第三单元词汇翻译精选文档.ppt

第三单元词汇翻译本讲稿第一页，共五十九页第三单元词汇翻译（语言语境）3.1判断词义3.2选择用词（3.3变换用词、3.4词语搭配）（非语言语境）3.5特殊词汇翻译本讲稿第二页，共五十九页Wordsdonothavemeanings；peoplehavemeaningsforthem.-EricPartridge(1894-1979),lexicographer,one of the twentieth centurys leading experts on American,English,and Australian slang.Eachwordwhenusedinanewcontextisanewword.-JohnRupertFirth(1890-1960),theLondonschooloflinguistics本讲稿第三页，共五十九页3.1判断词义1.查阅字典（网上字典）2.分析句子、句群的语法结构3.上下文逻辑关系、篇章的整体效果语言语言语境语境本讲稿第四页，共五十九页查阅字典（网上字典）1.Whatyouhavealwayswanteduntilnowhasbeenaset,steady,constantpurpose.2.Thecarpetreallywantscleaning.3.Theywerenotrich.Theyhadlivedalltheirlivesin want.4.Heis wanted inconnectionwiththemurderofateenagegirl.5.Youare wantedonthephone.本讲稿第五页，共五十九页sanctionsanctionsgroundgroundsTheleafslowlyflutteredtotheground。Jimhasstronggroundstoaskformoremoney.customcustomseconomyeconomiesdamagedamagesexportexportstransactiontransactions理由理由节约措施节约措施海关海关赔偿费赔偿费出口货物出口货物（会议的）讨论、（会议的）讨论、记录记录本讲稿第六页，共五十九页分析句子的语法结构Hetookchargeofhisfailingfatherandafteratime.failtobeunsuccessfulinsthyouwanttodo,inexam/test,orinbusinessbodyorgansstopsworkingfailingsight/health衰退的视力/身体本讲稿第七页，共五十九页分析句群的语法结构（关联词表达的逻辑关系）thattheremustbesomethingdashingand“fast”inhisappearance,whereashiscostumewasperfectlyplain,theexpressionofhisfacegraveandearnest,时髦放荡朴素严肃诚挚本讲稿第八页，共五十九页fastMarxandEngelswerefastfriends.Thebabyisfastasleep.Sheheldonfastastheywentroundthebend(弯道).Weshouldholdfasttoourfaithstilltheveryend.MuslimsfastduringRamadan.本讲稿第九页，共五十九页1.Mysisterthinksitis futiletostudyhardthenighbeforeanexam,butIfinditquiteuseful.2.Cellphoneshavebecomeubiquitous;youcanseeandhearthemeverywhere.3.Desalination,ortheremovalofsaltfromseawater,isamethodofprovidingfreshwaterforbusiness,homeandagricultureuse.Australianpassportswillnowhavethreegenderoptions-male,femaleandx.Thenewcategoryisonlyforuseby intersex people-whoarenotbiologicallyentirelymaleorfemale.本讲稿第十页，共五十九页girlfriend voiceGirlfriend voicereferstothechangeinpitchortoneofamansvoicewhentalkingtotheirsignificantother.Thegirlfriendvoiceischaracterizedbyahigherpitchandamoreeffeminate（温柔的）tonewithspeechpatternsscatteredwithpetnamesandchildishwords.女友专用调女友专用调指男士在跟自己的另一半说话时声调和语气上的变化。这种变化主要体现为：声调提高、语调更显温柔，并且不时夹杂着各种爱称和幼稚的语言。本讲稿第十一页，共五十九页根据词语的词性back1.Iwillcomeback,Iwill.2.Itwassaidthattheywouldbacktheplan.3.Itsthelaststrawthatbreaksthecamelsback.1.我一定会回来的。2.据说他们会支持这个计划。3.压死骆驼的最后一根稻草。本讲稿第十二页，共五十九页分析上下文逻辑关系、篇章的整体效果等来判定词义Arrests Made in China Gutter Oil ScandalChinesepolicehavearrested32peopleforproducing andsellingadulteratedcookingoilmadefromleftoversdredgedfromguttersbehindrestaurants.