DB43_T 2372-2022 绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）技术规范.docx

ICS 73.020CCS D 1043湖南省地方标准DB43/T 23722022绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）技术规范Specification of drilling-well (deep-hole drilling) technologyfor green geological survey and mineral exploration2022 - 07 - 08 发布2022 - 10 - 08 实施湖南省市场监督管理局发 布DB43/T 23722022目次前言························································································································ 1范围 ····················································································································· 12规范性引用文件 ······································································································13术语和定义 ············································································································24总则 ····················································································································· 24.1基本原则 ·········································································································24.2基本要求 ·········································································································25施工准备 ···············································································································35.1环境调查 ·········································································································35.2设备选择 ·········································································································35.3施工工艺 ·········································································································35.4施工方案 ·········································································································36场地修建 ···············································································································36.1道路规划与修筑 ································································································ 36.2井场修建 ·········································································································46.3驻地临建 ·········································································································47钻井（深孔钻探） ···································································································57.1固体矿产钻探施工 ····························································································· 57.2油气井施工 ······································································································57.3水文、地热井施工 ····························································································· 67.4盐井施工 ·········································································································67.5钻井液管理 ······································································································68  综合管理 ···············································································································78.1驻地管理 ·········································································································78.2和谐施工 ·········································································································78.3安全文明施工 ···································································································78.4设备安装维护 ···································································································78.5职业健康 ·········································································································88.6节能降耗 ·········································································································88.7污染源防控 ······································································································89环境恢复与治理 ······································································································99.1井场清理 ·········································································································99.2井场复原 ·········································································································9IDB43/T 237220229.3井场覆土 ·········································································································99.4复垦复绿 ·········································································································910施工评估············································································································ 1010.1评估指标与考核 ···························································································· 1010.2资料汇交 ····································································································· 