自考英语写作幻灯片.ppt

自考英语写作第1页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二名词解释题写作目的(writing purpose)受众/读者(audience)构思过程(thought process)演绎式组织模式(deductive organizational patterns)归纳式组织模式(inductive organizational patterns)直接组织模式(direct organizational patterns)间接组织模式(indirect organizational patterns)写作修改的3个步骤(three distinct stages of revision:adding on;moving around;cutting out)管理沟通(managerial communication)组织沟通(organizational communication)人际关系与团队建设(human relationships and team building)销售沟通(sales communication)商务文件(business documentation)国际交流（跨文化交际）(international communication/intercultural communication)表达式写作(expressive writing)沟通式写作(communicative writing)简洁风格(clarity)简易风格(the plain style)简明风格(concision)附件说明信函(cover letters of rsum)3类求职信函(three general types of cover letters for job applications:the application letter;the prospecting letter;networking letter)后续询问信函(follow-up letter)致谢信函(thank-you letter)谢绝工作回复(job rejection letter)接受工作回复(job acceptance letter)辞职信函(resignation letter)第2页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二名词解释题告别信函(farewell letter)常见履历表格式(common rsum formats)：按年月顺序(chronological rsum format)按任职顺序(functional rsum format)复合式(combination rsum format)简短文件(short document)信息咨询函(message to obtain information)谈判便函(messages that negotiate)说服沟通便函(persuasive messages)商务便函的特征（8C）：清晰性（clarity）正确性（correctness）具体性（concreteness）完整性（completeness）周到性（consideration）礼貌性（courtesy）简洁性（conciseness）一致性（coherence）商务备忘录版式(format of a business memo)商务备忘录功能(function of a business memo)信函结构(structure of a letter)信件和信封格式(styles of letter and envelop)会议纪要(minutes)逐字记录(verbatim minutes)决议记录(minutes of resolution)陈述记录(minutes of narration)记录内容版式(minutes content format)会议议程(meeting agenda)会议筹划(meeting preparations)会议程序（3个环节）(meeting process:planning&preparing,conducting,and following-up)会议后续工作(follow-up activities)后续文案职责(accountability of follow-ups)第3页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二名词解释题书面发言写作策略(writing strategies for business presentation)书面发言的材料组织(wring organization for business presentation)书面发言用语(language used in a presentation)书面发言避讳用语(language avoided in a presentation)人际沟通的功能(functions of interpersonal communication)人际沟通的目的(purpose of interpersonal communication)人际沟通的4个阶段(four general stages in interpersonal communication)团队的特征(group characteristics)团队的角色(group roles)团队影响力(group influence)沟通结构(communication structures)企业前景(vision)企业使命(mission)企业价值观(corporate values)企业目标(goal)战略计划(strategies)政策与流程(policies and procedures)业务流程的构成要素（15个）(content of procedures)业务流程的版式及内容(format of a procedure)商务文件的层次结构（3个）(tiers of documentation)ISO 9000质量体系(ISO 9000 Quality System)议程报告(agenda)行程安排(itinerary)费用支出报告(expense reports)项目进程报告(progress report)人事评估报告(personnel evaluation)第一手资料来源(primary sources)第二手资料来源(secondary sources)商务蓝皮书(blueprint)商务计划书(business plan)战略性计划书(strategic plan)战术性计划书(tactical plan)操作性计划书(operational plan)操作性管理(operational control)战术性管理(tactical control)战略性管理(strategic control)商务背景(business background)第4页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二名词解释题市场计划(marketing plan)财务预测(financial projections)行动计划(action plans)商务提案(business proposal)内部提案(internal proposal)外部提案(external proposal)招标提案(solicited proposal)非招标提案(unsolicited proposal)提案写作的简单模式(simple form for proposal writing)提案写作的复杂模式(detailed form for proposal writing)外部提案的结构要素（6个）(elements of the external proposal:introduction;problem identified and defined;objective&goal set;solutions proposed;implementation&measuring;costs and timeframe estimated)内部提案模式的内容版式(content format of internal proposal)征集提案(Request for Proposal,RFP)征集启示的基本要素(basic components of a RFP)提案评估(proposal evaluation)第5页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二引证信息(documenting information)解析数据(interpreting data)常规商务报告(routine reports)任务报告(task reports)条目清单功能(itemized lists)图表辅助功能(graphic aids)标题的功能(headings)协议的本质(essence of a deal)合同的修订(contractual modifications)违约与补偿(breach of contract and remedy)律师费用条款(attorneys fees clause)合同免责(escape from contract)第三方签字(third party signature)合同追加条款(contract rider)合同授权(authorization)商务谈判(contract negotiation)合同起草(contract drafting)合同实施(execution)合同终止(closeout)合同(contract)合同有效性(validity of contracts)要约(offer)接受(acceptance)法定权力(capacity)Sales contracts 买卖合同Contracts for supply of power,water,gas or heat 供应电、水、气、热力合同Contracts for loan of money 借款合同Leasing contracts 租赁合同Financial leasing contracts 承揽合同Contracts for construction projects建设工程合同Carriage contracts运输合同Technology contracts 技术合同Safekeeping contracts 保管合同Warehousing contracts 仓库合同Agency appointment contracts 委托合同Trading-trust contracts行纪合同Brokerage contracts居间合同第6页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二Unit 1 Business Writing商务英语写作 一、学习目的与要求 本单元主要讲述商务英语写作的基本概念。学习本单元的目的是要了解商务英语写作的写作要求，写作形式与写作过程及步骤。在学习过程中，要注意下列问题：（1）商务英语写作的目的；（2）商务英语写作的体裁形式与写作要求；（3）商务英语写作的进行步骤。第7页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二二、考核知识点与考核目标（一）商务英语写作的进行步骤（重点）识记：商务英语写作的步骤：（1）planning计划（2）research调研（3）organization组织（4）composition起草（5）revision修改（6）editing and proofreading编辑及校对（7）writing checklist列出注意事项应用：1.写作计划 2.