大学英语自学教程.pdf

大学英语自学教程（上册）WORD文本Unit 1Text ANew wordssuccessful a.成 功 的 adult n.成年人 a.成年的；成熟的disagree vi.有分歧的；不 同 意 statement n.声明；陈述guarantee n.保证；担保；保 修 intelligent a.聪明的；明智的conversely ad.相 反 地 similar a.相似的；类似的independent a.独立的；自主的patlern n.l.型；模式；样式；2.花样；图样guesser n.猜 测 者 clue n.线索；提 示 conclusion n.结论；推论communicate vi.通讯;交流；交 际 vt.传达；传播communication n.L通讯，交流；2 传达；3 通讯联系；交通工具inexact a.不正确的，不精确的incomplete a.不完整的purpose n.1 目地，意图；2 用途，regularly ad.整齐地，经常地，定期地purposefully ad.有目的地；蓄意地technique n.l 技术；2 技巧，手艺outline vt.概括；提 出 要 点 n.轮廓；大纲，提纲Phrases and Expressionsto disagree w ith与 有分歧；不 一 致 first of a ll首先；第一to depend o n 依赖；依靠；依 而 定 be willing t o 愿意；乐意be interested in 对 感兴趣 on the other hand 另一方面How to Be a Successful Language Learner?Learning a language is easy.Even a child can do it!Most adults who are learning a second languagewould disagree with this statement.For them,learning a language is very difficult task.They need hundreds of hours of study and practice,and even this will not guarantee successfor every adult language learner.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.Some people who are very intelligentand successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learningConversely,some people who are successful language learnersfind it difficult to succeed in other fields.Language teachers often offer advice to language learners:Read as much as you can in the new language.1Practice speaking the language every day.“Live with people who speak the language.Dont translate-try to think in the new language.*Learn as a child would leam;play with the language.But what does a successful language learner do?Language learning researchshows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.First of all,successful language learners are independent learnersThey do not depend on the book or the teacher;they discover their own way to learn the language.Instead of waiting for the teacher to explainthey try to find the patterns and the rulers for themselves.They are good guesserswho look for clues and form their own conclusions.When they guess wrong,they guess again.They try to learn from their mistakes.Successful language learning is active learning.There fore,successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language;they look for such a chance.They find people who speak the languageand they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake.They will try anything to communicate.They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things;they are willing to make mistakes and try again.When communication is difficult,they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete.It is more important for themto learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.Finally,successful language learners are learners with a purpose.They want to learn the language because they are interested in the languageand the people who speak it.It is necessary for them to learn the languagein order to communicate with these people and to learn from them.They find it easy to practice using the language regularlybecause they want to learn with it.What kind of language learner are you?If you are a successful language learner,you have probably been learning independently,actively,and purposefully.On the other hand,if your language learning has been less than successfulyou might do well to try some of the technique outlined above.Text BNew wordsinstance n.fj,实 例 deaf a.聋的；听力不佳的dumb a.哑的；无 信 的 Englishman n.英国人Italian n.意大利人；意大利语waiter n.侍者；服务员beer n.啤 酒 soda-water n.苏打水，汽水traveler n.旅客，旅 游 者 macaroni n.通 心 粉 primitive a.原始的exact精确的；正 确 的 consist vi.组 成 simply ad.仅；只parrot n.鹦鹉Phrases and Expressionsnot only.but also不但 而 且 neither.nor既不也不to consist of 由.组成LanguageWhen we want to tell other people what we think,we can do it not only with the help of words,but also in many other ways.For instance,we sometimes move our heads up and downwhen we want to say yes”and we move our heads from side to side when we want to sayno.People who can neither hear nor speak(that is,deaf and dumb people)talk to each other with the help of their fingers.People who do not understand each others language have to do the same.The following story shows how they sometimes do it,An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling in Italy.One day he entered a restaurant and sat down at a table.When the waiter came,the Englishman opened his mouth,put his fingers in it,took them out again and moved his lips.In this way he meant to say.