2017年小升初英语语法复习(精).pdf
第一章名词同学们,让我们一起来观察下面的单词:banana water cup bird man mother father life ideaBeijing China Smith Monday No.2 Middle School the Great Wall我们发现,以上单词都是表示人或事物名称的词,我们把它们称为名词,用符号n.来表示。名词到底学什么?一是名词的分类;二是名词的数;三是名词的所有格“第 一 节 名词的分类专有名词:China,the Great Wall,接下来,我们来学习一下名词的分类。Helen(世上独一无二):专有名词和由普通名词构成的专名名单数 a bookIC可数名词 Y词 复数 two books:普 通 名 词 two cups of coffee常用的数量词的表达结构:(必会)a glass of(一玻璃杯),a cup of(一茶杯.),a bottle of(一瓶),a piece of(一片、和条等),a loaf of(一块),a pound of(一磅),a pair of(一双,副,条),a bag of(一袋),等。4.单个不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例 口:Air is very important for us.拓展部分:同学们,该我们找规律了。(一)many students,a few books(有一些书),few books(没几本书),a numberof students(许 多学生),(the number of students的数量,后面谓语动词用单数,比如be动词用is)a lot of apples(许多苹果)some eggs修饰可数名词复数的词:many,a few,few,a number of,the number of,a lot of(二)much money a little money(有一些钱)liltle money(几乎没钱)a lot of money(许 多钱)some money修饰不可数名词的词:much,a little,little,a lot of,some(三)既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词为:a lot of,some第 二 节 名 词 的 所 有 格一、定义:名词所有格即表示这个名词归谁所有的问题。名词的这种所有格吧!共分为三种类型:飞所有格,o f所 有 格,双重所有格,(一)飞所有格:名词+为或+s(多表示有生命的东西;1.单数名词的所有格+s:例如:Toms book,Children、Day2.复数以s结尾只+例如:Teachers9 Day3.表示两个人的所有格:如果两人“共用”一个物体,则只在后一个人的后面+s例如:Lucy和Lily的房间:Lucy and Lilys room(两人共用);如果两人“各用各的“,则都需要分别+8.例如:Lucys and Lilys rooms(一人一间)做题技巧:关键看 后的名词:如果是“单数”说明两人共有,只在后者+s。如果是“复数”,说明各是各的,两个词都要+s。4.表示某人的“家,店铺 等所有格用s后的名词常省略。(新一 L69)例如:at the butchers(shop)go to my mothers(house)口诀:想用职业来表地点,人的前面+th e,后面+s。at the baker5s,注意:如果是人名,则不用前加th e,只在其后加s(例如:at Marys.5.特殊用法:(1)After the exam weH have a two months holiday二 a two-month holiday(2)Every morning Mr.Smith takes a 20 minutes walk to his office.=a 20-minute walk(3)There is a five stars?hotel.=a five-star hotel口诀:数-单名作定语,修饰其后的名词。表时间,距离常用s所有格。二、o f所 有 格(多表示无生命的东西)例如:a photo of my family,a map of China/the world特殊:用“to”表示所有格:the key to the door,the answer to the question,the entrance to the park三、双重所有格1.1 meet(遇至4)every morning.A.a friend of mine.B.a friend of my.C.a friend of me.注意:双重所有格:.of+ns 例如:a friend of my fathers/Marys mothersof+名词性物主代词 例如:a friend of mine(his hers、theirs)第二章一般现在时一、定义:表示目前的状态或经常性的动作。Jerry is a big guy.He eats three bowls of meat every day.二、结 构1.“主系表”结构:e g:You are a studentYou are not a student.Are you a student?Yes,you are.No,you arent.肯:主+be(am,is,are)+表。否:主+be(am,is,are)+not+表。疑:Be+主+表?肯定回答:Y es,主+be.否 定回 答:N o,主+be not.(可缩写)am not is not=isn,t are not=aren,t2.“主+谓+宾”结构肯:主(三单)+谓+S+宾否:主(三单)+dorfdoesnt+v.原+宾。疑:Do/Does+主+v.原形+宾?肯定回答:Y es,主+d o/d o es.否定回答:N o,主+dont/doesnt.例如:He likes English.