文章修改与校对第8页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二（二）商务英语写作的写作要求（次重点）识记：商务英语写作课程开设的意义 Business(including commercial,technical and official)correspondence is a vital factor in making the world of business run effectively and productively.No modern businesses could exist for long without letters and other forms of written communications.Outward business letters,documents and papers are reflections of a companys image.A well-developed and prepared business document will allow you and your organization to build confidence,competence and trustworthiness in your suppliers,customers,community,financial circles,regulatory bodies and other public.Therefore,a good knowledge of written communications is crucial for the people involved in business.Your career success,from both a personal and professional stand point,will depend to a great extent on your ability to communicate.Regardless of your specific profession and responsibilities,your ability to think and writeprecisely,thoroughly,originally-represents the most valuable contribution you can make to your organization.There are undoubtedly other men and women who can do what you do,perhaps not quite so well,but well enough to get the job done.But no one can duplicate your thought and writing processes.So anything you can do to improve your ability to think and write is additional success insurance.People evaluate you both formally and informally by your communication skills(We typically tend to gauge the intelligence of others and their ability to do a given job by their use of language and other communication skills).Knowing your job responsibilities wont be enough for success on the job.You need to be able to get your ideas across to others especially in writing.理解：1.商务英语写作的基本要求2.商务英语写作的效用 3.商务英语的写作风格第9页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二（三）商务英语写作的目的及重要性（一般）识记：1.商务英语写作的重要性2.商务英语写作的目的理解：高质量写作的益处第10页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二KeyUnit 11T2F3T4T5T6F7T8F9T10F11F12T13F14T15T16T17T18F19T20T第11页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二Expressive writing Expressive writing is mainly concerned with academic learning.It is personal and informal,employed to encourage comprehension and reflection on the part of the writer.Open-ended and creative,expressive writing is a good way to start learning about a topic.The process of writing a restless cycle of inquiry,composition,and revision pushes students and learners toward the true goals of higher education:critical thinking,creativity,analysis,synthesis,and informed judgment.In this view,then,writing is primarily about thinking and learning,not showing off what you already know.If a writing task teaches you nothing,assignment has been a failure.第12页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二Communicative writing By contrast,communicative writing is analytic,formal and more or less impersonal.It presupposes that the writer already has considerable knowledge and understanding of the topic,and is writing to inform or to persuade a reader.It demands adherence to established conventions of tone,voice,diction,evidence,and citation;these conventions will vary according to discipline and type(e.g.memo,E-mail,business report,plan,and proposal,lab report,history paper,legal brief).Writers communicate their thoughts to others in writing via proper application of methods of Persuading and Informing.第13页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二Business According to the lexical definitions,the term of business covers operations of all organizations,not just confined to the commercial organizations.Every organization or every business transaction(or dealing)requires communication a phone call,meeting,letter,memo,oral presentation,formal report,contract,complaint or claim and the success of the business dealings depends on the effectiveness of the oral and written communications.One of the clichs in business is that nothing happens until somebody sells something.Communication is central in business because it is central in life:it establishes relationships,and makes human organization possible.第14页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二Business writing It goes without saying that“business”covers an extremely broad spectrum of entities and activities,and you probably also aware,at least intuitively,that“business writing”covers an equally broad spectrum of organizations and business activities.Therefore,when we talk about“business writing,”were talking about a great many different things.In other word,nobody reads business documents or writings for pleasure.Business writing differs from other writings in the following features:Purposeful It solves problems,conveys information,calls for actions,records events and so on;Transactional(result-oriented)Each writing or document must accomplish one specific task.If not,the writing is meaningless;Reader-oriented-It focuses on the receiver,not the sender;Dynamic Business writers are writing in the dynamic and changing business environments;andEconomical Time is money,and resources are limited.We must make full use of them,including time.第15页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二Writing process The writing process consists of series of steps(of planning,research,organization,composition,revision,editing&proofreading)carried out to complete a writing job in a definite order.It provides a framework to learn about business writing.Since writing is a recursive rather than linear business activities,it compels us to realize that writing is an ongoing,dynamic process.Indeed,a piece of writing is never really finished its merely delivered to a deadline.