大学英语语法学习纲要.pdf
大 学 英 语 语 法 学 习 提 纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法There is much paper and 2 books.There are 2 books and much paper.我读书。I am reading a book.我站.I am standing.1、词类:英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹w 1、名词(%):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。/c./1.s/es(ch,sh,o)os f7ves/fs2.a/an an apple a university studentFishes skies watersmany apples=many a=a good/great manyMany an apple has been eaten by him.A good/great many apples have been eaten by him.2 pieces of/much/paper have been eaten by him.如:boy,morning,paper,ball,class,orange.2、代词(pro.):主要用来代替名词。如:who,she,you,it.e s 2 hourfs drive of men/women nurses girl/boy studentsPass-ers bySister-in-law4 stor(e)y apartmentOf/for/by oneself3、形容词(M/.):的 n.+ly=adj.ful 的(主动)respectful-b le被、可 的/值 得 的/受 的 respectable表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good,right,white,orange.4、数词(.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.Leisure+ly a walk5、动词(y.):/trans./trans-plantUnlike/insignificant/impolite,immortal/illogic/irregularMisunderstandDiscontent/des/defend offendA dissuade B from v.ingAntiAmoral asocial abnormalV+er/or/ar/eer=n.V.+ness/ment/tion/sion/cian=n.AwakeN.+y/ful=a d j.的(主动)N.+IessN.+b l e=被 的/受 的 何 的/值得的(被动)Respectablet(e)v.tion/ationd(e)v.sion n.-sive adj.Adj.+ly=adv.N.+ly=adj.A leisurely walk in the yard语态:被(动)be ved、主动We are satisfied with/by his jobWe were flnished with the job and we went out.时态过 去 现 在 将来过去将来1.一 般 时V.2.进行时 be+v.+ing3.完成时 have+v.ed4.完成进行时 have been+v.ing我昨晚看完了那本书。I finished that book last night.单复数系动词+adj./n.Go mad beThere lies/is a river in front of my house.表示动作或状态。如:am,is,are,have,see.Be to v.1.You are to rewrite this.2./加 to go finishing.3.My job is to look after you.VingVed1.,sb/sth v.ed/v.ing+We are satisfied with/by his job and we went out.We satisfied with/by his job,we went out.We are satisHed with/by his job,we going out.We were Hnished with the job and we went out.We have finished the job and we went out.We/on(as soon as)finishing he job,we went out.We having finished the job,we went out.Be ed with1.satisfied with/by his job,we went out.2.Being finished with the job,we went out.2.Prep.+sbs ving+We are satisfied with your tellimg me that.He responded coldly to your running to tell him.6、副词(4力.):a d j.+Iy 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.7、Deep7、冠词(wf.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a,an,the.8、介词一印.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如 in 1.-a tree 2.a week 3.in(way)aspect/respectO nl.th e tr e e 2.E ng l i sh appr oac h e sF or 1.3 d ays 2.g o Be i ji ng 3.E xc use me f or myT o(war d s)Wi th U p 1.g e t 2.br e ak 3.T h e wi nd,on,f r om,above,be h i nd.O ve r9、连词(co句.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如but,be f or e .10感叹词(加fe/.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh,we l l,h i,he l l o.2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么九通常用名词或代词担任。如:V m M i ss(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么产。主要由动词担任。如:Jac k c l e ans th e r oom e ve r y d ay.(杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:M y name i s P 加*pi ng.(我的名字叫停建)4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He c an spe l l th e word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a l e tte r .(他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wr ote a l e tte r to me .(他给我写了二封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如:S h ang h ai i s a bi g c i ty.(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He wor ks h ar d.(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:T h e y usual l y ke e p th e i r c l assr oom c/ea/z.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/He of te n h e l ps me d o my kssons.(他常常帮我做功课)/Th e te ac h e r wante d me to l e ar n F r e nc h al l Z y 吐yse比(老师要我自学法同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Whe r e i s yor c l assmate T om?(你的同学汤姆在哪里?)3、构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法:如:spac e sh i p,h e ad ac h e,baske tbal l,pl ayg r ound 等等。2、派生法:(1)派生名词:动词+er/or动词+加g动词+(切 形 容 词+ess 其他,如:i nve ntor,l e ar ne r,swi i ni ni ng,c on g r atu l ati on,ki nd ne ss,c ar e l e ssne ss,knowl e d g e(2)派生形容词:名词+y名词动词+加g/ed friendlydangerous)Chinese;Japanese English French(9)German 国名+如:snowy,sunny,hopeful,beautiful,interesting,foilwing,daily(每日的),ervos,delicious(3)派生副词:形容词+I y其它,如:仇good well,possiblepossibly 等等。