可数不可数名词.ppt
可数名词和不可数名词可数名词和不可数名词(Countable and Uncountable Nouns)n名词可以分为专有名词(ProperNouns)和普通名词(CommonNouns)n专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。n普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:n1)个体名词(IndividualNouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。n2)集体名词(CollectiveNouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。n3)物质名词(MaterialNouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。n4)抽象名词(AbstractNouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。可数名词:个体名词可数名词:个体名词&集体名词集体名词n个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(CountableNouns),n物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(UncountableNouns)。n个体名词,如个体名词,如 book,dog,doctor,house,bird等等nHe took out a small jewelry box,a letter,and three envelopes.n他拿出一个小首饰盒、一封信和三个信他拿出一个小首饰盒、一封信和三个信封。封。n集体名词,如集体名词,如audience,crew,class,couple,committee,family,team,government,jury,party,public等等nThe audience is enormous.n观众人数众多。观众人数众多。nMarys family now live in London.n玛丽一家现在住在伦敦。玛丽一家现在住在伦敦。可数名词单、复数变化形式可数名词单、复数变化形式n(1)规则变化。)规则变化。n单数名词词尾直接加-s。如:boy boys,pen pens。n以s、x、ch、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如:glass glasses,box boxes,watch watches,brush brushes。n特例:stomach stomaches。n以“辅音字母+y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。n如:baby babies,lady ladies,fly flies。n以“o”结尾的多数加-es。n如:tomato tomatoes,potato potatoes,hero heroes。n但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。n如:radio radios,zoo zoos,photo photos,piano pianos,kilo kilos,tobacco tobaccos。n以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”,之后再加-es。n如:wife wives,life lives,knife knives,wolf wolves,self selves,leaf leaves等。n特例:handkerchief handkerchiefs,roof roofs,chief chiefs,gulf gulfs,belief beliefs,cliff cliffs。n改变元音字母的。n如:man men,mouse mice,foot feet,woman women,tooth teeth,goose geese,ox oxen。n特例:child children。n复合名词的复数形式。n(A)在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如:armchair armchairs,bookcase bookcases,bookstore book-nstores。n(B)man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时,前后两个名词都要变成复数。如:man doctor men doctors,woman driver women dri-nvers。n(C)与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如:brother-in-law brothers-in-law,passer-by passers-by。n有的名词有两种复数形式。n如:zero zeros、zeroes,deer deers、deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如:pence(便士的钱数),pennies(便士的枚数)。(2)不规则变化)不规则变化n单、复数同形。n如:means,aircraft,deer,fish,Chinese,nJapanese,sheep,works(工厂),cattle。n合成名词的复数。n如:boy-friend boy-friends,go-between go-betweens(中间人),grown-up grown-ups。n有些名词通常只用作复数。n如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富,surroundings环境,ashes灰尘,campasses圆规,cattle家畜,congratulations祝贺,nhave words with sb.同某人吵架,in high spirits以很高热情地,give ones regards to sb.向某人问侯,in rags衣衫破烂,It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。n有些集体名词通常只用作复数,如:people,cattle,police;n有些名词只用作单数,如:machinery,furniture,mankind,jewellery;n有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数,单数看做整体,复数看做集体的各个成员。如:The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体);nThe crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(个体)。不可数名词:物质名词不可数名词:物质名词&抽象抽象名词名词n物质名词,如物质名词,如 air,butter,grass,money,sand,water等等nWater is the only drink for a wise man.n聪明人只以水作饮料。聪明人只以水作饮料。nYou should put some air in your tyres.n你该往轮胎里打气了。你该往轮胎里打气了。n抽象名词,如抽象名词,如carefulness,joy,peace,pleasure,power,wealth等等nLove is like a beautiful photograph you store in an album.n爱就像存在相册里的一张精美照片。爱就像存在相册里的一张精美照片。nHe derived pleasure from seeing people and serving them.他从接待人们并为他他从接待人们并为他们服务中得到了快乐。们服务中得到了快乐。不可数名词的数不可数名词的数n(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下:n抽象名词抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如:n抽象名词(不可数)具体化(个体名词,可数名词)nin surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事nwin success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)nwin honor赢得荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)nFailure(失败)is the mother of success na failure失败者nby experience靠经验 nan experience一次经历nyouth青春 a youth一个青年人nhave pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情nwith pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事n抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如:nA knowledge of English is a must in international trade.nWould you like to have a walk(swim,bath,talk)with me?nIt is waste of time reading such a novel.nShe made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.n(2)物质名词物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。如:n物质名词有形或数的相应物体,有单、复数。如:nsome coffee一些咖啡,a coffee一杯咖啡,three coffees三杯咖啡,nsome drink一些饮料,a drink一杯饮料,three drinks三杯饮料,nhis hair他的头发,a few grey hairs几根白发,glass玻璃,a glass一只玻璃杯。n物质名词有前置后置修饰时,前面要使用不定冠词。nhave breakfast nhave a wonderful breakfast n nThe road is covered with snow.nThey have a heavy snow every year.nTime and tide wait for no man.nWe had a wonderful time last night.n(3)有复数形式有复数形式的不可数名词n有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现,起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如:nUse your brains,please.nThey have smoothed away the difficulties.nHave you made preparations for tomorrows meeting?nMany thanks for your kindness.nNo pains,no gains.nAfter many failures,they finally succeeded.n有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。如:nThe boy burst into tears at the bad news.nThe rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.nThe stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.