“Bring me something to eat.The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea.The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understoodthat he didnt want tea,So he took it away and brought him some coffee.The Englishman,who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty,looked very sad.He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink.The waiter brought him wine,then beer,then soda,waler,but that wasnt food,of course.He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in.When this man saw the waiter,he put his hands on his stomach.That was enough：in a few minutes there was a large plate of macaroniand meat on the table before him.As you see,the primitive language of signs is not always very clear.The language of words is much more exact.Words consist of sounds,but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words.For example,we may say“Sh-sh-sh when we mean4tkeep silent.”When babies laugh,we know they are happy,and when they cry,we know they are ill or simply want something.It is the same with animals.When a dog says G-rr9,or a cat saysFffwe know they are angry.But these sounds are not language.Language consists of words which we put together into sentences.But animals can not do this：a dog can say Gr-rwhen he meansT am angry”but he cannot say firsfTand then am”and then“angry.”A parrot can talk like a man；it can repeat whole sentences and knows what they mean.We may say that a pairot talks,but cannot say that it really speaks,because it cannot form new sentences out of the words it knows.Only man has the power to do this.Unit 2Text ANew Wordstax n.税(款)vt.对 征 税 generally ad.一般的，通常，大体上federal a.联 邦 的 type n.类型，种类，品 种 vt./vi.打字salaried a.拿薪水的，领工资的salary n.工资 vt.earn vt.L挣得，赚得；2.获得，赢得percentage n.百分比，百分率vary vi.变化，有不同，呈 差 异 vt.改变，使不同graduated a.l.(税)累进的；2.分等级的；3.刻度的；4.毕业的sale n.出售，卖；廉价出售charge v t.l索价，2 指 控 n.l 费用；2 控告，指控；3 负责，主管；item n.条；条款，项目packet n.小包，小 盒 vt.打包，装行李；包装cigarette n.香烟，纸烟figure n.l.数字；2.人物；3.外形，轮 廓 vt.(o u t)演算出；想出；理解addition n.l.加，力 口 法；2.附加物revenue n.l.(国家的)税收；2.收入，收益diverse a.1.不同的，相异的；2.多种多样的confuse vt.使混乱，混 淆 property n.l 财产，资产，所有物；2 性质，物性excise n.国产税；本国消费税fund n.l.基金，专款 2.储备，贮 存 vt.供以款项，提供资金department n.部，部门，系 municipal a.市的，市政的complain vt./vi.抱怨(of,about)protest vt./vi.抗议，反对useless a.1.无用的；2.无价值的；3.无效的impractical a.不切实际的，不能实行的program(me)n.1.计划，规划；2.程序3.节目，节 目 单 vt.为 编程序view n.l.看法，见 解 观 点 2.视野，眼界；3.景色，风 景 vt.看待，考虑，估量issue n.l.问题，争论点；2.发行；3.(书 刊 的)期 号 vt.发行，颁布，出版tend vi.(to)易于，往 往 会；倾 向 于 vt.照管，护理Phrases and Expressionsbe sure o f 确信;确 定 to have a(the)corner(on)垄 断(某物)similar t o 跟 类似的；与同样的in addition t o 加之；又；除 之外；并且tend t o 倾向；有的 趋 势;趋 于Taxes,Taxes,and More TaxesAmericans often say that there are only two thingsa person can be sure of in life：death and taxes.Americans do not have a comer on thedeathmarket,but many people feel that the United Statesleads the world with the worst taxes.Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government.There are generally three levels of government in the United States：federal,state,and city；therefore,there are three types of taxes.Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollarsmust pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government.The percentage varies from person to person.It depends on their salaries.The federal government has a graduated income tax,that is,the percentage of the tax(14 to 70 percent)increases as a persons income increases.With the high cost of taxes,people are not very happy on April 15,when the federal taxes are due.The second tax is for the state government：New York,California North Dakota,or any of the other forty-seven statesSome states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.Of course,the percentage for the state tax is lower-Other states have a sales tax,which is a percentage charged to any itemwhich you buy in that state.For example,a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twentyfive cents.If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state,then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty seven cents.This figure includes the sales tax.Some states use income tax in addition to sales taxto raise their revenues.The state tax laws are diverse and confusing.The third tax is for the city.This tax comes in two forms：property tax(people who own a home have to pay taxes on it)and excise tax,which is charged on cars in a city.The cities use these funds for education,police and fire departments,public works and municipal buildings.Since Americans pay such high taxes,they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.People always complain about taxes.They often protest that the government uses their tax dollarsin the wrong way.They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programsAlthough Americans have different views on many issues,they tend to agree on one subject;taxes are too high.Text BNew Wordsadvertise vt.为做广告；登广告attract vt.吸引，引起的注意design vt./vi.1.设计；2.预定，指定mail n.邮件，由 B 递 vl.邮寄constantly a d.经常地；不断地；时常地product n.产品，产物persuade vt.1.说服，劝服;2.使相信leisure 1.空闲时间，空暇；2.悠 闲，安逸activity 1.活动，活跃；2.行动classified a.l.分类的，被归为一 类的；2.保 密 的，机密的edition n.版，版本section n.l.章节，部分；2.部门，科；3.截面，剖面announcement n.通告,布告，告 示 available a.可利用的,可获得的amount n.数量，数额，总 数 v i.合计，共计(to)display n./vt.1.陈列，展览；2.显示entertainment n.l.(戏院，马戏团等 的)娱乐，游艺，技艺 表演；2.招 待，款待audience n.听众，观 众,读 者 limited a.有限的attractive a.有吸引力的，引起注意的characteristic a.特有的，典型的；为.特有的(of)n.特性，特征slogan n.