(变否)He doesnt like English.(变疑)Does he like English?Yes,he does./No,he doesnt.3.特殊疑问句(1)结构:特词+助v.+主+谓v原+其它?He does his homework every day.(变否、变疑、并对划线部分提问)特 疑:What does he do every day?解析:否定句中的doesnt为助动词,第二个d o为实义动词。He brushes his teeth three times a day.对 three times 提问:(即对次数提问)How many times does he brush his teeth a day?对 three times a day 提问:(对频率提问)How often does he brush his teeth?三、动词变化1.三 单 概 念(1)当主语为第三人称单数,he/she/it(2)一个物a cat等(3)一个人 Tom,my friend 等2.动 词的单三形式变化变化口诀:s,es,y 变 i,have 变 has。(2)一般情况 词尾+s:works,looks,wants(3)以-ch,-sh,-s,-x,-o 结尾 词尾+es:teaches,washes,dresses,fixes,goes(4)以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i,再 加es:flies,cries,tries四、标志性时间状语判 断 一 个 句子是什么时态的依据就是要学会“依 照 时间,来定时态”。即“依 时 定 态 例 如:He runs(run)every day.“一般现在时”的时间状语:1.every 系 歹 可:every day/every week/every month/every yearI go to school on foot every day.2.“频率副词”系歹ij:always,usually,often,sometimes 等(渐 弱)频率副词在句子中的“位 置 口 诀 :“be”之 后,行 之 前,情、“助与 行”之间。但:sometimes常用于句首或句尾。(1)Tom is often late for school.Mary is always beautiful.(2)I oftei?go to school at 6:00.Girls usually like sweets.(3)He can always answer these questions.(4)I dont often go to school at 3:00.(be之后)(“行”之前)(情与行之间)(助与行之间)(5)Sometimes he goes to school by bus.3.on Sundays(每逢星期几)系列:On Saturdays/On Friday/On MondayI go to see my grandmother on Sundays.4.once a week(系歹”):twice a month,three times a day.等I write to my mother twice a month.五、用法1.经常性、习惯性动作或状态。2.习 语、谚语。A friend in need is friend indeed.3.“客观真理不动摇”:始终要用一般现在时。The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.解 析:当主句的谓语动词是过去时态,则所有的从句都要带上过去的帽子,但“客观真理不动摇。“不管你的老师说不说,地球都绕着太阳转,这是一个客观真理。例 如:The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.4.if条件句、时间状语从句中一般现在时表将来。(主将从现)If he comes back,I will tell you.When he comes back,I will tell you.As soon as he comes back,I will tell you.第 三 章 冠 词一.定 义:冠词是用在名词前 面,说明名词所表示的人或事物的词。名 词 是 秃 子,需要戴帽子,帽子就是冠词。二.分 类:不 定 冠 词a/an,定 冠 词th e,零冠词第 一 节a(n)的用法用法口诀:一个,一 类,某一,另一,不 见 原 因(元 音)不 施 恩(n)o解 析:(1)表示数量,有 一个 的意思,eg:There are 7 days in a week.(2)表示一类人或者是物,eg:A bird can fly.(3)泛指一类名词中的某一个,eg:Tom is an actor.(4)用于“序数词”前表“另一”例如:He have been to Beijing twice.I want to go to Beijing a third time.提 示:a third time:又一次,再一次 the third tim e:第三次(5)元音因素前要用不定冠词an:an apple an interesting book(6)用于某些固定搭配中:a lot of,a few,a little,a number of,after a while(不肖后),give sb a hand(帮助某人),in a hurry,half an hour,wanta go=have a try,catch(have)a cold(感冒),have a bath/shower,have a drink,have a fever(发烧),have a rest,in a/one word(总之),have a word with sb(和某人谈话),give a lesson(教课)三.特 殊 用 法1.在2 6个字母中,当以下12个字母单独出现时,其前要用an.