高级英语第二册-Marrakech.ppt

Unit 2MarrakechContents1.Background information2.Type of writing3.Organization structure4.Detailed study5.Exercises 1.Background informationMarrakechAuthor and his worksMorocco(摩洛哥)Moroccoa.Located in North Africa,on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Oceanb.About 2000 B.C.settled by Berber tribes,then invaded by Arabs in the 7th century,bringing with them Islam.c.In 1912,a Franco-Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones-French Morocco,Spanish protectorate (保护国),a southern protectorate and an international zone.d.Gained independence in 1956 and became a constitutional monarchy(君主国)in 1957.Morocco is a member of the United Nations,the League of Arab States,and the Organization of African Unity.e.People:most Muslims;Most(70%)Moroccans are farmers,using camels,donkeys and mules to pull plows,trying to grow their own food.In the South a few tribesmen still wander from place to place in the desert.f.Islam:the state religiong.Arabic-the official language,French and Spanish also spoken.National flag of MoroccoMarrakechMarrakech is not only a fantastic city,it is also a symbol of the Morocco that once was,and which still survives here.The streets of the old and pink city have been too narrow to allow the introduction of cars,and tourists searching for the real Morocco have turned the medieval structures of Marrakech into good business.Itwasfoundedin1062andwasthecapitalofMoroccofromthenuntil1147andagainfrom1550to1660.ItwascapturedbytheFrenchin1912.Ithasextremelyhotsummerbutmildwinters.Thecityrenownedforleathergoods,isoneoftheprincipalcommercialcentersofMorocco.Themarket1Themarket2MarrakechAuthor and his worksGeorgeOrwell(1903-1950):thepseudonymofEricArthurBlairaBritishnovelistandessayistbetweenthesecondworldwarmuchpraisedinthewestpartlybecauseofhisanti-communistpointofview.borninIndia,hisfather,asocalledempire-builder-servingtheBritishgovernmentabroad.receivedgoodeducationinBritainandstudiedinthemostfamousschool“Eden”.traveledwidely(includingMarrakech).Histravelmadehimtakeahostileattitudetowardimperialism.Heshoweddeepsympathyforthepoorandbecameafirmsupporterofsocialism.joinedSpanishwarandwasseriouslywounded.TheSpanishsocialistforcesdividedintofaction.Thefactionhebelongedtowaspersecuted.Sohebecamesopessimisticanddepressed,whichledhimtowardanti-communistattitude.His worksDown and Out in Paris and London1933A Clergymans Daughter1935Keep the Aspidistra Flying1936Coming up for Air1940动物农庄Animal Farm 1945Nineteen Eighty-Four 1949动物农庄Animal Farm 1945asatiricalfantasyattackingcommunismhisreputationasananticommunistwriterAllofhisworks:thesociopoliticalconditionsofhistime,notablywiththeproblemofhumanfreedomHisworksshowsharppowersofobservationanddeepsympathyforsufferingpeople.Hisworksgiveadeepsenseofconvictionandurgency.TheuseofEnglishisclear,simpleanddirect,withnoformalityofembellishment.(Addition/decoration)hesaidhisidealwastowriteproselikeawindowpane.In reading his works,several aspects draw our attention:2.Type of writingDescription-dealswithappearancesandfeelingsNarration-dealswitheventsandexperienceExposition-dealswithprocessesandrelationshipsArgumentation-thepurposeofargumentationistoconvince.Argumentativeessaysshouldhaveadebatablepoint,sufficientevidence,andgoodandclearlogic.2.Type of writingItisanexposition,apoliticalessay.Orwellleavesnodoubtabouthisfeelingsconcerningcolonialismanditsresults.Hehasshownthereaderhowmillionsofpeoplecanbeignoredandtreatedaslessthanhuman.ExpositionExposition means