标语，口 号 identify vt.认出，鉴定；认为等同于(wilh)commercial a.商业的，商务的；n.商业广告department n.部，部门，系responsible a.1.需负责的，承担 责任的(for)company n.1.公司；2.同伴，陪伴particular a.1.特定的，某 一 的 2.特殊的，特别的estimates估计，估价；评 价 vt.估计，估价management n.1.管理，经营；2.管理部门；3.资方approve vt.1.赞成，同意；2.批准，核准involve v t.l.使卷入，使 参 与(in)；2.牵涉；3.包含，含有Phrases and Expressionsfor the most p art在很大程度上，多半be characteristic of 为.所特有，是.的特征to catch the eye 引人注目 no more than 仅仅to identify.with把.和等同起来lo carry over继续下去，遗留下来as well as 除之外(也)；和 over and over(again 反复to put up w ith忍受，容忍be responsible fo r对负责任的；对.承担责任的to decide o n 决定，选定be involved i n 与有关联，参与，介入AdvertisingAdvertising is only part of the total sales effort,but it is the part that attracts the most attention.This is natural enoughbecause advertising is designed for just that purpose.In newspapers,in magazines,in the mail,on radio and television,we constantly see and hearthe messages for hundreds of different products and services.For the most part,they are the kinds of things that we can be persuaded to buy-food and drinkscars and television sets,furniture and clothing,travel and leisure time activities.The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad.Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads；in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of them.A classified ad is usually only a few lines long.Il is really a notice or announcementthat something is available.Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising.Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment.Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area.To bring their message to a larger audience,many who want to put out their ads use national magazines.Many of the techniques of modern advertising were developedin magazine ads.The use of bright colors,attractive pictures,and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads.The most important purpose is to catch the eye.The message itself is usually short,often no more than a slogan which the public identifies with the product.The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising.Voices and music have been added to color and picturesto catch the ear as well as the eye.Television ads are short-usually only 15,30,or 60 seconds,but they are repeated over and over againso that the audience sees and hears them many times.Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising.If you want the entertainment,you have to put up with the advertising一and millions of people want the entertainment.The men and women in the sales departmentare responsible for the companys advertising.They must decide on the audience they want to reach.They must also decide on the best way to get their messageto their particular audience.They also make an estimate of the costsbefore management approves the plan.In most large companiesmanagement is directly involved in planning the advertising.Unit 3Text ANew wordssailor n.水 手,海 员 unwilling a.不情愿的，不愿意的equator n.赤道 km（=kilometer）n.公里；千公尺bulge n.不规则突起；鼓起之处unusual a.不寻常的，与众不同的salty a.含盐的，咸的averages平均数，平 均 a.l.平均的；2.平常的，普 通 的 v.平均spoln.l.地点，处所；2.点，斑 点 vt.range n.山脉；幅度，范 围 vi.（在某范围内）变动 变化peak n.l.山峰；2.顶点mid一Atlantic a.大西洋中部的eastward a.向东的ad.向东Vessel n.l.船，舰；2.容器，器皿crew n.全体船员，全体机务人员becalm vl.l.（常用被动）（指帆船）因无风而停止前进；2.使平静gulf n.海 湾 stream n.小河，溪流，流，涌current n.l.（空气，水等的）流，潮流；2.潮流；3,当前的，通行的affect vt.影响，打动 climate n.气候flow v i.流 动 n.流furnish v t.1.供应，提供；2.装备，（用家具）布置fishing n.捕鱼，钓 鱼 region n.地区，区 域 highway n.公路；（水陆）交通干线iceberg n.冰山 float v t.（使）漂浮 steamship n.汽船，轮船airplane n.飞机Phrases and Expressionsto separate.from使从分离（分开，隔开）on（the）average根据平均标准；平均而言to pile u p 累积；（指若干车辆）碰撞在一起The Atlantic OceanThe Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceansthat separate the old World from the New.For centuries it kept the Americasfrom being discovered by the people of Europe.Many wrong ideas about the Atlanticmade early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.One idea was that it reached out tothe edge of the world.”Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth.Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific,but it is still very large.It is more than 4,000 miles(6,000 km)wide where Columbus crossed it.Even at its narrowest it is about 2,000 miles(3,200 km)wide.This narrowest place is between the bulge of south America and the bulge of Africa.Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual.For so large an ocean it has very few islands.Also,it is the worlds saltiest ocean.There is so much water in the Atlanticthat it is hard to imagine how much there is.But suppose no more rain fell into itand no more water was brought to it by rivers.It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up.On the average the water is a little more than two miles(3.2 km)deep,but in places it is much,deeper.The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico.Thisdeepmeasures 30,246 feetalmost six miles(9.6 km).One of the longest mountain ranges of the worldrises from the floor of the Atlantic