analysis-of-etiquette-differences-between-china-and-western-countries【商英】本科学位论文.doc

中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文) 题 目 Analysis of Etiquette Differences Between China and Western Countries姓 名 ： 000000 班级、学号 ： 0000000000 系 (部) ： 经济管理系 专 业 ： 商务英语 指导教师 ： 00000000 开题时间： 2009- 04-10 完成时间： 2009-11-08 2009 年 11 月 08 日19目 录毕业设计任务书1毕业设计成绩评定表2答辩申请书3-5正文6-21答辩委员会表决意见22答辩过程记录表23课 题Analysis of Etiquette Difference Between China and Western Countries一、 课题(论文)提纲引言1. 礼仪的重要作用及研究中西方礼仪的意义1.1 礼仪的概念1.2 礼仪的本质1.2.1人文性本质1.2.2 社会性本质1.2.3 道德性本质1.3 礼仪的作用1.3.1社会秩序的建立1.3.2大众教化的实施1.3.3人伦关系的维护1.4 研究中西方礼仪的意义2 中西方礼仪的差异2.1 问候语和辞别礼仪的差异2.2 用餐礼仪的差异2.3 服饰礼仪的差异2.4 赞扬和回答的差异2.5 称谓和称呼的差异3中西方礼仪差异的成因3.1 宗教信仰的差异3.2 个人人生观的差异3.3 等级观念的差异3.4 社会价值观的差异结束语二、 内容摘要礼仪是对一系列约定俗成的礼节、仪式的统称，是指导人际交往和社会生活的原则。中西方礼仪在问候语和辞别、用餐、服饰、赞扬和回答、称谓和称呼等方面存在很大差异。随着我国与世界各国之间的交流日益频繁，礼仪差异特别是中西方礼仪差异日益显露，这些差异会阻隔中西方的正常交往，因此，研究中西方礼仪差异就十分必要。本文探析了中西方礼仪在上述几个方面的差异和各方面差异的成因。三、 参考文献1 季绍斌. 东西方跨文化交流中的礼仪差异J. 江西电力职业技术学院学报, 2007, 20(1): 9091.2 高飞卫,李亚梅. 礼仪与中国传统文化J. 延安大学学报(社会科学版), 2001, 23(4): 6366.3 李建红. 论礼仪的本质及其修养J. 邢台学院学报, 2008, 23 (1): 117119.4 邓慧.论中西方文化队礼仪的影响J. 沿海企业与科技, 2005, (8): 2324. 5 王春, 郑晓燕. 浅谈涉外礼仪在跨文化交际中的作用J. Science and Technology Information, 2008, (16): 227228.6 金品卓. 中西方礼仪文化差异J.7 吴爱宁. 中西礼仪文化差异探析J. 探讨与争鸣, 2007, 8: 4345.Analysis of Etiquette DifferencesBetween China and Western Countries000000Abstract: Etiquette is the general name of a series of convention and rituals, and is principle of guiding interpersonal and social life. Huge differences on greeting and farewell, dining, costume and accessories, compliments and response and addressing exist between Chinese and Western countries etiquette. As the exchange between China and other countries increases, these differences, especially between China and western countries, become more apparent, which can block normal exchanges between China and Western countries. In fact, the study on etiquette differences between them is very essential. In this study, the original reasons of these differences are also analyzed.Key words: etiquette, Chinese and western countries, difference, cultureIntroductionEtiquette is the general name of a series of convention and rituals, and is principle of guiding interpersonal and social life. In Chinese characters, the Etiquette“liyi” is consisted of two parts, “li” and “yi”. “li” means politeness and good manners, and “yi” refers to ceremony, appearance and deportment, which means that etiquette requires people in the contacts to control and regulate their own behavior from politeness, good manners and deportment, so as to maintain the normal social order. Etiquette is the product of social civilization and human culture. Chinese and Westerners have a different cultural background, and thus huge differences exist in the aspects from customs, religious beliefs, thinking ways to morality concepts and value concepts. In fact, for the two kinds of people growing up in the different social cultures and environment, etiquette is shown in differences. At present, with the increasingly frequent exchanges between countries, international, inter-ethnic, cross-cultural growing economic and social contacts increase continuously, which offers an opportunity for kinds of exchanges for China and Western countries. However, Chinese and Westerners in contacts cannot obtain enough understanding and exchanges because their conventions and etiquette are not understood completely. Therefore, Chinese etiquette and Western etiquette were compared and studied, and original reason were analyzed, for the purpose of better understanding of their differences and fast and effective exchange for Chinese and Westerners.1. Important role of etiquette and significance of studying Chinese etiquette and Western etiquette1.1 Concepts of etiquetteEtiquette refers to the total of different codes of conduct and norms in line with the spirit and requirements of contacts that forms when people are in social contacts, affected by historical tradition, conventions and habits, religious habits and time tide. It is agreed and also complied with by people. Its purpose is to establish a harmonious relationship. As to the society, it is the external appearance of human civilization extent and moral cultivation level. As to the individuals, it is the external appearance of one's ideological level, culture cultivation and communications competence. Etiquette has characteristics such as normative, universal identity, extensiveness and successiveness. The so-called normative refers to that it regulates and restricts specific behavior such as words and deeds and attitude. It reflects inherent qualities like the ideological and moral actors included in its communicative acts and also social value orientation in a certain period and certain area. For example, in ancient China, people were classified into scholars, peasants, craftsmen and businessmen. Thus scholars were in highest social status, and then were others in the former order. Therefore, businessman would receive worse treatment on etiquette than poor peasants. The universal identity means that etiquette is the code of conduct which is generally accepted and adhered to. Generally speaking, etiquette stands for cultural and conventional characteristic of a country, a nation, or a region. Extensiveness is that etiquette is widely recognized in the process of development of human society. Successiveness of etiquette means that etiquette is developing, not static, because the social value orientation is changing. 