我国公安机关抓获了非法炼制非法炼制及销售餐馆地沟油制成的食用油的32名犯罪嫌疑人。Morethan100tonnesofsuch oilwasseizedafterbusting（摧毁）acriminal networkspanning14provinces,theministryofpublicsecuritysaid.公安部称在摧毁了这个涉及14个省的地沟油犯罪网络地沟油犯罪网络后，公安机关共查处了地沟油炼制的食用油地沟油炼制的食用油逾百吨。本讲稿第十三页，共五十九页3.2选择用词1.确切理解所选用词的含义2.注意所选用词的感情色彩和语体色彩3.慎用文言文和方言本讲稿第十四页，共五十九页确切理解所选用词的含义及感情色彩FromCharlesDickenstoHisSon狄更斯致子函Iwritethisnotetodaybecauseyourgoingawayismuchuponmymind,andbecauseIwantyoutohaveafewpartingwordsfrommetothinkofnowandthenatquiettimes.IneednottellyouthatIloveyoudearly,and am very,very sorry in my heart to part with you.Butthislifeishalfmadeupofpartings,andthesepainsmustbeborne.我今天写这封短信，一来因为你的离去萦绕我心，二来也想给你只字片语，让你在宁静的时间里时而思量。我不必告诉你，我爱你有多深，也不必说，与你分离让我多么惆怅。但是人生有聚有散，而这些痛苦是必须承受的。愁肠百结本讲稿第十五页，共五十九页Itismycomfortandmysincereconvictionthatyouaregoingtotrythelifeforwhichyouarebestfitted.Ithinkitsfreedomandwildnessmoresuitedtoyouthananyexperimentinastudyorofficewouldeverhavebeen;andwithoutthattraining,youcouldhavefollowednoothersuitableoccupation.你将去体验最适合你的生活，这是我的安慰，也是我诚挚的信念。与书房或办公室的工作相比，我认为那种自由而又不羁的生活更适合你。少了那样的训练，你就不能从事其他适合你的职业。wildness放荡不羁不羁无拘无束本讲稿第十六页，共五十九页1.Heflatteredher,sayinghowbeautifulhereyeswere.2.Iwasflatteredtobeinvitedtowriteanarticleforthefamousmagazine.他奉承她，说她的眼睛有多美丽。获邀为那本著名的杂志写文章，我受宠若惊。本讲稿第十七页，共五十九页凡是能用白话表达的，尽量不要使用文言词语。（para2，p34）方言词语的使用也要看原文的语言特色。慎用文言词和方言本讲稿第十八页，共五十九页3.3变换用词1.通过替换同义词、近义表达法替换同义词、近义表达法实现变化用词2.通过转译（词性转换）转译（词性转换）实现变化用词本讲稿第十九页，共五十九页Inthetimeofautumn,coldwindswhicharenotatallpleasantgenerallyblow.在秋天，冷风冷风一点也不会让人愉快。在秋天的日子（秋日里），通常是寒风飒飒寒风飒飒，一点也不令人喜悦（讨人喜欢）。Butspringhasnoneofthesedrawbacks;但是春天没有这些缺点缺点但是春天毫无这些缺憾缺憾theflowersbloom,thewoodsandgrassesgrowluxuriantly.Theweatherismildandtheairisbalmy.花儿盛开，树木草地茂盛地生长，天气温和，空气温馨。百花儿盛开，草木茂盛（葱茏），气候温和，春风和煦。替换同义词替换同义词本讲稿第二十页，共五十九页HowtogrowoldSomeoldpeopleareoppressed bythefearofdeath.Intheyoungthereisajustificationforthisfeeling.Youngmenwhohavereasontofearthattheywillbekilledinbattlemayjustifiablyfeelbitterinthethoughtthattheyhavebeencheatedofthebestthingsthatlifehastooffer.Butinanoldmanwhohasknownhumanjoys and sorrows,andhasachievedwhateverworkitwasinhimtodo,thefearofdeathissomewhatabject and ignoble.Thebestwaytoovercomeitsoatleastitseemstomeistomakeyourinterestsgraduallywiderandmoreimpersonal,untilbitbybitthewallsoftheegorecede,andyourlifebecomesincreasinglymergedintheuniversallife.本讲稿第二十一页，共五十九页Someoldpeopleareoppressed bythefearofdeath.有些老人因怕死而惶惶不安。Butinanoldmanwhohasknownhumanjoys and sorrows,andhasachievedwhateverworkitwasinhimtodo,thefearofdeathissomewhatabject and ignoble.但是对老年人来说，经历了人生的酸甜苦辣，自己能做到的事情都做到了，怕死就未免有些可鄙，有些不光彩了。