实用英语语音学.ppt

The English Speech Sounds主讲：梁慧The importance of phonetic study1)Phonetics is the science of speech sounds.It deals with the sound 1)Phonetics is the science of speech sounds.It deals with the sound system of a language.A language consists of three important system of a language.A language consists of three important elements,namely,speech sounds,vocabulary and grammar.Speech elements,namely,speech sounds,vocabulary and grammar.Speech sound is the material form on which word and grammar rely for sound is the material form on which word and grammar rely for existence.Divorced from speech sound,word and grammar are non-existence.Divorced from speech sound,word and grammar are non-existent.So the first step in studying any spoken language is to existent.So the first step in studying any spoken language is to determine the phonemes.(Basic sounds)determine the phonemes.(Basic sounds)2)As a means of communication by word of mouth,language is used in 2)As a means of communication by word of mouth,language is used in oral speech and in reading aloud.Therefore,in order to make oneself oral speech and in reading aloud.Therefore,in order to make oneself easily understood while expressing oneeasily understood while expressing one s own or other peoples own or other people s s thoughts in any language,one must be able to pronounce sentences thoughts in any language,one must be able to pronounce sentences in that language quite correctly.One must have good pronunciation in in that language quite correctly.One must have good pronunciation in order to be able to understand other people easily when they speak or order to be able to understand other people easily when they speak or read aloud.This is proved by the well-known fact that the better we read aloud.This is proved by the well-known fact that the better we pronounce a foreign language,the easier we understand it when we pronounce a foreign language,the easier we understand it when we hear it.hear it.Conceptions of phoneticAHD:The American Heritage Dictionary of the English AHD:The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Language KK:AKK:A PronouncingPronouncing DictionaryDictionary ofof American,1956 American,1956 -John Samuel Kenyon&-John Samuel Kenyon&John Albert KnottJohn Albert KnottDJ:English Pronouncing Dictionary,1963 DJ:English Pronouncing Dictionary,1963 -Daniel Jones -Daniel Jones RP:English Pronouncing Dictionary-RP:English Pronouncing Dictionary-“Received Received PronunciationPronunciation”IPA:International Phonetic Alphabet,1888IPA:International Phonetic Alphabet,1888 -International Phonetic Association -International Phonetic Association To have a good pronunciationTo have a good pronunciation means:1.To pronounce correctly all the speech sounds of the language and all the combinations in their proper order not only in isolated words,but also in sentences2.To pronounce sentences fluently at the sped required by the situation,with correct stresses,linking of sounds,rhythm,pauses and intonation.The organs of speechNasal cavity-鼻腔Mouth cavity-口腔Tongue-舌Lips-唇Teeth-齿The teeth ridge-齿龈The hard palate-硬腭The soft palate-软腭 uvula-小舌Pharynx-咽头Larynx-喉头The vocal cords-声带Windpipe-气管The classification of Speech soundsThe organs of speech are capable of making many different kinds of speechsounds.From the practical standpoint,speech sounds are generally divided into Vowels and Consonants.Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction of the air stream in the mouth.In producing them there is vibration of the vocal cords,so all vowels are voiced.In English there are twenty vowels in all.Consonants are sounds produced by some form of obstruction of the air passage and be either voiced or voiceless.There are twenty-eight consonants in English.The English Phonetic/i:/,/i/,/e/,/i:/,/i/,/e/,/a:/,/:/,/,/u:/,/u/./a:/,/:/,/,/u:/,/u/./,/:/,/,/:/,/ei/,/ai/,/i/,/u/,/au/,/ei/,/ai/,/i/,/u/,/au/,/i/,/,/i/,/,/u/u/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/f/,/v/,/f/,/v/,/,/,/s/,/z/,/,/,/h/,/s/,/z/,/,/,/h/,/,/,/,/tr/,/dr/,/tr/,/dr/,/ts/,/dz/,/ts/,/dz/,/m/,/n/,/m/,/n/,/r/,/j/,/w/VowelsGeneral Remarks on the VowelsGeneral Remarks on the VowelsThe English vowels are divided into two large groups:n nMonophthongs(pure vowels)n nDiphthongsMonophthongs:There are twelve monophthongs.They may beclassified according to the following principles:1)The height of the raised part of the tongue:we distinguish open vowels,half-open vowels,half-close vowels and close vowels.2)The part of the tongue raised:we distinguish front,back and central vowels.3)The length of the vowel:we distinguish long vowels and short ones.4)The position(or shape)of the lips:we distinguish rounded vowels and unrounded ones.5)The degree of tenseness:we distinguish tense vowels and lax vowels.The Front Vowelsn nThere are four front vowels in English:There are four front vowels in English:/i:/,/i/,/e/,/i:/,/i/,/e/,/././i:/is a long,close front vowel.It is unrounded /i:/is a long,close front vowel.It is unrounded and tense.and tense./i/is a short,half-close front vowel.It is /i/is a short,half-close front vowel.It is unrounded and lax.unrounded and lax./e/is a short,half-open,unrounded front vowel./e/is a short,half-open,unrounded front vowel.It is a lax.It is a lax./is a short,open,unrounded front vowel.It is/is a short,open,unrounded front vowel.It is a lax.a lax.Example and practice/i:/e:me evening;ee:see week ea:sea leave;i:machine police/i/i:ship pig;y:happy daddy ui:build guilty;ie:field shield/e/e:twelve second;a:any many ea:heavy breakfast ie:friend /a:land matter family The Back Vowels n nThere are five back vowels in English:There are five back vowels in English:/a:/,/:/,/,/u:/,/u/./a:/,/:/,/,/u:/,/u/./a:/is a long,open,unrounded back vowel./a:/is a long,open,unrounded back vowel./:/is a long,half-open,rounded back vowel.It/:/is a long,half-open,rounded back vowel.It is slightly tense.is slightly tense./is a short,open,rounded,lax back vowel./is a short,open,rounded,lax back vowel./u:/is a long,close,rounded,tense back vowel./u:/is a long,close,rounded,tense back vowel./u/is a short,half-close,rounded,lax back/u/is a short,half-close,rounded,lax back vowel.vowel.Example and practice/a:/a:/arar:hard farmer;:hard farmer;a a:class glass:class glass al al:half calf:half calf/:/:/oror:short corn;:short corn;oreore:more before:more before oor oor:door floor :door floor /ourour:four pour;:four pour;a a:wash what :wash what o o:stop hot:stop hot auau:autumn daughter;:autumn daughter;al al:call walk:call walk/u:/u:/u u:blue ruler ;:blue ruler ;oooo:moon food:moon food/u/u/u u:put;:put;oooo:foot good;:foot good;ouloul:could would:could wouldThe central Vowelsn nThere three central vowels in English:There three central vowels in English:/,/:/,/./,/:/,/./is a short,half-open,unrounded central/is a short,half-open,unrounded central vowel.It is a lax one.vowel.It is a lax one./:/is a long,half-close and half-open,/:/is a long,half-close and half-open,unrounded,tense central vowel.unrounded,tense central vowel./is a short,half-open,unrounded,lax central/is a short,half-open,unrounded,lax central vowel.It only occurs in unstressed syllables.vowel.It only occurs in unstressed syllables.Example and practice/u u:sun hungry;:sun hungry;o o:son another :son another ouou:enough couple double young:enough couple double young /:/:/erer:term certainly ;:term certainly ;ir ir:first third:first third urur:turn Thursday;:turn Thursday;oror:work word:work word earear:learn early:learn early/a a:away woman;:away woman;e e:student broken:student