它们是:/e/:f,1,m,n,s,x(共 6 个)/ei/:a,h(共 2 个)/i:/:e/a:/:r/su/:o Zai/:ia,e,i,o,f,h,1,m,n,r,s,x/共 12 个。为了记忆,把它们编成一个口诀:Mr.Li has one fox.例如:There is an s in the word“six”.2.特殊单词首字母的发音:注意以下以h开头的单词用a n,因为h在此处不发音。eg:an hour an honor(荣誉)an honest boy(一位诚实的男孩)分两种情况:(单词以u开头)当字母 u 发/ju:/时,前面用 a.例如:a university;a useful book;a uniform(制 月 艮),a unit(单元)当字母 u 发/A/时,前面用 a n.例如:an uncle;an umbrella;an ugly duckling(丑小鸭)解析:虽是元音字母开头,但要考虑的是元音音素。应根据情况而定。3one 前应用 a.There is a one-leg table.解析:因为发/w/音。用 a.第 二 节“定冠词”the一、发音:1.在辅音音素前读:/So/:eg:the book.2.在元音音素前发生音变,读:/di:/(重读)或/说/(弱读)例如:in the aftemoon/evening,the old man,the other one二、八大用法:口决:“特指双方熟悉,上文已经提及;世上独一无二,序数词最高级;某些专有名词,习语以及乐器;形容词前表一类,姓氏复数表一家。”解析:1.特指双方熟悉:(说话双方均知道的那个人或物)例如:Where is the math teacher?He is over there.2.上文已经提及:I have a pen.工艇pen is red.也符合:第一次提到泛指用a/an,再次提到特指用the3.表“世上独一无二“:The sun is rising.the world,the moon,the earth;4.在序数词,形容词最高级前:I am the first to get to school.He is the tallest boy in our school.5.某些专有名词:由普通名词构成的专有名词:词组:the Yellow River(黄河),the Summer Palace(颐和园),the U nited States(美国),the Peoples Republic ofChina(中华人民共和国),the Childrens Palace(少年宫)6.习语以及乐器:部分习惯用语中n.前常加the:all the time(一直),at the age of(在.岁时),all the same(仍然),at the moment(此刻),do the shopping/washing/买衣月艮/洗衣月艮,by the way。顿便说),in the morning,in the open air(在户夕卜),in the east/west/south/north乐器前必加the:口决:“打球下棋者衣冠不整,演奏乐器者衣冠整齐”例 如:play football,play chess 但:play the piano play the violin补充:西洋乐器前加th e,但是中国本地的不用。例如:play_Erhu Key:/7.the+(部分)adj表:“一类人”:例 如:the poor/rich/old/young/sick/blind/new/dead8.the+姓s表:“夫妇俩,一家人”例 如:The Smiths(=The Smith family)are having lunch.(Smith 一家)第 三 节 零 冠 词用法口决:下列情况应免冠,专有名词不可数,复数名词表泛指,颜色语种和国名,代词限定名词前;学科球类三餐前;两节星期月份前;(节日、季节)称呼习语及头衔。解析:(1)“代词”限定“名词”前:当名词前面有“代词”修饰时,不用冠词。例如:He is our Math teachero(our 把 a 顶掉)(2)“专有名词”“不可数”:专有名词:单个国名,人名,地名。例如:China,India,England等前不加任何冠词。但the U nited States,the Great Wall是“由普通名词构成的专有名词“前必加the。不可数名词前一般不加冠词,但表特指时加定冠词Ihe。(3)“学科”“球类”“三餐”前;学科前不用 the:例如:Do you like Maths?Key:/球类前不加the:play+球 不 用the;(而:play the+乐器)三餐前不用the:have lunch 但当三餐前有修饰语时,常用a/an:例 如:have a big good(nice,light)lunch(4)“复数名词”表泛指:(必定是可数名词)例如:Horses are useful animals.=A(The)horse is a useful animal.注意:当泛指“人类”时,常 用M an来表示。例如:Man cant live without(没有)water or a ir.没有水和空气人类就不能生存。(而不用 the man 或 a m an.)“两 节(节日、季节)”“星期”“月份前;以day组成的节日前不用the:例如:Childrens Day;Mothers Day;MidAutumn Day不以D ay结尾的节日前加the:例如:the Spring Festival,the Mid-Autumn Festival;the New Year 等季节前一般不加 the:例如:in spring/summer/autumn(fall)/winter但 是in the spring of 1992(当有修饰语或特指时可以加the)On Sunday.In May.(6)“颜色”“语种”和“国名”:例如:The book is red.English is a useful language.China is a big country.