10附录 A（资料性）绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）施工方案提纲 ············································· 11附录 B（规范性）绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）用表 ······················································· 13附录 C（资料性）绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）施工总结报告提纲 ······································· 22附录 D（资料性）常用钻井（深孔钻探）工艺方法 ························································· 24附录 E（资料性）绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）汇交资料清单 ············································· 26参考文献·················································································································· 27IIDB43/T 23722022绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）技术规范1  范围本文件规定了绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）施工的基本原则、基本要求、施工准备、场地修建、钻井（深孔钻探）、综合管理、环境恢复与治理、施工评估的要求。本文件适用于孔深 1500 m 以上岩心钻探，5000 m 以内油气井、地热井、盐井等绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）施工。2  规范性引用文件下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件。GB 3095环境空气质量标准GB 3096声环境质量标准GB 8978污水综合排放标准GB 14161矿山安全标志GB 16423大气污染物综合排放标准GB 18599一般工业固体废物贮存填埋污染控制标准GB 50869生活垃圾卫生填埋处理技术规范GB/T 5005钻井液材料规范GB/T 24001环境管理体系  要求及使用指南GB/T 45001职业健康安全管理体系要求及使用指南AQ 2004地质勘查安全规程DZ/T 0078固体矿产勘查原始地质编录规程DZ/T 0227地质岩心钻探规程DZ/T 0351野外地质工作后勤保障要求DZ/T 0374绿色地质勘查工作规范EJ 275铀矿地质生产安全规程EJ/T 1052放射性矿产资源钻探规程EJ/T 1070铀矿岩矿心管理规定SY/T 5466钻前工程及井场布置技术要求SY/T 6426钻井井控技术规程SY/T 6276石油天然气工业健康、安全与环境管理体系SY/T 6586石油天然气钻采设备钻机现场安装及检验标准TD/T 1036土地复垦质量控制标准TD/T 1044生产项目土地复垦验收规程1DB43/T 237220223  术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本文件。3.1绿色勘查green geological survey and mineral exploration在地质勘查全过程中，落实绿色发展理念，通过运用高效、环保的方法、技术、工艺和设备等，减少或避免对生态环境造成的不利影响，并对环境扰动进行修复，实现地质勘查、生态环保、社区和谐的多赢效果。来源：DZ/T 03742021 3.23.2场地site地质勘查活动所涉及的人员居住、道路建设、物资设备存放、工程施工的场所。来源：DZ/T 03742021 3.23.3井场well site钻井（深孔钻探）施工必需的作业场地。3.4钻井drilling-well以勘探油气、地热、固体矿产、盐矿等地下资源为目的，在地层中施钻的具有一定深度的圆形孔眼。3.5深孔钻探deep-hole drilling用于地下资源调查、评估为目的，在地层中施钻的深度大于 1500 米的圆形孔眼。4  总则4.1基本原则钻井（深孔钻探）施工全过程应坚持生态环境保护优先的原则，采用先进的技术工艺、设备、方法，有效减少对生态环境影响的程度、范围及持续时间。4.2基本要求4.2.1钻井（深孔钻探）施工方案编制，应分析评估施工对水、大气、声、土壤、野生动植物、自然遗迹和人文遗迹等影响，确定环境影响的主要因素，制定环境保护和修复措施，编制经费预算，编制提纲参见附录 A。4.2.2钻井（深孔钻探）施工前，应对项目管理人员和施工人员进行绿色钻井（深孔钻探）培训，强化生态环境保护意识，掌握绿色勘查要求，并对拟施工的道路和场地原始地形地貌拍摄照片或视频留存。