explaining.Thewriterappealstoareadersunderstandingwithverifiablefactsandvalidinformation,explainingandinterpretingthatmaterialssothatthereaderwillaccepthispointofvieworexplanation.Thushemustorganizeanddevelophisthoughtobjectivelyandpresentitwithhonestyandcompletenesssothatthereaderwillhaveconfidenceinwhatheissaying.ExpositionExpositionisperhapsthetypeofwritingthatismostfrequentlyusedbyastudent,ascientist,oraprofessional.Exposition-expoundingexplainingExpositionAnexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.Thesis:the central thought or purposeThe thesis may be supported and developed:Comparison and contrast,analogy,classification,illustration,analysis,definition,etc.ExpositionThingscanbeexplainedbyDefinitionListingExamplesClassificationComparison and contrast1.DefinitionThekeytoadefinitionisconcreteness.Onehastogiveconcretefactstomakeadefinitioneffective.2.ListingWemusthaveenoughnumberofitemstobelisted.Then,ifpossible,arrangetheitemsinthegradedorderofincreasingimportance.3.ExamplesItsthesimplest,themostcommon,bestmethod.4.ClassificationWehavetofollowasystemconsistently.Thecategoriesofdivisionshouldbemutuallyexclusive.Thereshouldbenooverlapping.Oneitemcanbelongtoonecategoryandonlyone.5.ComparisonandcontrastWeliken(把比作)onethingtoanotherbypointingouttheirsimilarities(comparison)Weemphasizethedifferencebetweenthetwo.(contrast)OrganizationalpatternSect.1(para1-2)Sect.2(para3)Sect.3(para4-7)Sect.4(para8-15)Sect.5(para16-18)Sect.6(para19-21)Sect.7(para22-26)OrganizationalpatternSect.1(para1-2)objectivepresentationofExample1Sect.2(para3)thethesis-“Allcolonialempiresarefoundeduponthisfact”Sect.3(para4-7)Ex.2TheArabiangovernmentemployeeisaspoorasabeggar.Sect.4(para8-15)Ex.31)thelivingconditionsoftheJews2)thehardworktheJewsdo3)prejudiceagainsttheJewsSect.5(para16-18)Ex.41Thesoilsarepoor.2Everythingisdonebyhand.3Thefarmingtoolsarerough.4Thefarminganimalsareweakandthepeasantscalculatecarefully.5Thenaturalconditionsarepoor.Theyhadtodigdeepditches.Sect.6(para19-21)Ex.5themiserablelifeofwomenSect.7(para22-26)conclusion4.Detailed study of the textSect.1(para1-2)objectivepresentationofExample1Asthecorpsewentpasttheflieslefttherestauranttableinacloudandrushedafterit,buttheycamebackafewminuteslater.went past:morevividthan“wascarriedpast”in a cloud:alargenumberofsmallthingsmovingthroughtheairasamass 那些汽车在滚滚尘埃中启动了。The cars set off in a cloud of dust.Thelittlecrowdofmourners-allmenandboys,nowomen-threadedtheirwayacrossthemarketplacebetweenthepilesofpomegranatesandthetaxisandthecamels,wailingashortchantoverandoveragain.threaded their way-pickedtheirwaythroughthepilesofpomegranates,andtaxisandcamelschant-1.wordsrepeatedinamonotonoustoneofvoice;2.areligiousprayerorsongthatisspokenorsungononlyaveryfewnotessothatthereisnotmuchvariationinit.allmenandboys,nowomenAccording to Muslim law,Muslims must respect women,and for this reason girls and women used to be kept in the house,where they could be safe.When they went out,they wore the veils to cover their faces.But this law has become a kind of excuse to discriminate against women.“Whatreallyappealstothefliesisthatthecorpseshereareneverputintocoffins,theyaremerelywrappedinapieceofragandcarriedonaroughwoodenbierontheshouldersoffourfriends.”appealstotheflies-thefliesareattractedbythestenchoftheexposeddeadbodyTheburying-groundismerelyahugewasteofhummockyearth,likeaderelictbuilding-lot.derelict-fromtheLatinwordmeaning“toabandon”Theburyinggroundisnothingmorethanahugepieceofwastelandfullofmoundsofearthlookinglikeadesertedandabandonedpieceoflandonwhichabuildingwasgoingtobeputup.Para.1-2:(Review)HowarepeopleburiedinMarrakech?wailashortchanthackanoblongholedumpthebodyflingoveritalittleofthedried-upearthThefactshowsthehumanlifehasnovalueatall.Sect.2(para3)thethesis“Allcolonialempiresarefoundeduponthisfact”Para.3“ownliterallynothingexcepttheragstheystandupin”theragstheystandupin-theragswhichtheywerewearingastheystoodthereTheshabby,muchwornragstheyarewearingatthemomentaretheonlyclothestheyown.Allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthisfact.Alltheimperialistsbuilduptheirempiresbytreatingthepeopleinthecolonieslikeanimals(bynottreatingthepeopleinthecoloniesashumanbeings)Thisthesisisgoingtobesupportedbymoreillustrationsandexamples.Aretheyreallythesamefleshasyourself?Dotheyevenhavenames?Oraretheymerelyakindofundifferentiatedbrownstuff,aboutasindividualasbeesorcoral