本讲稿第二十二页，共五十九页转译（词性转换）转译（词性转换）Shetriestocalmherdaughterwithafaint smileandgentle caressofherhair.她淡淡地微笑着淡淡地微笑着，温柔地爱抚着温柔地爱抚着女儿的头发，让她平静下来。本讲稿第二十三页，共五十九页SpeculationthatVladimirPutinmayhavehadcosmeticsurgeryhasresurfacedashepreparestoassume the Russian presidencyforthethirdtime。The58-year-oldRussianprimeministersettheblogospherealightattheweekendafteracceptinghispartyspresidentialnominationataglitzyMoscoweventwithhisfacelookingsuspiciouslysmooth。在普京打算第三次竞选俄罗斯总统之际，关于他可能进行过整容手术的猜测又一次浮出水面。这位五十八岁的俄罗斯总理上周末在莫斯科接受统一俄罗斯党总统候选人提名时，皮肤看起来不可思议地平滑，这一现象立马在博客引起热议。本讲稿第二十四页，共五十九页3.4词语搭配1.并列关系2.偏正关系3.动宾关系4.主谓关系本讲稿第二十五页，共五十九页并列的结构应该含有相似的结构，发挥同等的语法功能。（para3，p38）Alittlecottagenestlingamidstthewaysidetrees,thebluesmokecurlingupagainstthegreen,andabowerofrosesroundthedoor.小小的农舍偎依在路旁的树丛中，绿色的屏绿色的屏障上，炊烟袅袅，障上，炊烟袅袅，荫凉的蔷薇丛绕着门庭。小小的农舍偎依在路旁的树丛中，袅袅炊烟袅袅炊烟飘向绿色屏障，飘向绿色屏障，荫凉的蔷薇丛绕着门庭。并列关系本讲稿第二十六页，共五十九页Icame;Isaw;Iconquered.(JuliusCaesar)我来了，我看见了，我征服了。我来到了(这片土地)，我看到了(这片土地)，我征服了(这片土地)。我来到，我看见，我征服。本讲稿第二十七页，共五十九页IwashatedinChinaanddontwanttobehatedbypeoplehere,MsFengsaidtoTheNewYorkPostinhernativeChinese.Americaisstillaplacewhereanyonecansucceed.Icanopenasmallbusiness,developintoabigbusiness,takeitpublicandthenglobal,shecontinued.。凤姐在纽约邮报的采访中用母语中文说：“我在中国被讨厌，我不想被这里的人讨厌。”她还说：“美国依然是一个任何人都能成功的地方。我可以开一个小公司，把它做大，做出名气，然后走向全球。”本讲稿第二十八页，共五十九页修饰语在意义上必须必须能与中心语配合；英汉修饰语和中心语的位置差别。汉左英右Orperhapsavillagestreetofwhichthenamehasbeenlongforgotten,withitsramblingoldinn,或许，一条不知名的小街上，有座设计不太规范的客店，远处的小街可见一座设计不太规范的客店，亦或是在一条不知名的乡村街道上，有着一家布局杂乱的客栈，。偏正关系本讲稿第二十九页，共五十九页.Whatyouhavealwayswanteduntilnowhasbeenaset,steady,constantpurpose.确定的持续不变的目标固定的坚定不移的目标本讲稿第三十页，共五十九页Themostspoons balancedonthefaceis17andwasachievedbyAaronCaissie(Canada)on18April2009.TheGuinnessWorldRecords本讲稿第三十一页，共五十九页动宾关系偏正关系Nevertakeameanadvantageofanyoneinanytransaction,andneverbeharduponpeoplewhoareinyourpower.Trytodotoothersasyouwouldhavethemdotoyou,anddonotbediscouragediftheyfailsometimes.ItismuchbetterforyouthattheyshouldfailinobeyingthegreatestrulelaiddownbyourSaviorthanthatyoushould.处理事务时，决不要占任何人的便宜，也决不要苛刻地对待你的部下。要努力做到：己所不欲，勿施于人；而若别人偶尔怠慢你，你也不必气馁。就算别人违反我们救世主订下的最伟大的规则，而你也必须遵从。本讲稿第三十二页，共五十九页ThelongestfingernailsbelongedtoLeeRedmond(USA),whostarted to grow themin1979andcarefullymanicured（修剪）themtoreachatotallengthof8.65m(28ft4.5in)on23February2008.Leelosthernailsinanautomobileaccidentinearly2009.本讲稿第三十三页，共五十九页主谓关系Mouthcancerwasonceconsideredtomostlyaffectoldermen,butitisnowbecomemorecommoninyoungerpeopleandwomen.Itispossiblethatbinge-drinkingandsmokingcouldbehelpingtofuelrisingratesofthediseaseasthesearekeyriskfactors.过度饮酒和抽烟可能帮助了该病在年轻人中的发病率。