3、转换法:(1)形容词一动词,如:dry(干燥的)-d r y(弄干),c/ea(干净的)-(打扫,弄干净),等等。(2)动词一名词,如:look,walk,rest,work,study,swim,go,talk等等。名词一动词,如:(手)一(传递)加ce(脸)一(面对)等等。(4)形容词一副词,如:early nearly,fastfast 等等。(5)副词一连词,如:w/rezz(什么时候)一(当.时候),等等。介词一副词,如:加(到 里)一(在里面;在家),0(在上)一(进行,继续),等等。二、名词:Unimportant/insignificant/impolite/illogic/irregularDis contentMis understandFm looking for the book/man which/that/who is interesting to me/whom/that i am interested in.Fm looking for something/the biggest book/the very book/the 2n book that is interesting to me.Im looking for the book/man,which/who isinteresting to me.This is the time/place/reason/way when/where/why/how i was with my grandma/iwas late/.This is the very time/2 nd place/the best reason/some way that i was with my grandma at/in/i was late for/in.must have ved/to have vedIf not/but for/without helped/ing me with my computer,i would fail the exam the day after tomorrow.1.V./ved/adj./n.;it is ved that;it is important sb(Should)vThe general made an order that our men(Should)march on.The general made an order that made me surprised.He insisted that Mary(Should)be taken tohospital at once.He Insisted that Mary made that report justnow.He Insisted that what Mary made just nowwas right.2.It is time that/A would/should/had rather that B V.edIts high time that you went to bed.F rather that you went to bed.3.Wish ved/have vedCan/may/must/could/mightMust1.It must be true;it can be true.2.It must/can have rained last night,for the ground is wet/dry.He didnt go down until mom had called him 3 times.He insisted that not until mom had called him 3 times did he go down.It is not until mom had called him 3 times that he went down.He hardly did this,There used to be,didnt/usedn there?Lets,shall we?Let us,will you?1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:v.+er/or/ar=n.t(e).v.tion/expect-ationsm-s t者主义d(e)v.sion n.sive adj.In ex1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如:Be i ji ng,T om,th e Pe opl e fs R e publ i c 0/C加。(中华人民共和国)专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词机e。如:功e Gr e at 长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:/e Greens(格林一家人)。2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil,family,man,foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如:box,child,orange;不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water,news,oil,population,information.2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:在单数名词词尾加 So 如:map maps,boy 一 boys,horse-horses,table tables.s,o,x,s/r,c力结尾的词加 es汝 口:class-classes,box-boxes,heroheroes,dishdishes,bench benches.注:少数以。结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo photos,pianopianos.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加eso如:familyfamilies,citycities,party parties.以/或先结尾的名词茂/或先为打 再加es。如:shelfshelves,wolfwolves,lifelives,knife knives.2、不规贝!变化:man-men,womanwomen,sheep-sheep,toothteeth,fishfish,childchildren,oxoxen,goosegeese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice Two bags of rice,a piece of paper three pieces of paper,a bottle of milk five bottles of milk.3、名词所有格:1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加,s。如:Childernfs(儿童节),my sisterfs加。女(我姐姐的书)(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加,。如:教师节)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加工如:today fs newspaper(今天的报纸),tenm加 fes,AreaA(十分钟的课间休息),China 8 population(中国的人 口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词“短语来表示所有关系。如:a fine daughter of the Par。(党的好女儿).2、注解:勺还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:,町 G 加找我阿姨家),th e doctor 为(诊所)两人共有某物时,可以采用A and Bfs的形式,如:L uc y and L i l ys bedroo/(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a f r i e ndof my/h统er乞我父亲的一位朋友),a f r i e nd of幽超(我的一位朋友)4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:T h e c ompute r was a g r e at i 力。儿(计算机是个了不起的发明)77?e wafer i n th e d ass i s ve r y c。瓶(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如 f ami l y,c l ass,te am,g r oup,r ow,pol i c e,scAoo/等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Cl ass T h r e e i s a ver y g ood c/ass.(三班是好班)如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Cl ass T h re e h ave a map of Ch i na.(三 班有张中国地图)3、Ch i ne se,Japane se,f i sh,s/ree,peo/e 等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:T h e r e i s a sh e e p i n th e yard.(院子里有只绵羊)/T h e r e ar e some sh e e p加/e yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、math s,等虽然有s 结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:T he news i s ve r y e xc i ti ng.