(7)“称呼”“习语”及“头衔”.称呼:Mr.Wang is waiting for you.Here it is,Mom!习惯用语:by+工具:by bike/bus/air/plane/train/ship 等。词组:be at school,be at work,be in hospital(住院),by mistake(错误地),at night,here and there(至|处),day and night,on time,at home,on duty,go home,go to bed,be in trouble头衔前不加冠词:例如:Doctor(头衔),I have a headache.第 四 章 动 词一、什么是动词?表示动作或状态的词叫做动词。二、动词的种类按照动词的词义和动词在句子中所起的作用来划分,动词可分为五大类:1.B e动词 b e动词很特殊,既可以作系动词又可以作助动词,而且用途广泛。用法口诀:我 用 a m,你 用 are,is 跟着他她它,复数形式都用are。2.实义动词 实义动词也叫行为动词,能独立作谓语。如:The lion opened its huge mouth and roared(口 包 哮).实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。1)及物动词,后面可以直接接宾语。如:Judy found a Christmas gift in the stocking.2)不及物动词,不需要宾语。如:The car stopped.不及物动词后如跟宾语,须加上介词。如:listen to me3)有些动词既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词。如:play:play a game;play with yoyo.4)有些动词既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词,但意义不一样。如:ask:ask for help;ask him to go out3.系动词 系动词也叫连系动词,不能单独作谓语,必须和名词,形容词等一起使用,作句子的谓语。常用的系动词有:1)b e动 词(是最基本的系动词)如:I am from Hollywood.2)五官动词:look,sound,smell,taste,feel 如:The boy looks very happy.3)变d匕 动 力 司:get,become,turn 等。如:The leaves turn green in fall.4)状态动词:keep,stay 等。如:Please keep quiet in the library.4.助动词 助动词有 be;do,does,did;will(would),shall(should);have,has,had 它们和实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态,以及构成否定和疑问结构等。如:The child is crying.5.情态动词 表示说话人的语气或情态。情态动词词义不完全,不能单独作谓语,只能与动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词有 shall,should,will,would,can,could,may,might,must,dare,need,ought to 等。三、动词的基本形式动词原形动词原形就动词的五种基本形式这五种形式的动词和助动词一起构成了动词的各种时态和语态。1.动词原形2.第三人称单数现在式3.过去式4.现在分词5.过去分词是在词典词目中所使用的动词形式。如:be do work live come like2.第三人称单数现在式的构成1)变化口诀:s,es,y 变 i,have 变 has。变化规则动词原形第三人称单数现在式 一 般 情 况 词 尾+Swork,look,wantworks,looks,wants(2)以ch,sh,-s,-x,-o结尾 词尾+esteach,wash,dress,fix,goteaches,washes,dresses,fixes,goes(3)以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i,再 加esfly,cry,tryflies,cries,tries发2)动词单三形式的发音规则音口诀:清清,浊浊,元浊,/t,d/后 发/ts/和/d z/,遇到/s,z;爪d;J,3;/发 危九当动词尾音为清辅音时,加s或es后发/s/:looks,helps,jumps当动词尾音为浊辅音或元音时,加s或es后发/z/:opens,airs当动词尾音为/t,d/时,力 口 s后发/ts/和/dz/:cuts,needs当动词尾音为/s,z;tf,d3;J,3/时,发/iz/:teaches,washes3.过去式和过去分词的构成1)变化口诀:直,去,双,变。变化规则动词原形过去式和过去分词 一 般 情 况,词尾+edwalk,work,helpwalked,worked,helped 以 不 发 音 字 母e结尾,去e加eddecide,hope,likedecided,hoped,liked(3)辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i,再加-edcarry,hurry,flycarried,hurried,flied(4)以“辅+元+辅”结尾,且重读时,双写末辅+edstop,nod,planstopped,nodded,planned【注】上面介绍的都是过去式和过去分词的规则变化,也就是“动词原形+ed”。实际上,还有许多动词的过去式和过去分词的变化是不规则的。