insects?”flesh:-mankind,humanbeingsundifferentiated brown stuff:-sth.brownincolorwithnoindividualcharacteristics.Theyriseoutoftheearth，theysweatandstarveforafewyears,andthentheysinkbackintothenamelessmoundsofthegraveyardTheyareborn.Thenforafewyears,theywork,toilandstarve.Finallytheydieandareburiedingraveswithoutaname.“Sometimes,outforawalkasyoubreakyourwaythroughthepricklypear,younoticethatitisratherbumpyunderfoot,andonlyacertainregularityinthebumpstellsyouthatyouarewalkingoverskeletons.”-forceyourwayorpickyourwayWhenoutforawalkpickingyourwaythroughthepricklypear,youmightfindthatthegroundisbumpy.Yourealizethatyouarewalkingoverskeletons.Youknowtheyaregravesonlybecausethebumpsappearinanevenpattern.PricklypearSect.3(para4-7)Ex.2 TheArabiangovernmentemployeeisaspoorasabeggar.Para.4Iwasfeedingoneofthegazellesinthepublicgardens.As soon as you look at the hind legs of the gazelles,you will think of the delicious mint sauce that you would want to dip it in when eating it.Pork is delicious meat but the living animal,the pig,doesnt look good to eat.To the author,the only living animal that also looks good to eat is the gazelle.Para.6“AnArabnavvyworkingonthepathnearbyloweredhisheavyhoeandsidledslowlytowardsus.”-abbreviationof“navigator”,anunskilledlaborer,asoncanals,roadsetc.-tomoveslowlysideways,especiallyinashyorstealthymannerPara.7andhestoweditgratefullyinsomesecretplaceunderhisrags.toput,hideawayinsafeplaceIfyoustowsth.somewhere,youputitneatlyawayinaplacewhereitcanbekeptuntilitisneeded.=storestowaway=hidePara.9darkfly-infestedboothsthatlooklikecaves.Smallcell-likeroomsthatweredarklikecavesandfullofflies.Para.9“Acarpentersitscrossleggedataprehistoriclathe,turningchairlegsatlightningspeed.”Sittingwithhislegscrossedandusingaveryold-fashionedlathe,acarpenterquicklygivesaroundshapetothechair-legsheismaking.Para.9hisleftlegiswarpedoutofshape.tocausetobend,curve,ortwistoutofshapeThehotsunwarpedtheboards.Para.10 Instantly,fromthedarkholesallround,therewasafrenziedrushofJews,-(transferredepithet.)theJewswereinafrenzy,notthe“rush”Immediatelyfromtheirdarkhole-likecellseverywhereagreatnumberofJewsrushedoutwildlyexcited.Para.10andeveryoneofthemlooksonacigaretteasamoreorlessimpossibleluxury.EveryoneofthesepoorJewslookedonthecigaretteasapieceofluxurywhichtheycouldnotpossiblyafford.Para.11AgoodjobHitlerwasnthere.(BrE.colloquial)afortunatestateofaffairsThisrestaurantisnotcheap,soitsagoodjobyouvebroughtplentyofmoney.ItwasluckyfortheJewsthatHitlerhadnotcometothisplace.Ifhehad,theJewswouldhavebeenexterminatedastheywereinPolandandotherEuropeancountries.Para.15“Injustthesameway,acoupleofhundredyearsago,pooroldwomenusedtobeburnedforwitchcraftwhentheycouldnotevenworkenoughmagictogetthemselvesasquaremeal.square meal”.-theuseofsorceryormagic;communicationwiththedevil-adecentsubstantialmealJewswerenowbeingcondemnedbyprejudiceandignoranceassomepooroldwomenwhocouldnotevengetthemselvesadecentmealwerecondemnedandburnedforwitchcraft.Sect.5 (para16-18)Ex.4Para.16Still,awhiteskinisalwaysfairlyconspicuous.(synecdoche)However,awhite-skinnedEuropeanisalwaysquitenoticeable.chances are:it is likely that;in all probability;probably大概是,很可能是Chances are shes already heard the news.可能她已经知道这消息了。很可能她要来.The chances are that shell be coming.Para.16Inatropicallandscapeoneseyetakesineverythingexceptthehumanbeings.