(这个消息令人兴奋)5 glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,g/oues 等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:The trousers are very cheap and I want to take/(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、a lot。/后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball ow.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)4 lot of time was wasted on that wor4.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、and连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son arepickin女apples篦 ow.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果)/Fish and chips isye9/hwzoNS/bod.(鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)8、/ere加句型中Ae的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:Thereis a table a爽 d four chairs in the roo机.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用加统/一连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both yo and/are required to be here 加 机 ozrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A wotna/z with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.(一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)11 ei/er,or.,或者山/er.or.,连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:Either or he is rig次.(要么是你对.要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的)/Nei统er or J am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short,而e.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)13、主语中含有 half of./(three quarters)。,/all(of)the.等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in 因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的)/A third of the students were playing near the laAe.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍)/of the water in theserivers has been p o d.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)但是,population 一词又有特殊情况:Whatf 齿 RQpMQtiQH of C加 a?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数)/Three quarters of the population in this city Ara加(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)5、部分名词用法辨析:1 sport、game、match、race的区别:spoM通常指 户外运动,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy 小.(全世界的人都喜爱运动)/The 2008 Olympic Gameswill be held in 3e4加g.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句)/Our school football team won the league 加联赛).(我们学校足球队取得 了联赛冠军)/They were strong and won the boat race汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)2、festivals holiday vacation 的区别:4 sfiva/“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;九。瓦/”(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;mcWio“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival willbe held next zwo/i/上海电视节将在下个月举行)/Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作)/What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidavs?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)3、journey tour trip、fraue/的区别:指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;加如指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;6 P 通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the jow ey to 无 。且.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/He has gone on a walking four.(他步行观光去了)/He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了 上海好几次)/Di d you g o to Sa/加ago(圣地亚哥)d ur i ng your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?)/T r ave l l i ng th r oug h th i c k f or e sts i s d angeros.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)4、sound、noi se、voice的区别:指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音;voice 指人的“嗓音”。如:T h e noi se of th e str e e t ke pt me awake i n th e 街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠)/of a sud d e n th e r e was th e sound of sh ots and a cfy.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖 口 L|)/T h e si ng e r h as l ost h e r r i ng i ng voi c e as a r e sul t of a bad c。以.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)5、加力的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用用九单复数相同;f ish e s指许多种类的鱼;用也指四鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:T h e r e are many ki nd s of f i sh e s i n th e pool.(池子里有很多种类的鱼)/I pr e fe r f i sh to wzeaf.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)三、代词:1、代词的分类:英语中代词分为:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。2、人称代词:人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。第 一 人 第 二 人 第 三 人 称 单 数 第 一第二称 单 称 单阳 性 阴 性中 性 人 称人称第三幅复教数 数主Iyou he she it复 数 复 数we you they(他格俄)(你)(他)(她)(它)俄们)(你们)们,她们,它们)宾meyouhimheritUSyouthem格俄)(你)(他)(她)(她)俄(你(他们,她们)们)们,它们)1、主格用来作句子的主语、表 语。