如:l.AAA型:动词原形、过去式、过去分词形式都相同:cut-cut,cut(切割)2.A-B-B型:过去式与过去分词形式相同:bringbrought,brought(带来)3.A-B-C型:动词原形、过去式、过去分词都不相同:gowent,gone(去)4.A-B型:情态动词没有过去分词:may-might(可能)这些不规则变化需要逐个记忆。更多的变化可以参考不规则动词表。2)规则动词过去式,过去分词的发音发音口诀:清清,浊浊,元浊,/t,d/后 发/id/。当尾音为清辅音时,加ed后发/t/looked,jumped,walked,washed,worked,asked,typed,watched,talked,thanked;helped;当尾音为浊辅音或元音时,加ed后发/d/cleaned,opened,sharpened,turned on,listened,aired;与单词尾音/t/一起构成/tid/:dusted,painted,waited,wanted,greeted;与单词尾音/d/一起构成/did/:decided,needed4.现在分词的构成变化口诀:直,去,双,变。四.有 关“have”的必背词组:变化规则动词原形现在分词(1)一般情况,词尾+inggo,ask,playgoing,asking,playing(2)以不发音字母e结尾,去e,再加-ingwrite,come,takewriting,coming,taking以“辅+元+辅”结尾,且重读时,双写末辅+ingcut,run,nodcutting,running,nodding(4)以ie结尾时,变ie为y,加inglie,die,tielying,dying,tyinghave breakfast/lunch/dinner/supper/a meal 吃早餐/午饭/晚餐/一顿饭have tea/a glass of water:喝茶/一杯水have a swim 游泳have a haircut 理发have a party 开晚会have a smoke/cigarette 吸烟have a car crash 出车祸have a look 看一看have a walk 散步have a drink 喝一杯have a bath 洗澡have a lesson 上课have a holiday 度假have a meeting 开会have a rest/break 休 息一下have a seat 坐下have a picnic 野餐 have a try 试一试have a picnic 野餐have a headache/toothache/cold/cough/a fever 头 痛(牙痛/感冒/咳嗽/发烧)(系 歹 Qhave a good time=have fun 过得愉快二enjoy oneself第五章现在进行时一、定义1.表示“此刻“正在进行的动作o His mother is kicking his ass.Look!A fly is flying in the classroom.2.表示“现阶段”正在进行的动作。The writer is writing a new book these days.这些天作家正在写一本新书。译文:表示“某 人(现在、现阶段)正在做事”二、句式构成肯:主+be(am、is、are)+Ving.(现在分词)。e.g.We are learning English.我们正在学英语。否:i+be+not+V-ingo eg:We are not learning English疑:Be+主+V-ing+?Are you learning English?答:肯:Yes,主+be.否:No,主+be+not.(缩略式)特:特殊疑问句常考题型为对划线部分提问-对不同句子成分的提问The boys are playing games on the playground now.(可对四部分提问但不对时间状语now提问)1.对“主语“(The boys)提问:Who is playing games on the playground?2.对“谓语+宾语”(playing games)提问:What are the boys doing on the playground?3.对“宾语”(games)提问:What are boys playing on the playground?4.对“地点状语”(on the playground)提问:Where are the boys playing games?三、动词变化(一)现在分词V-ing变化规则 口诀:直、去、双、变“直”:直接+-ing:doing,going,standing,walking,playing,emptying;“去:去词尾不发音的 e+-ing:coming,riding,writing,dancing,making,changing,driving,becoming,inviting,typing,shaving,arriving,phoning,但:seeing,being 不用。“双:双写尾字母+-ing:putting,sitting,running,beginning,swimming,shopping,shutting,getting,letting,digging,preferring,babysitting(traveling 或 traveling)“变,:以 ie 结尾,变 ie 为 y+-ing:die dying lie-lying tie-tying(be dying=奄奄一息)(二)发音规则:-ing发“英”的音。其应与前面v.的尾音像拼音一样“连读”即可.四、标志性“时间状语”1.now,at the moment,at this moment,at this time.“现在,土 匕 亥 those days 这阶段e.g.They are playing basketball now.Which company are you working for at present?