1.2 Essence of etiquette1.2.1 The essence of humanismThe greatest difference between people and animals is that people have awareness. People can control their behavior relying on conscious, reflecting the cultural characteristics of human as human. For example, the demand of animals for food is from their instinct, so they compete with each other when eating. But human can yield food to each other around meal tables, with complete table etiquette.1.2.2 Essence of socialityHuman are social animals. In the primary period of appearance of human, it is groups that human rely on to overcome the Nature and survive ultimately. There must be a certain rule so that individuals cannot do whatever they want, otherwise, the order of groups will be destroyed and proups will die. For example, For example, in our countries elders cannot be called by name, otherwise, the action will be seen as a lack of respect for elders and the one who calls will be excluded naturally. This rule is etiquette, and its role is restricted between people in the society by its essence of sociality.1.2.3 Essence of moralityMorals come from common agreement and convention of people and are unwritten “laws”. Etiquette is also from common agreement and convention, so it has essence of morality. This essence requires people to regulate their behavior consciously, respect other people and treat other people with etiquette, so as to win the respect of others.1.3 Role of etiquetteIn human society, the role of etiquette is shown at every social level or every aspect of life. It plays important role in establishing and stabilizing the social order, safeguarding human relations and meeting the needs of people of faith. Therefore, it becomes an important link to maintain human society. 1.3.1 Establishment of social orderWhen the human philosophers were attempting to introduce the sacrifice etiquette into interpersonal relationship, clear class natures were not carried at first. They just expected to establish a stable and peaceful social order and human relations, in order to maintain the social environment that the survival of people relied on. After entering the class society, the ruling class called for establishing a social order of hierarchy between high and low status and between old and young in order to safeguard their own authority and domination. Fundamentally speaking, this is to rebuild a novel institutionalized and hierarchical social order.1.3.2 Implementation of public enlightenmentCharacteristics of etiquette require that it is generally accepted and then complied with together. Once etiquette forms, people are educated and conducted based on this rule, so as to regulate and people's behavior and establish a stable social order. Virtually, etiquette has color of morals, which means that it conducts people to do good deeds, far from evil, and produces a profound affect on the society.1.3.3 Maintenance of human relationshipImportant content of morals is the establishment of strict human relations, which means that people of different status should have respective family position. Etiquette provides a guarantee for stabilizing these relationships. At first, these relationships are reflected between young and old in a family with blood relationships. In Chinese cultures, there are two famous sayings: “Filial piety is the first of one hundred of good behaviors.” and “Filial piety is the first of all good”. They reflect the respect for the elders. Second these relationships are reflected in a husband and his wife. The family is the cell of society, and the stabilization and harmony of family relationships affect the stability of social relations. However, a family originates from a couple. After a public wedding equipment and ceremony, couple relationships are determined and start to be supervised by the public.  