研【答案】F(SpeechacttheorywasproposedbyJohnAustin)认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目ConversationalImplicaturewasproposedbyHerbertPaulGrice(1913-1988)WilliamJameslecturesatHarvardin1967Logic and Conversationin19758.2 The Theory of Conversational Implicature认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目8.2.1 The Cooperative Principle(合作原则合作原则)Peopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.GricestheoryLogicandConversationisanattemptatexplaininghowahearergetsfromwhatissaidtowhatismeant,fromthelevelofexpressedmeaningtothelevelofimpliedmeaning.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目TheCooperativePrinciple(CP):Makeyourcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.(使你所说的话，在其所发生的阶段，符合你所参与的交谈的公认目标或方向)TospecifytheCPfurther,Griceintroducedfourcategoriesofmaximsasfollows：Maxim of Quantity:(数量准则)1.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired.Maxim of Quality:(质量准则)1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2.Donotsaysomethingifyoulackadequateevidence;Maxim of Relation(关系准则):Berelative.Maxim of Manner(方式准则):Beperspicuous.1.Avoidobscurityofexpression.2.Avoidambiguity.3.Bebrief.4.Beorderly.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目CPismeanttodescribewhatactuallyhappensinconversation.PeopletendtobecooperativeandobeyCPincommunication.However,CPisoftenviolated.SinceCPisregulative,CPcanbeviolated.ViolationofCPanditsmaximsleadstoconversationalimplicature.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目8.2.2 Violation of the maximsViolation of the maxims(Quantity)1.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired.A:昨天上街买了些什么?B:就买了些东西。I dont want to tell you what I bought.(fromarecommendationletterforalectureshipinphilosophy)DearSir,Mr.XscommandofEnglishisexcellent,andhisattendanceattutorialshasbeenregular.Yours,Mr.X is not suitable for the job.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Aunt:HowdidJimmydohishistoryexam?Mother:Oh,notatallwell.Teachersaskedhimthingsthathappenedbeforethepoorboywasborn.Her son should not be blamed.A:Yourkidbrokethewindow.B:Boysareboys.Boys are naughty and mischievous by nature.Wariswar.Its no use lamenting the tragedy of war.Terrible things always happen in it.Thats its nature.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Violation of the maxims(Quality)1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Youarethecreaminmycoffee.You are dear/precious to me.Xrunsasfastasadeer.X runs very fast.Heismadeofiron.This man has a strong character like iron.2.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.A:BeirutisinPeru,isntit?B:AndRomeisinRomania,Isuppose.Its ridiculous.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Violation of the maxims(Relation)Berelevant.A:Prof.Wangisanoldbag.B:Niceweatherforthetimeofyear.I dont want to talk about Prof.Wang.周萍：爸爸，不过四凤同鲁贵在家里都很好,很忠诚的。周朴园：恩，我很累了。我预备到书房歇一下。你叫他们送一碗浓一点的普洱茶来。I dont want to listen to this.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Violation of the maxims(Manner)1.AvoidobscurityofexpressionA:Letsgetthekidssomething.B:Ok,butIvetoC-H-O-C-O-L-A-T-E.Dont give them chocolate.2.Avoidambiguity“Never seek to tell thy love,Love that never told can be.”1.Never seek to tell your love,the love who can never be told.2.Never seek to tell your love,the love which if told cannot continue to exist.3.BebriefA:Didyougetmyassignment?B:Ireceivedtwopagesclippedtogetherandcoveredwithrowsofblacksquiggles涂鸦.not satisfied.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 8.2.3 Characteristics of implicature(i)Calculability(可推倒性):thefactthatspeakerstrytoconveyconversationalimplicaturesandhearersareabletounderstandthemsuggeststhatimplicaturesarecalculable.Hearersworkoutimplicaturebasedonliteral/conventionalmeaning,CPanditsmaxims,context,otheritemsofbackgroundknowledge,andthefactthatallrelevantitemsfallingunderthepreviousheadingsareavailabletobothparticipantsandbothparticipantsknoworassumethistobethecase.(ii)Cancellability/defeasibility(可取消性):If the literal meanings,the CP,the linguistic or situationalcontextschange,theimplicaturewillalsochange.A:Doyouwantsomecoffee?B:Coffeewouldkeepmeawake.(violation of relation maxim)I do not want coffee because coffee would keep me awake.I want to sleep;or I want coffee because coffee would keep me awake.I want to stay up.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目(iii)Non-detachability:aconversationalimplicatureisattachedtothesemanticcontentofwhatissaid,nottothelinguisticform;implicaturesdonotvanishifthewordsofanutterancearechangedforsynonyms.A:Shallwegothecinematonight?B:Therellbeanexamtomorrow.Illtakeanexamtomorrow.Isntthereanexamtomorrow?(violationofrelationmaxim)(iv)Non-conventionality(非常规性):Conversationalimplicatureisdifferentfromitsconventionalmeaningofwords.Itiscontext-dependent.Itvarieswithcontext.A1：下午踢球去吧！A2：老王住院了？B：上午还在换草皮。A3:足球场安装了一个新门柱。认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Politeness PrincipleGricesCPdoesnotexplainwhyspeakersoftenviolateCP.GeoffreyLeech:ProfessorofLinguisticsandModernEnglishLanguageatLancasterUniversityfrom1974to2002.Principles of Pragmatics(1983):putsforwardPPtosaveCP.Self(自身)-referstothespeaker.Other(他人)-referstotheaddresseeorathirdperson,presentornot.Benefit(惠)&Cost(损)Generallyspeaking,ifthereisbenefit,theremustbecost.Forsomeactssuchasgivinganinvitation,apieceofadviceandanofferareconsideredpolite-natured,forother isalwaysonthebeneficialside.Forotheractslikearequest,anorderandademandareconsideredimpolite-natured,forotherisalwaysonthecostside.补充知识点补充知识点认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Tact Maxim(得体准则)Generosity Maxim(慷慨准则)Approbation Maxim(赞誉准则)Modesty Maxim(谦虚准则)Agreement Maxim(一致准则)Sympathy Maxim(同情准则)认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目TactMaxima)Minimizecosttootherb)MaximizebenefittootherGenerosityMaxima)Minimizebenefittoself b)Maximizecosttoself（请）把车借给我用两天。（请）洗一洗这些衣服。（请）把铅笔递一下。（请）把房间打扫一下。我想知道你是否有时间打扫一下房间。（请）吃点水果吧。认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目ApprobationMaxima)Minimizedispraiseofotherb)MaximizepraiseofotherModestyMaxima)Minimizepraiseofselfb)MaximizedispraiseofselfA：我的西装怎么样？B：难看死啦。(violation)怎么说呢，不过我觉得颜色深了点。A：今天真倒霉！B：我说的吧，自找的。(violation)过去就算了，别再想啦。认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目AgreementMaxima)Mini