broken erer:over matter:over matterDiphthongsThere are eight diphthongs.They are divided into three groups:three with a glide towards/i/two with a glide towards/u/three with a glide towards/The closing Diphthongsn nThere are five closing diphthongs in English.There are five closing diphthongs in English./ei/,/ai/,/i/,/u/,/au/ei/,/ai/,/i/,/u/,/au/ei/begins with/e/and glides smoothly to/i/ei/begins with/e/and glides smoothly to/i/ai/glides from/a/to/i/.It is smooth and/ai/glides from/a/to/i/.It is smooth and loudness becomes less as it progresses.loudness becomes less as it progresses./i/glides from a position between/and/:/i/glides from a position between/and/:/to/i/.to/i/./u/starts with/:/and then glides away to/u/u/starts with/:/and then glides away to/u/with the lips getting slightly rounded.with the lips getting slightly rounded./au/starts with/a/and then glides away to/u/au/starts with/a/and then glides away to/u/with the lips getting slightly rounded.with the lips getting slightly rounded.Example and practice/ei/a:take gate;ay:stay say;ea:great/ai/i:side nice;ie:tie die;y:by shy /i/oi:toilet boil noise ;oy:boy toy/u/o:not most;oa:boat coat ow:blow know/au/ou:house mouse;ow:now brownThe Centring Dighthongsn nThere are three centring diphthongs:/i/,/,/u/i/glides from/i/to/.The lips are spread throughout./glides from a point between/e/and/.The lips are spread./u/starts from/u/and glides to/./i/ea:idea real;ear:dear near ere:here ;e:hero zero/air:chair hair;are:careful dare ear:pear wear;ere:there where/u/ure:sure;ua:usually Example and practice ConsonantsClassification of Consonantsn nConsonants may be classified according to following rules:1)The work of the vocal cordsThe work of the vocal cords2)Place of articulation 2)Place of articulation 3)Manner of articulationWork of the Vocal Cordsn nVoiced consonants:they are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords.n nVoiceless consonants:they are produced without the vibration of the vocal cords.Place of Articulationn n1)bi-labial 1)bi-labial（双唇音）（双唇音）n n2)labio-dental 2)labio-dental（唇齿音）（唇齿音）n n3)dental 3)dental（齿音）（齿音）n n4)alveolar 4)alveolar（齿龈音）（齿龈音）n n5)post-alveolar 5)post-alveolar （后齿龈音）（后齿龈音）n n6)palato-alveolar 6)palato-alveolar （硬腭齿龈音）（硬腭齿龈音）n n7)palatal 7)palatal （硬腭音）（硬腭音）n n8)velar 8)velar （软腭音）（软腭音）n n9)glottal 9)glottal （喉音）（喉音）Manner of Articulationn n1)plosives 1)plosives（爆破音）爆破音）n n2)fricatives 2)fricatives （摩擦音）（摩擦音）n n3)affricates 3)affricates（破擦音）（破擦音）n n4)nasals 4)nasals（鼻音）（鼻音）n n5)lateral 5)lateral （边音）（边音）（舌侧音）（舌侧音）n n6)frictionless continuant 6)frictionless continuant（无摩擦延续音）（无摩擦延续音）n n7)semi-vowels 7)semi-vowels（半元音）半元音）Manner of Articulation:1)Plosivesn nThere are three pairs of plosives:There are three pairs of plosives:1)1)bilabial-/p/,/b/bilabial-/p/,/b/2)2)Alveolar-/t/,/d/Alveolar-/t/,/d/3)3)Velar-/k/,/g/Velar-/k/,/g/The sound/b,d,g/are voiced plosives.The sound/b,d,g/are voiced plosives.They are unaspirated and weakThey are unaspirated and weak The sound/p,t,k/are voiceless;polsives.The sound/p,t,k/are voiceless;polsives.They are usually aspirated and strong.They are usually aspirated and strong.Example and practice:n n/p/is voiceless,bilabial,plosive,aspirated strong.n n/b/is voiced,bilabial,plosive,unaspirated,weak.Practice:pat bat paper labor map bobby robber n n/t/:voiceless,alveolar,plosive,aspirated,strong.n n/d/:voiced,alveolar,plosive,unaspirated,weak.Practice:ten dad tight tide writer rider wetting wedding n n/k/:voiceless,velar,plosive,aspirated,strong.n n/g/:voiced,velar,plosive,unaspirated,weak.Practice:could good cot got week leek ankle angle Manner of Articulation:2)Fricativesn nThere are nine consonants of fricatives:/f/,/v/,/,/,/s/,/z/,/,/,/h/They have the common feature:They have the common feature:For all of