第16页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二About Writing AssignmentsThis task is designed to make the students and learners think,and think hard.It is a good idea to ask your students to reflect on the text contents and some other readings.As an instructor,you dont have to go over the details of each home writing job because this will only create an atmosphere that propels learners to develop the symptom of“writing block.”A good grading strategy,based on the attitudes,level of efforts,progression,general quality of writing,will help students and learners build confidence and get enculturated into right writing norms in the long-term learning process.第17页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二Unit 2 Employment-related Writings 求职相关写作 一、学习目的与要求 本单元主要介绍求职相关的商务英语写作的基本概念。学习本单元的目的是要了解如何进行求职简历，求职信的写作。在学习过程中，要注意下列问题：（1）如何撰写求职简历；（2）求职简历与个人简历的区别；（3）求职简历的写作目的及内容要求；（4）如何撰写求职信；（5）求职相关信件写作 第18页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二二、考核知识点与考核目标（一）求职简历的写作（重点）识记：1.求职简历的定义2.求职简历的内容构成理解：1.求职简历与个人简历的区别 2.求职简历的写作目的应用：1.求职简历的格式 2.求职简历的写作技巧（二）求职信的写作（次重点）识记：1.求职信的定义 2.求职信的种类理解：求职信的内容构成应用：求职信的写作技巧（三）求职相关信件写作（一般）识记：求职相关信件的种类（1）follow-up letter（跟进）（2）thank-you letter（感谢）（3）job rejection letter（拒绝）（4）job acceptance letter（接受）（5）resignation letter（辞职）（6）farewell letter（告别）第19页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二1.求职简历的定义A resume is a brief summary of ones life history or the main events of his/her life,and gives a brief,factual summary of your qualifications beginning with the writers birth and listing his/her education background,work experience,professional accomplishments and hobbies.A short and more generic definition of resume is:resumes are the sum total of the reasons you give a prospective employer to hire you.It is that makes you appear to be the“right man or woman for the right job”.第20页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二2.求职信的写作1.求职信的定义A resume cover introduces your resume and covers points that the resume does not.It is,therefore,a well-written outline,with a brief summary of who you are and what you are doing,and what you want to do for the prospective employee.Alternatively,it highlights a small number of resume items that are most relevant to the position/college/business school you are applying for.2.求职信的种类A.The application letter which responds to a known job opening.B.The prospecting letter which inquires about possible position.C.The networking letter which requests information and assistance in your job search.第21页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二3.求职相关信件的种类（1）follow-up letter（跟进）（2）thank-you letter（感谢）（3）job rejection letter（拒绝）（4）job acceptance letter（接受）（5）resignation letter（辞职）（6）farewell letter（告别）第22页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二KEY1F2T3T4T5T6F7F8T9T10T11F12T13T14T15T16T17T18T19T20TCommon resume formats p.21Essential contents of a resume-p.22Resume objectives-p.23Types of resume covering letters-p.25Content format of a resume cover-p.26Five important tips for writing a good cover letter p.27第23页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二Unit 3 Memo and Letter Writing备忘录及信函写作 一、学习目的与要求 本单元主要讲述如何进行备忘录及信函写作。学习本单元的目的是要学习备忘录及信函写作的基本格式与要求，了解何为8C原则，熟悉短文写作技巧。在学习过程中，要注意下列问题：（1）备忘录及信函写作的格式；（2）8C标准的内容；（3）商务短文写作结构类型。第24页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二二、考核知识点与考核目标（一）备忘录及信函写作（重点）识记：备忘录的功能理解：1.备忘录的写作指导原则2.商务信函的写作指导原则应用：1.备忘录的写作格式 2.商务信函的写作结构（三）商务短文写作（一般）识记：商务短文写作的五种不同类型理解：商务短文写作要求（二）8C原则（次重点）识记：8C原则的内容clarity（清晰性）correctness（正确性）concreteness（具体性）completeness（完整性）consideration（周到性）courtesy（礼貌性）conciseness（简洁性）coherence（一致性）应用：8C原则指导下的写作要求第25页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二Key1T2F3T4F5T6T7T8T9T10T第26页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二1.Function of a Business Memo备忘录的功能1.Most often a memo is an announcement,reminder,request,or update about a certain event,code of conduct,policy,or procedure.2.A memo also can discuss information of a technical or business nature in an almost“mini-report”fashion.3.A business memo helps members of an organization communicate without the need for time-consuming meetings.4.Memos are also widely used to give directives,summarize field or lab reports,present progress or status reports,and deliver trip reports.第27页，共91页，编辑于2022年，星期二2.8C s for Message Formation 8C原则的内容Clarity-The baseline of workplace writing is clarity,particularly in international communications.Letters must be clear in what they say.Clarity is a presupposition for other prescriptions,and is stressed by management theorists,gurus and practitioners.It involves a conscientious effort to ensure that our writing to both internal and external customers is as dear and easy to understand as possible.All writing advice has boiled down to one sentence;be succinct.Keep your message short and to the point.Good writer build ideas from sentence to sentence.The simple declarative sentence is the easiest way to process information.Sentences that differ from that simple structure may cause readability problems.The trick is to use conversational tone for your business writing because language used in letters and emails was supposed to be m