4.2.3钻井（深孔钻探）施工中的场地平整施工应按附录 B 表 B.1 填写，环境保护措施应按附录 B 表B.2 填写，场地修复情况应按附录 B 表 B.3 填写；钻井（深孔钻探）施工质量检查应与地质勘查项目工作质量检查同步开展，发现问题应及时整改，按附录 B 表 B.4B.6 填写。4.2.4钻井（深孔钻探）完工后，应按照编制提纲中内容要求，开展环境修复工作。对已恢复的道路和场地应按照与施工前统一视角、统一参照物拍摄照片或视频等资料留存，按附录 B 表 B.7B.8 填写，2DB43/T 23722022施工总结参见附录 C。5  施工准备5.1环境调查5.1.1施工前应对项目场地、交通、植被、水资源、电力设施及通讯等进行调查，识别钻井（深孔钻探）施工对区域构造、生态环境的影响因素，按附录 B 表 B.9 填写，制定专项方案和保护措施。5.1.2钻井（钻孔）调查应包括但不限于：钻井地理位置、地质构造、井别、井型、井深、目的层、磁偏角、完钻层位、录井资料、地层孔隙压力监测和地层漏失试验数据、区域地质构造和水文地质条件等。5.2设备选择5.2.1优先采用先进的新型施工设备，宜选用平台型变频直驱转盘钻机、顶驱钻机；鼓励对现有设备进行油电改造，设备工况良好，新度系数大于 0.25。5.2.2井场动力源应优先采用公用电网，不具备条件时，应采用低噪音和低污染物排放的柴油机动力源及发电设备。5.2.3钻井液泵的泵压、排量，应满足钻井液循环要求。5.2.4岩心钻机井架宜选用四脚钻塔、A 型钻塔和桅杆型钻塔；石油钻机井架宜选用型井架，钻井平台的高度应满足井控设备安装要求和整机配套要求。5.2.5钻台上下、振动筛、循环罐等气体易聚集区域，应选用防爆通风设备。5.3施工工艺5.3.1宜采用钻井平台、一基多孔、一孔多支等钻井方式，减少井台数量和钻井占地面积，减少钻井对地表环境的扰动。5.3.2钻井（深孔钻探）施工方法选择，参见附录 D。5.4施工方案5.4.1编制依据绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）施工方案编制依据，包含但不限于以下内容：相关的法律法规、标准规范；地质设计；招投标文件、合同文件；项目调查及现场踏勘资料。5.4.2方案编制内容施工方案提纲，参见附录 A。6  场地修建6.1道路规划与修筑6.1.1施工前应对项目沿线交通道路、地形地貌进行实地踏勘，在满足钻井（深孔钻探）的条件下，3DB43/T 23722022对环境敏感目标采取避让措施，应避让植被生长区；道路选址应避免堵塞和填充自然排水通道，减小设备搬迁过程对自然环境的破坏或影响。6.1.2在确保安全通行的条件下，应控制新修道路规格，宜修建桩架路作为临时道路。6.1.3对无法一次运输到位的道路或绕不开的桥涵，采用二次修筑或道路加固时，在满足设备二次转场前提下，应控制新修道路规格，减少对环境扰动；采用二次转场方式时，应根据架空路线净高及弯道半径等路况制定运输方案。6.1.4道路修筑应遵循如下规定：避开雨水季节；控制挖损、占用土地的面积；耕地、林地、草地和园地应进行表土剥离，耕地表土剥离厚度宜大于 0.3 m；剥离表土应选择适宜场地进行堆存并采取覆盖措施，用于被损毁土地的复绿（复垦）；应选用低噪声设备，施工噪声应符合 GB 3096 要求；应制定扬尘防治专项方案。6.2井场修建6.2.1施工前应对井场周围的居民住宅、学校、厂矿、国防设施、高压电线、油气管线、道路、水资源情况、风向变化等进行踏勘调查，并在钻井地质设计中标注清楚。6.2.2井口距高压线及其它永久性设施不小于 75 m；距民宅不小于 100 m；距铁路、高速公路不小于200 m；距学校、医院和大型油库等人口密集性、高危性场所不小于 500 m；井筒与采掘坑道、矿井通道之间的距离不小于 100 m。6.2.3井场大小应满足钻井（深孔钻探）作业的要求，石油钻机、水文钻机的井场布置按 SY/T 5466规定执行。岩心钻机的井场布置按 DZ/T 0227 规定执行。6.2.4井场方向以钻井（深孔钻探）平台的井（孔）口为原点，以平台底座的两条垂直平分线的延长线为准线，划分井场功能区域；井场大门方向应符合井控安全要求，井场周围应设置两处临时安全区，应保持一个位于当地季节风的上风方向。在井场入口、临时安全区、井架上、钻台上、循环系统、防喷器远控台、液气分离器排气口和放喷管线出口 100 m 处，应设置风向标。6.2.5场地平整范围应满足安全施工、表土堆放的需要，不应采用混凝土硬化场地，场地剥离物按 DZ/T03742021 中 5.2.4 规定执行。6.2.6设备布局以满足钻井（深孔钻探）需要，符合防火、防爆、防洪、防污染等要求，林区施工时，应采取防火隔离措施。6.2.7防喷器远程控制台摆放在面对井架大门左侧、距井口应大于 25 m 的位置。压井管汇坑设置在井场左侧，节流管汇坑设置在井场右侧，方井与节流、压井管汇坑的连接沟尺寸应不小于 700 mm（宽）×800 mm（深）。6.2.8发电房、油罐区距井口不小于 30 m，发电房与油罐区相距不小于 20 m，柴油机排气管出口不能指向油罐区。高架水罐、油罐、发电房宜布置在井场外。6.2.9井场边坡上方汇水面大或位于冲沟附近，应设置截水沟；井场四周宜设置两道排水沟；第一道排水沟（外围）主要用于地表水、雨水的排泄；第二道排水沟（内侧）主要用于井场内的污油、钻井液、雨水的疏导，排泄至预先设置的排污沉淀池。第一道沟应高于第二道沟，高差不应小于 0.5 m。