them the lungs push air through For all of them the lungs push air through a narrow passage where it causes friction of a narrow passage where it causes friction of various kinds.various kinds.Example and practice:n n/f/:voiceless,labio-dental,fricative,usually aspirated,strong,long.n n/v/:voiced,labio-dental,fricative,usually unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:a half sniff a brief love a stiff glove a safe move a brave bluff a grave griefn n/:voiceless,dental,fricative,aspirated strong,long.n n/:voiced,dental,fricative,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:think this thief these thing within something other n n/s/:voiceless,alveolar,fricative,aspirated,strong,long.n n/z/:voiced,alveolar,fricative,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:place plays coarse cause bus buzz race raise false falls niece kneesn n/:voiceless,palato-alveolar,fricative,aspirated,strong,long.n n/:voiced,palato-alveolar,fricative,unaspirated,weak,short.n n/h/:voiceless,glottal,fricative Practice:/sh:ship wash;ss/s:sure sugar -tia-,-tie-,-tio-:partial initial nation -cia-,-cie-,-cio-:social conscious -sion:pension discussion omission/-sure,-zure:leisure treasure -sion:decision confusion -ge:garage/h/h:heat hot;wh-:who whole Manner of Articulation:3)Affricatesn nThere are three pairs of affricates in English:There are three pairs of affricates in English:1)1)/,/,/:the air passage is completely/:the air passage is completely blocked by raising the soft palate and raising blocked by raising the soft palate and raising the tip of the tongue to touch the back part of the tip of the tongue to touch the back part of the teeth ridgethe teeth ridge2)2)/tr/,/dr/:are articulated by raising the tongue/tr/,/dr/:are articulated by raising the tongue tip to touch the back part of the teeth ridge.tip to touch the back part of the teeth ridge.3)3)/ts/,/dz/:are articulated with the tongue tip/ts/,/dz/:are articulated with the tongue tip raised to touch the back part of the teeth raised to touch the back part of the teeth ridge.ridge.Example and practice:n n/:palato-alvealar,affricate,voiceless,aspirated,/:palato-alvealar,affricate,voiceless,aspirated,strong,long.strong,long.n n/:palato-alveolar,affricate,voiced,/:palato-alveolar,affricate,voiced,unaspirated,weak,short.unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:Practice:/:/:ch,tchch,tch:church chair match:church chair match t+ure,t+eoust+ure,t+eous:nature picture:nature picture t+ion t+ion:question suggestion:question suggestion/:/:g g:gentle age giant;:gentle age giant;j j:just joke:just joke dg(e):dg(e):ridge edge judge ridge edge judge n n/tr/:post-alveolar affricate,voiceless,aspirated,strong,long.n n/dr/:post-alveolar affricate,voiced,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:treat drain true drug trace draw train drop n n/ts/:alveolar affricate,voiceless,aspirated,strong,long.n n/dz/:alveolar affricate,voiced,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:/ts/:-ts,-tes:lets fists bites /dz/:-ds,-des:beds spends dividesManner of Articulation:4)Nasalsn nThere are three nasal consonants in English./m/,/n/,/.In articulating all nasal consonants the soft palate is lowered and at the same time the mouth passage is blocked at some point so that all the air is pushed out of the nose./m/the mouth passage is completely blocked by/m/the mouth passage is completely blocked by closing the lips and the air passes through the closing the lips and the air passes through the nose.nose./n/the mouth passage is completely blocked by/n/the mouth passage is completely blocked by pressing the tongue-tip against the teeth ridge,and pressing the tongue-tip against the teeth ridge,and sides of the tongue against the sides of the palate.sides of the tongue agai