年轻人过度饮酒和吸烟可能是导师口腔癌发病率节节上升的两个“帮凶”。本讲稿第三十四页，共五十九页3.5特殊词汇翻译1.人名地名2.俗语俚语3.习语成语4.术语新词本讲稿第三十五页，共五十九页人名地名音译（基本原则）NewYork纽约意译HardlyHuman卜世仁音译+意译NewSealand新西兰纽西兰本讲稿第三十六页，共五十九页人名地名英美姓氏起源主要分类：取自祖先所从事的行业名称而形成的姓氏。例如Miller（磨坊主）米勒，Smith（铁匠）史密斯，Baker（面包师）贝克，Fisher（渔夫）费舍尔，Taylor（Tailor的变体，裁缝）泰勒，Barber（理发师）巴伯，Carpenter（木匠）卡彭特，Cook（厨师）库克，Singer（歌手）辛格。取自自然界的山，水和动，植物名称而形成的姓氏。例如：Brook（小河）布鲁克，Bush（树丛）布什，Wood（森林）伍德，Stone（石头）斯通，Lake（湖泊）莱克，Hill希尔，Rice（稻谷）赖斯，Fox（狐狸）福克斯，Wolf（狼）沃尔福，Bird（鸟）伯德。本讲稿第三十七页，共五十九页由于祖上有人在生理有某些特征，而起的诨名所形成的姓氏。例如：Red（红色）瑞德，Brown（棕色）布朗，Black（黑色）布莱克，White（白色）怀特，Long（身长）朗，Short（身短）肖特，Strong（强壮）斯特朗，Yong（年轻）扬。本讲稿第三十八页，共五十九页按家庭/族中的长幼关系来命名。例如：Johnson（John+son，约翰的儿子）约翰逊，Richardson（理查德的儿子）理查森Judson（贾德的儿子）贾德森，Edson（edgar+son，埃得森的儿子，Wilson（William+son，威廉的儿子）威尔逊，MacDonald，还有MacArthur.但苏格兰的习惯是在名字的前面加上Mac-或Mac-。这样，在英格兰叫Donaldson的人在苏格兰应叫做MacDonald，还有MacArthur。爱尔兰的习惯是在名字的前边加上O-，所以thesonofPatrick叫OPatrick。本讲稿第三十九页，共五十九页在翻译实践中遇到人名地名的翻译时，首先要查找正式的译名。即使用约定俗成的版本。AdamSmithNormanBethuneG.W.Bush亚当斯密诺尔曼白求恩G.W.布什本讲稿第四十页，共五十九页Joseph NeedhamThelateDr.Joseph NeedhamofCambridgeUniversityenjoyedahighprestigeintheChineseacademiccircles.贵校已故的李约瑟博士在中国学术界享有很高的声名。本讲稿第四十一页，共五十九页PaulofVenice威尼斯的保罗保罗威尼斯WilliamofOccam奥康的威廉威廉奥康AllshallbewellandJackshallhaveJill.有情人终成眷属。WedonotwantanyTom,DickandHarryusingtheclubbar.我们不能让随便什么人都用俱乐部的酒吧。本讲稿第四十二页，共五十九页地名翻译Honolulu火奴鲁鲁檀香山本讲稿第四十三页，共五十九页Achildisbetterunbornthanuntaught.Enoughisbetterthantoomuch.Thereisalotofnoiseonthestairs,butnoonecomesintotheroom.Heavenhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.Astitchintimesavesnine.Badnewshaswings.Donttrytoteachyourgrandmothertosuckeggs.养不教，父之过。过犹不及。雷声大，雨点小。好事不出门，坏事传千里。小洞不补，大洞吃苦。不要班门弄斧。本讲稿第四十四页，共五十九页SanFrancisco,openyourGoldenGate,sangthegirlinthetheatre.Sheneverfinishedhersong.Thedatewas18thApril,1906.Theearthshookandtheroofsuddenlydivided,buildingscrashedtothegroundandpeoplerushedoutintothestreets.ThedreadfulearthquakedestroyedthecitythathadgrownupwhenmendiscoveredgoldinthedesertsofCalifornia.ButtodaythestreetsofSanFranciscostretchovermorethanfortysteephills,risinglikehugecliffsabovethebluewatersofthePacificOcean.本讲稿第四十五页，共五十九页theGoldenGateBridge（suspensionbridge）本讲稿第四十六页，共五十九页SanFrancisco,openyourGoldenGate,sangthegirlinthetheatre.Sheneverfinishedhersong.Thedatewas18thApril,1906.Theearthshookandtheroofsuddenlydivided,buildingscrashedtothegroundandpeoplerushedoutintothestreets.“旧金山，敞开你的金门吧!”剧院里的歌女唱道。可惜她再也没能唱完这首歌。这一天是1906年4月18日，大地震动，屋顶突然开裂，楼房轰然坍倒，人们纷纷从屋里逃出，冲上街头。在加利福尼亚州沙漠里发现金矿后成长起来的这座城市，就这样被可怕的地震摧毁了。但时至今日，旧金山的街道四处延伸；遍布四十多座陡峭的小山，那些小山像悬崖峭壁般高耸于太平洋蓝色的海域之上。