6.3驻地临建6.3.1项目驻地宜优先就近租用当地民居或公共建筑物，井场新建休息室、办公生活房屋时，宜采用搭建帐篷、集装箱或使用活动板房。4DB43/T 237220226.3.2新建项目驻地，应综合考虑安全、卫生、生态环境保护等因素，避开水源保护区、水库泄洪区。6.3.3合理规划布局项目驻地工作区和生活区，选择在基础稳定，周边截、排水良好，无地质灾害及山洪灾害隐患，对环境影响较小的区域进行建设，应控制驻地占地面积。7  钻井（深孔钻探）7.1固体矿产钻探施工7.1.1施工工艺宜采用绳索取心钻进、液动冲击回转钻进、多工艺潜孔锤空气钻进、不提钻换钻头钻进等工艺。7.1.2施工场地应遵循如下规定：操作场地、材料物资存放场地等地面应铺设防渗材料，厚度应大于 3 mm 的土工布；油料存放地、循环沟、浆液池、垃圾池等易发生渗漏污染的表面应铺设防渗材料，厚度应大于5 mm；在钻井（深孔钻探）平台下方和设备检修区域，应铺设吸油毡。7.1.3施工过程中发现孔内严重漏失和施工现场周边泉点的水质、水量、颜色有变化时，应分析原因，确认漏失层（段），并采用环保材料堵漏或下入套管等方法进行封堵；当发现孔内涌水时，应对钻孔中接触的承压水进行控制，防止浪费和不同含水层间的交叉污染。7.1.4放射性矿产的钻探施工应符合 EJ/T 1052 和 EJ/T 1070 要求，安全生产符合 EJ 275 规定。7.1.5施工中产生的废水、生活污水排放，应符合 GB 8978 要求；产生的废浆液、岩屑、钻渣等废弃物，经沉淀和固化处理后，应满足 GB 18599 要求。7.1.6终孔后应按照设计要求做好完井或封孔，设置永久性标志。7.2油气井施工7.2.1施工工艺宜采用转盘钻进、顶驱钻进、孔底动力钻进等技术工艺，钻进循环介质为空气、清水或环保钻井液，应控制钻井液密度平衡地层压力。7.2.2施工产生的废液、废气、固体废弃物处理按 7.1.5 规定执行。7.2.3施工中钻井液性能测试，应遵循如下规定：正常钻进时，每 6 t8 t 测一次钻井液常规性能；储层段起钻前应测一次钻井液常规性能；特殊作业时，应增加监测频次；高温深井段钻进时，应根据井底温度，每 3 d4 d 监测钻井液高温高压性能应至少一次；处理钻井液的前后，应监测全套钻井液性能并做好记录，分析每次维护处理的效果。井下发生气侵、盐水侵、膏岩侵、卡钻等复杂及事故时，应增加监测频次，采取相应措施控制各种侵蚀对环境造成的影响；发现气侵应及时排除，气侵钻井液未经排气不应重新注入井内；电测前进行钻井液循环时，应取钻井液样品作滤失试验，保留试验结果的泥饼并收集大于 10 ml的滤液待用。7.2.4储层的保护，应遵循如下规定：进入储层的钻井液应进行改造或改性，其组分及性能要与油气层特性相匹配；根据储层物性特征和潜在伤害因素选用储层保护剂，钻井液用储层保护剂一般包含有与储层相匹配的屏蔽暂堵剂、无渗透封堵剂、防渗封堵剂、表面张力降低剂、粘土抑制稳定剂等。7.2.5压裂材料选用及重复利用，按 7.5.4 规定执行。5遇硫化氢污染时，应加入烧碱、除硫剂、缓释剂，控制滤液中硫化氢含量低于 50  mg/m ；DB43/T 237220227.2.6硫化氢、二氧化碳气侵预防与处理，应遵循如下规定：进入含硫气层 50 m100 m 前，井浆中应加入除硫剂，控制 pH 值 9.511，并保持钻井液较好的流变性、脱气性；在含硫地层钻进时，保持除硫剂含量在 0.51.5，pH 值控制在 9.511；3遇二氧化碳污染，应加入石灰、缓释剂、消泡剂，提高 pH 值至 9.510.5，并调节好流变性。7.2.7固井井段按设计要求施工，终孔后按 7.1.6 规定执行。7.3水文、地热井施工7.3.1施工工艺宜采用牙轮钻头钻进、空气潜孔锤钻进、气举反循环钻进等施工技术工艺。钻井液应满足不破坏含水层结构、不堵塞含水层过水通道，成井后粘度自然降解，泥皮自破等要求。7.3.2在地压型、高温或蒸汽地热田施工时，钻井浆液循环系统应安装井控装置，合理选择使用钻具内防喷装置、气体分离器、钻井液液面监测装置。7.3.3采用气动潜孔锤或气举反循环等易产生粉尘的钻井工艺，应采用湿式作业或采取井口除尘措施；施工产生的废液、废气、固体废弃物处理按 7.1.5 执行。7.3.4高温钻井时钻头之上、主动钻杆之下宜各安装一个止逆阀，预防井喷或溢流发生。7.3.5地热钻井采用气举反循环施工及进行降压试验作业时，应及时向井内补充钻井液或清水，监测周边水位变化状态并采取相应的措施。7.3.6施工中应时刻关注孔内水位的变化状态，发现钻井液损耗异常时，应采用环保材料堵漏或下入套管等方法进行封堵；需固井的井段按设计要求施工，减轻钻井施工及抽水试验作业对地下水的污染和对环境造成扰动破坏。7.3.7抽水、放水试验的地热水及自溢井热水排放，应采取相应的导流或封闭处理措施，防止热水排放对环境的影响。7.3.8洗井及封孔按设计要求施工，设置永久性标志。7.4盐井施工7.4.1施工工艺宜采用“一基多孔、多口对接”方案，同一个施工场地，实施多口井对接；在老矿区应安装井控装置，合理选用井（孔）口防喷装置、钻井液液面监测装置。7.4.2在非含盐层段，宜选用水基钻井液；当钻孔将要进入盐层时，应配置成饱和盐水钻井液。7.4.3进入盐层前须进行氯离子测试，盐层钻进应使用饱和盐水钻井液，不得使用沥青等处理剂。7.4.4饱和盐水钻井液施工时，应封闭泥浆池（灌）、循环槽、沉淀池等，防止地表水的浸入和钻井液的泄漏。7.4.5盐井施工不应采用放射性测井。7.4.6水溶性盐类矿床封井宜全孔注水泥浆封闭，矿层段采用饱和盐水配水泥浆，非矿层段采用清水配水泥浆。