浦析:这组词意为“现在、此刻“,表明动作正在发生,故用现在进行时2.Look!Listen!口诀:Look!Listen!来提醒,动作正在进行中。e.g.Listen!Mary is singing.听!Mary 正在唱歌。Look!He is playing football.瞧!他在踢足球。3.Be quiet,Be quick;Hurry u p.,块点e.g.Be quiet!The baby is sleeping.e.g.Be quick/Hurry up,or you will be late.Be quick.They are waiting for us outside.总结:以上小的祈使句出现,后面可用 现进 或“将来”时态,应依据题意来判断。五、特殊用法1.一些介词短语用于“主+系+表 结构中表进行时e.g.be at w ork.在工作be at table在吃饭be at church 在做礼拜be at school 在上学2.表示思想,感情,状态等的动词一般不用于进行时,e.g.like,love,hope(希望),wish(但愿),want,know,understand,belong to(属于),think(认为),live,have(有).e.g.I live in Beijing.He wants to go shopping with his mother.3.以下动词如:go,come,leave,start,move,arrive,fly等,表“来来去去 的 趋向性 动词常用“现进”表“将来e.g.I am coming.Were leaving tomorrow.第 六 章 数 词数词分为基数词和序数词,常用来修饰名词第 一 节 基 数 词一、定义:表示“数量”的词叫做基数词。我们常说的one,two,three.二、基数词的“读法”及“写法”口诀:基数词很容易,一到十二单独记十几拼写有特点,teen加在几后面;说到整十也简单,几字后面t y安;若要表示几十几,几十加横再加几,要问几百几十几,几百a n d几十几;特殊情况有八个,五个几十,仁十几。(thirteen,fifteen,eighteen,twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,eighty)见下表:(必背会)1 one11 eleven20 twenty100 a/one hundred2 two12 twelve30 thirty1,000 a thousand3 three13 thirteen40 forty1,000,000 a million4 four14 fourteen50 fifty1,000,000,000 a billion5 five15 fifteen60 sixty6 six16 sixteen70 seventy7 seven17 seventeen80 eighty8 eight18 eighteen90 ninety9 nine19 nineteen10 ten分数:3/4-three-fourthshundreds of students,2 hundred studentsdozen-打:2 dozen eggs(24 个鸡蛋),dozens of eggs(成打儿的鸡蛋)解析:1.数字“1 12”:个别记忆。2.数字“13 19”:是在个位后面+teen。fourteen,sixteen,seventeen,nineteen.但有特殊性:three-thirteen five-fifteen eight-eighteen3.数字“几十”:是在个位后面+ty。sixty,seventy,ninety但有特殊性:twotwenty,three一thirty,fourforty(去 u),five-fifty,eight-eighty,4.数字“几十几”(2199):在“十位数”和“个位数”之间+连 字 符 构成。e.g.24=twenty-four 73=seventy-three 口 诀:几十加横再加几5.数字“几百几”(101-999):百位hundred之后+and。e.g.123 one hundred and twenty-three 解析:口诀:几百 and 几十几6.数字“1,000”以 上:eg:50,000=fifty thousand(注 意:thousand 后不用加 S)7.“逢十进一”与“逢千进一”:汉个十百千万十万百万千万万万(亿)十亿英one,twotenhundredthousand/million/billion(1)英语中“个位数”以下是 十 进 制 千以上”却是“逢千进一”,故英语中没有“万、十万、千万、万万 等词。(2)凡遇较大数目,每三位加一个分节号。(3)口诀:从右向左三逗开,一 逗 千(thousand),二 逗 百 万(million),三逗就是十 万 万(billion),左右三位分开读,保你又快又喜欢。e.g.1,532=one thousand five hundred and thirty-twoe.g.l214000000 划分节号 1,214,000,000第 二 节 基 数 词用法L 口诀:具体数字两无(。;泛指数字两有(+S,of)例 如:300 名学生 three hundred students成百上千的学生 hundreds of students几百个学生 several hundred students(1)There are two students in our school.A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundred of D.hundreds of(2)After the war,thousands of(成千上万)people became home less.2.in one飞+“几十的复数”:表示“在某人岁时”e.g.在我二十 几岁时 in my twe