如:I_often go shopping on Su星期天我常去购物)/Are they from Braz?(他们是巴西人吗?)/Where have they(他们上哪儿去了?)/That太也(就那么回事)/为皿.,(是 他!)2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如:Who teaches you English统is year?(今年谁教你们的英语?)/Help%,(救 救 我!)/Weoften write letters to Aer.(我们常给他写信)3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如:-Who is?(是 谁?)T t,s 是 我。)4、三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含翻我 时,按照you-heI”的顺序表达。如:Both he and I are working at that computer compa町.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班)-W%o will g o统ere?(谁要去那儿?)-You and跳.(你和我)5、人称代词立除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示四时间、天气、温 度、距 离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如:-W法 代th e weath e r l i ke today?(今天天气怎样?)一Itrs#/ze.(天气晴好)/-W/iaf为 th e 历ne?(几点啦?)-Itfs 12:00.(12 点)/Itrs a l ong way to go.(那可要走好长的路)/It took h i m th r e e days to c l e an h i s Aowse.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间)/f l i s ve r y c l e ar th at th e publ i c to know wh e n th e se me n c an史 o i nto spac e.(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空)/We f ound i t ve r y d i f f i c ul t to l e ar n a f or e i g n I晔we.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的)3、物主代词:说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如:第 三 人 称 单 数 第 一第一人第二人第二称单数称单数阳性阴性中性人称复数人称复数第三人称复数形 容myyourhisheritsouryourtheir(他们的,词俄(你的)(他(她(它(我们(你们她们的,它们性的)的)的)的)的)的)的)名 词mineYourshishersitsoursyourstheirs(他们的,性俄(你的)(他(她(她(我们(你们她们的,它们的)的)的)的)的)的)的)Is that yo“r(那是你的伞吗?)/often go to see m y_ aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨)/They are their books.(是他们的书)2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如:This is your cup,but where is 加e?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿?)/Your classroom is very big,but ours is rather 你彳门的教室很大,我们的相当小)3、“4+名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如:A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了)(指若干朋友中有一个来看我。)试比较My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)4、反身代词:表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。反身代词是一种表示反射或强调的代词。它的基本含义是:通过反身代词指代主语,使施动者把动作在形式上反射到施动者自己。因此,反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系,在人称、性、数上保持一致。第一人称单第二人称单第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数里人称复数阳 性阴 性中 性数数m yselfyoursehimselherself itselfourselveyourselvthemsel俄自Iff(她自(它自Sesves(他己)(你自(他自己)己)俄们自(你们自们/她们/己)己)己)己)它们自己)1、反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。如:DonX play with the knife,you might hurt(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如:The story itself is good.Only he didnX tell it(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)6、指示代词:指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。单数复数含义统加(这个)these(这些)指较近的人和物加加(那个)统ose(刃F些)指较远的人和物such(这样的人/物)指上文提过的人和物same(同样的人/物)指和上文提过的相同的人和物i t(这人/这物)指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时指示代词既可以单独使用做句子的主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词。如:Wh at为统is?(这是什么?)/T h at mod e l pl ane i s mad e(那只模型飞机是塑料做的)(被动句)/R e me mbe r ne ve r to d o suc h th i ngs.(记得永远不要做这样的事情)/Do th e same as th e te ac h e r te l l syou.(按老师说的做)/W/i。i s史?(是谁?)I s me.,(是我!)6、关系代词:用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词,参见后面的定语从句。1、关系代词w h o、wh i c h th at w h o m等,将定语从句和主句连接起来。英语中的关系代词一方面在从句中担任一定的成分,另一方面又起连接作用。如:T h e stud e nt w/to i s d r awi n史 a pi c tur e i s i n Gr ad e Oe.(正在画画的学生是一年级的)2、关系代词wAo/wAo机指人,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如:Do you know th e man wh o i s we ar i n史 a r e d h at?(你认识那个戴着红帽子的男人吗?)3、关系代词wh i c h指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如:Haveyou f ound th e book wh i c h ye l ost se ve r al d ays(你找到几天前丢失的那本书了吗?)4、关系代词/卬既可指人也可指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如:you se e th e man/d og th at i s r ui ti ti n殳 al on殳 th e r i ve r bank?(你看得见顺着河跑的男人/狗了吗?)7、连接代词:用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句的连接词称连接代词。英语中连接代词主要有:wAm(什么),谁),wAo/(谁),w加M(哪个),w/rose(谁的)。详见相应从句。8、不定代词:代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。X 注:复合不定代词有12个:some统加g谋事),someone(某人),s单数含义someanynonone/e ac h(e ve r y)onee i th e r,ne i th e rSOth e oth er,anoth e r复合不定代词不可数含义muc hl i t t l e,a l i t t l eal l/复数含义manyf e w,a f e wone s bothoth e r s,th e oth er some8o(y(某人),a町统加g(任何事),a町(任何人),a町(任何人),。统加g(没事),/zobot(y(没有人),no one(没有人),eve?切加g(一切),e(每个人),everybody每个人).som e和any的用法:some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