1.4 Significance of this study on the etiquette differences between China and Western countries With the further development of China's reform and opening up, the comprehensive strength and influence on foreign countries have increased. The exchanges and cooperation between China and other countries in the world are increasing. The contacts with foreigners are sure to increase in all professions, especially business and tourism etc. However, people from different countries have distinct etiquette habits in contacts because of different historical and cultural background. The etiquette differences between China and Western countries are especially huge. Jokes may be made if we pay no attention to these differences. What's worse, the normal exchanges may be blocked. Therefore, it's essential to study and understand the etiquette differences between China and Western countries. Only if we understand these differences, can we avoid the conflicts caused by different etiquette, and promote the smooth proceedings of contacts.2 Etiquette differences between China and Western countries2.1 Different greeting and farewell etiquetteChinese would say simple words like “Have you had meals?”, “Where are you going?” or “What are you going to do?” when they meet. This reflects one person's care for the other, but Westerners would feel surprised as their privacy is interfered. For Westerners, the most common topic they talk about is weather, and it may be assessment or predictions of weather. On parting, the Chinese hosts would send their guests to the door of their house at least, and say “Go slowly!” “Well going!” or “Take care on road!”. However, Westerners would consider “Go slowly!” as the host have some words to complement. They just express a smile and make a gesture meaning goodbye on parting, and say goodbye at last.2.2 Different dining etiquetteChinese are keen on noisy and happy atmosphere, loud talking and laughing when they have meals. Many people may get together and create happy atmosphere. On the contrary, Westerners like a quiet environment when they have meals. So they remain quiet in the restaurant, don't speaking aloud and producing nasty noise like burp so that others will not be disturbed. Chinese guests usually leave something in the disks, meaning they are full or what they have had is enough. Meanwhile, the hosts would add food continually if they find that the disks of guests are empty. In Western countries, the guests leave nothing edible in the disks in case of wastage. If they are full, they will express to the hosts directly. What's more, lots of wines are usually prepared on Chinese dining tables, and there are habits that one persuades the other to drink wine. However, Westerners don't drink too much when dining, and don't like these Chinese habits. 2.3 Different costume and accessories etiquetteWesterners pay more attention to their own dress. In the official or public situations, they wear official cloth. For example, men wear traditional-patterned suits while women wear dress suits, they both wear leather shoes. However, it can be seen that one wearing short pants or slippers is wandering.2.4 Different compliments and response etiquetteHumility is seen as an important character for Chinese. Chinese usually express self-modesty when they get compliments from others. For example, they may say “Where? Where?” or “It's nothing”, which usually confuses westerners. On the contrary, westerners accept others' compliments directly in common, and then express their thanks, saying “Thank you!” .2.5 Different addressing etiquetteChinese address their peers with their full names or only first name, or follow their full names with other words that stand for social status or occupations (for example, “mayor”, “professor”, “doctor”). On the contrary, westerners follow “Mr.” with the family name of a man, while “Miss”, “Mrs.” or “Madam” with the family name of a woman. Chances are they call someone only with their family name. For example, Yao Ming is called as “Yao” in America.3. Cause of the etiquette differences between China and Western countriesThe fundamental cause of the etiquette differences between China and Western countries is different cultural environment of China and Western countries, which leads to that people from the two different regions have completely different moral standards system and value concepts.  3.1 Different religionsTaoist and Buddhist are the two main religions Chinese believe. But neither of them played a absolutely governing role in Chinese daily life. In fact, Chinese etiquette has no religious colors. On the contrary, most Westerners are Christian. There was a very long time during Western history when Christianity had been dominant and had higher social status than nothing else. Therefore, Western etiquette has strongly religious colors. Western “Ladies first” etiquette is the product of Christian civilization where admiring and worshiping women is considered as a noble character. In Western civilization, Mary, mother of Jesus Christ, is revered as the Virgin Mary and thus one's be