本讲稿第四十七页，共五十九页TheElyseePalaceinFranceenjoysequalpopularityintheworldwiththeBuckinghamPalaceintheUnitedKingdom,theKremlininRussiaaswellastheWhiteHouseintheU.S.A.ItistheresidenceofthepresidentoftheFrenchRepublicandthesymbolofthesupremeauthorityinFrance.TheElyseePalace,withanareaof11,000squaremeters,isattheeasternendoftheChampsElyseeinthebustlingcityofParisproperandbackedbyalargeandtranquilgardenofmorethantwentythousandsquaremeters.Itsmainbuilding,quitehandsomeandgraceful,isa2-storyclassicalstonearchitectureofEuropeanstyle,flankedbytwosidebuildingsfacingeachotherandwithanextensiverectangularcourtyardinthemiddle.Therearealtogether369hallsandroomsofdifferentsize.本讲稿第四十八页，共五十九页本讲稿第四十九页，共五十九页TheElyseePalaceinFranceenjoysequalpopularityintheworldwiththeBuckinghamPalaceintheUnitedKingdom,theKremlininRussiaaswellastheWhiteHouseintheU.S.A.ItistheresidenceofthepresidentoftheFrenchRepublicandthesymbolofthesupremeauthorityinFrance.法国的爱丽舍与在世界上与美国的白宫、英国白金汉宫以及俄罗斯的克里姆林宫一样闻名遐尔。它是法兰西共和国的总统府，也是法国最高权力的象征。本讲稿第五十页，共五十九页TheElyseePalace,withanareaof11,000squaremeters,isattheeasternendoftheChampsElyseeinthebustlingcityofParisproperandbackedbyalargeandtranquilgardenofmorethantwentythousandsquaremeters.爱丽舍宫位于巴黎香榭丽舍大街的东端，面积1.1万平方米，地处热闹的市中心，背倚一个2万多平方米的恬静大花园。本讲稿第五十一页，共五十九页heavyaheavyblowaheavyeaterheavyfoodaheavyfireaheavyheartaheavythinker沉重的打击食量大的人难消化的食物猛烈的炮火沉重的心情深邃的思想家本讲稿第五十二页，共五十九页Accordingtothenewschool ofscientist,technologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandinghorizonsofscientificknowledge.Aftertheinterview,hecomparesnottheirexperience,buttheirstatistics.本讲稿第五十三页，共五十九页Hehaltedinthedistrictwherebynightarefoundthe lighteststreet,hearts,vowsandlibrettos.他到了市区才停步，在那里晚上有最明亮的街道，最愉快的心情，最轻以出口的盟誓和最轻松的歌曲。本讲稿第五十四页，共五十九页Iunwrappedthehamburgerandsurveyedthesurroundingscenery.weshouldlosenotimeingettingeverythingreadyfortheseminar.Weareonshakyground.Ithinkwereprettyclosetodivorcing.我一边打开汉堡，一边打量四周的风景。我们应当抓紧时间做好研讨会的准备工作。我们的婚姻已很不稳定，与离婚也就一步之遥了。本讲稿第五十五页，共五十九页1.Thetaskisachallengeforallofus.这项任务对我们所有人来说都是一个考验。2.Ichallengeyoutoanswermyquestion.我要你回答我的问题。3.Iveconstantlychallengemyownconclusion.我一直在重新考虑/质疑我的结论。Ichallengehimforlying.我指责他说谎。搭配（challenge）本讲稿第五十六页，共五十九页Imallfingersandthumbsthismorning.Idontseemtobeabletobuttonupmyshirt.今天早上我的手怎么这么笨呢，好像连衬衫都扣不上了。本讲稿第五十七页，共五十九页1.TheTalibanclaimedresponsibilityforthebombing.塔利班声称对此次爆炸负责。2.Theexplosionclaimedmorethan20lives.20多人在此次爆炸中丧生。3.ThroughoutcenturiesLondonhasclaimedtobetheforemostcityoftheworld.几个世纪以来，英国堪称世界一流城市。搭配（claim）本讲稿第五十八页，共五十九页maketomakeadresstomaketroubletomakeafiretomakealivingtomakethebedtomakeamistaketomakeaspeech做做裙子惹惹麻烦生生火谋谋生铺铺床犯犯错误发表发表演说本讲稿第五十九页，共五十九页