7.4.7施工产生的废液、废气、固体废弃物处理按 7.1.5 规定执行。7.4.8终孔后应按照设计要求做好完井或封孔施工，设置永久性标志。7.5钻井液管理7.5.1钻井液循环系统宜采用移动式泥浆箱，避免现场开挖；确需开挖的，泥浆池底部及四周应铺设防渗材料。7.5.2钻井（深孔钻探）平台应安装挡泥伞。6DB43/T 237220227.5.3钻井液应采用优质环保浆液，钻井液材料及处理剂应符合 GB/T 5005 规定。7.5.4钻井液材料及处理剂应分类集中存放，采取“上盖下垫”、防雨防潮等措施。7.5.5压裂施工应采用活性水清洁压裂液，压裂返排液宜重复利用，如有未回收利用的或不能利用的压裂废水，应运至专业废水厂进行处理。8  综合管理8.1驻地管理8.1.1项目驻地管理应明确绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）岗位职责，建立健全管理制度，规范设置项目概况、环境保护措施等标示牌，驻地管理应符合 DZ/T 0351 要求。8.1.2优先采用公用电网，如自行发电的，应采用低噪音和低污染物排放的发电设备。8.1.3作业区产生的废弃物应按照 GB 50869 要求进行处置。8.1.4生活区应符合但不限于如下要求：生活垃圾应分类收集，定期送往就近垃圾处理地；对有毒有害的垃圾应回收处置；自建厕所应采用三级商用化粪池。8.2和谐施工8.2.1规范作业人员行为，遵守当地乡规民约，尊重当地风俗习惯及宗教信仰，与当地居民和谐相处。8.2.2项目实施过程中，应保持与地方政府及相关部门、当地居民的沟通与协调，处理好各方 关系。8.2.3接受社会监督，及时回应各方关切；场地修建、环境恢复和治理效果，应与当地自然生态环境相协调统一。8.3安全文明施工8.3.1井（孔）位勘定后，应对施工现场地质灾害危险性评估和环境影响进行评价，应制定生产安全事故应急预案，报当地政府部门备案。8.3.2驻地及施工现场的工程概况牌、管理人员名单及监督电话牌、安全文明施工牌、绿色勘查施工管理制度牌、钻探安全操作规程牌、危险源警示牌、岗位责任牌和施工现场平面布置图应整洁、齐全、规范、醒目，现场材料存放规范。8.3.3现场安全环保设施、劳保用品应配备齐全；作业人员着装统一，正确穿戴劳保用品，遵守安全操作规程，杜绝违章作业、违章指挥、违反劳动纪律行为。8.3.4施工机械传动外露部位应安装防护罩或设置安全防护栏，施工操作场地及通道应铺设土工布及防滑钢网，保持场地规范整洁、无污染、无积水。8.3.5施工区栈道、爬梯、施工平台、坑池洞边、高处临边等危险区域，应设置安全防护栏，施工场区外围设置安全警戒隔离栏，悬挂安全防护网。8.3.6现场应配备灭火器、铁铲、沙袋等消防设施，实行可视定置管理。8.4设备安装维护8.4.1岩心钻机安装应按 DZ/T 0227 规定执行，石油钻机/水文钻机安装应按 SY/T 6586 规定执行。8.4.2设备安装应满足水平、稳定、周正、牢固、齐备、完好等基本要求。7DB43/T 237220228.4.3设备应按生产厂家说明和设备管理制度进行维护保养，不应有漏水、漏油、漏气、漏电等安全隐患，燃油动力设备应安装尾气净化装置与减音装置。8.5职业健康8.5.1施工单位应建立作业人员健康检查、疾病预防、饮食卫生和驻地卫生管理制度。8.5.2职业健康应符合 GB 14161、GB 16423、GB/T 45001、GB/T 24001、AQ 2004、SY/T 6276 等规定。8.6节能降耗8.6.1优化施工方案设计，实现土地、能源、材料的充分利用与节约。8.6.2优先采用工业电网供电和使用清洁能源，应根据施工工序合理调配能源利用时间，减少柴油机发电时间。8.6.3现场照明采用 12 V 或 24 V 安全电源，条件许可宜采用光电、风电等清洁能源。8.6.4废旧材料应分类存放，回收利用。8.7污染源防控8.7.1固体废弃物防控固体废弃物防控，应遵守如下规定：固体废弃物应遵循“及时清理，分类管理，回收利用”原则，应分类设置收集桶，废弃物应无害化处理或外运至专业场所处理；做好岩粉处理工作，监管岩粉捞取、运输、存放及最后的填埋或外运全过程，岩粉处置率 100；提倡使用可降解的一次性餐具，防止白色污染。8.7.2液体污染防控液体污染物防控，应遵守如下规定：现场设置废油收集桶，废弃油料应收集回收利用或专业处置，设备安装、搬运、运行、保养中应防止油料泄漏；钻井液循环系统的清水池、钻井液池、循环槽（沟）等宜采用管道和构件结构的沟槽及箱体等，实现钻井液的配制、固控、净化、循环不落地。施工结束后应做好封井（孔）工作，确保封井质量，恢复地下水环境或减轻钻井（深孔钻探）施工对地下水环境的影响。8.7.3空气污染防控空气污染物防控，应遵守如下规定：燃油机动力设备安装尾气净化装置及排气管，尾气排放应符合 GB 3095 规定；油气井、地热井应做好井控与防喷工作，制定预防二氧化碳、甲烷、硫化氢等有害气体污染环境措施；施工现场不应燃烧产生烟尘和有毒有害废气的油类物质、化学物品及其他物料。8.7.4噪声污染在学校、机关、居民区、动物养殖区、野生动物栖息地等附近施工，施工噪声应符合 GB 3096 规定。8.7.5扬尘污染防控8DB43/T 23722022扬尘污染防控，应遵守如下规定：设置在线环境监测系统，对温度、湿度、风向、风速、风级等参数进行实时监测；每天根据天气情况合理安排洒水降尘作业时间，以不起灰尘为标准；采取空气钻进工艺时，钻井井口应设置降尘装置；配备钻井液