-seeorhearwithinterest;paycloseattentiontoEg:Hedidnttakeinwhathereadbecausehismindwasonsomethingelse.Ifyoutakealookatthenaturalsceneryinatropicalregion,youseeeverythingbutthehumanbeings.Para.17Whatdoes“this”inthesentence“It is only because of this.tourist resorts.”standfor?Para.17It is only because of this“This”here stands for the fact that people always miss the peasants labouring in the fields because they have the colour of the earth.It is only because of this reason that these poor starved countries are accepted as tourist resorts.Para.17NoonewouldthinkofrunningcheaptripstotheDistressed Areas.Noonewouldthinkoforganizingcheaptripsforthetouriststovisitthepoorslumareas(forthesetripswouldntbeinteresting).WhatdoesMoroccomeantoaFrenchman?Orange grovesWhatdoesMoroccomeantoanEnglishman?ToanEnglishman,Moroccoisaromantic,mysteriouscountrywhichhehasreadinnovels.Camels,castles,etc.aretheromanticbitsplantedinhismindbythenovels.Foreign Legion:Frenchvolunteerarmedforcecomposedchiefly,initsenlistedranks,offoreigners.ItsinternationalcharacterandthetraditionofnotrevealingenlisteesbackgroundshavehelpedtosurroundtheForeignLegionwithanauraofmysteryandromance.“fornine-tenthsofthepeopletherealityoflifeisanendlessback-breakingstruggletowringalittlefoodoutofansoil.”wring sth from/out of sb:toforceorpersuadesomeonetogiveyousomethingLifeisveryhardfor90%ofthepeople.Theycanproducealittlefoodonthepoorsoilonlywithhardbackbreakingtoil.Whatkindofpeople,accordingtothewriter,arepartlyinvisible?Whydoeshestressthispoint?Thewhitepeopletaketheirownpresumedsuperioritysomuchforgrantedanditssodeepwithinthemthattheyliterallydontevenseethewretchedpeopleofthethirdworld.Para.18“mostofMoroccoissodesolate-barren;(ofaplace)inaruinedandneglectedstate1.Ifsthisdesolate,itisemptyofpeopleandlackingincomfort.2.Ifsb.isdesolate,hefeelsverysad,lonelyandwithouthope.Theforestwasleftdesolatebythefire.Afterthewarthetownwasadesolateplace.Shehasbeendesolatesincelosingherjob.Longlinesofwomen,bentdoublelikeinvertedcapitalLs.Para18Theploughisawretchedwoodenthing,wretched-poorinquality,veryinferiorPara.18This is as much equal toThe animals yoked to the plough had just enough strength to plough the soil to a depth of about four inches.They could not make deeper furrows.getatto reach Marrakech is very dry.Even at a depth of 30 or 40 feet there is only but a trickle of water.WhatdoesPara.18describe?Para.18describestheprimitivewayoffarminginMarrakech,anotherpictureofpovertyandbackwardnessoftheplace.Sect.6(para19-21)themiserablelifeofwomenPara.19 Allofthemaremummifiedwithageandthesun,andallofthemaretiny.mummified-thinandwithered,lookinglikeamummy Yearsofhardlifeandheatofthetropicalsunhavedriedupthewomenhere,sothattheylooklikemummies.Theyshrinktothesizeofchildren.Para.19Istoppedherandputafive-soupiecewhichwaspartlygratitudebutmainlysurprise.Whywastheoldwomansurprisedwhenthewritergaveherafive-soupiece?I suppose that The author gave the old woman a little money.The response was a shrill wail for she was greatly surprised.The old woman was fully accustomed to her miserable existence and to not being taken notice of by any one,so she almost considered the author to be doing something unnatural by giving her the money.Sheacceptedherstatusasanoldwoman,thatistosayasabeastofburden.Shetookitforgrantedthatasanoldwomanshewasthelowestinthecommunity,thatshewasonlyfitfordoingheavyworklikeananimal.St.Bernarddog圣伯纳犬 alargestrongdog,originallyfromSwitzerland,whereitwastrainedtohelpfindpeoplewhowerelostinthesnowMule para.20 Why does the author expatiate on the miserable fate of the donkeys?To arouse the readers sympathy and anger.Are their any similarities between the donkeys and the old women?What are they?Donkey and WomanBoth are overloaded.Both are willing creat