独立主格结构教案.pdf

.独立主格构造独立主格构造一、一、概念概念“独立主格构造就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词副词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该构造不是句子，也不是从句，所以它部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句引导词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格构造在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。二、二、独立主格的特点独立主格的特点特点例如独立主格构造Leaves falling here and there,I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon.的逻辑主语与树叶到处飘，我一下注意到已是深秋了。(独立主格的主语是 leaves,主句是 I)主句的主语不Time permitting,the restoration work could be done better.一致，它独立时间允许的话，恢复工作可以做得更好。(独立主格的主语是 Time,主句是 the存在。restoration work)独立主格构造The plan successfully carried out,everything worked out perfectly.方案成功地完一般置于句成了，一切进展顺利。首，有时置于A number of officials followed the emperor,some to hold his robe,others to adjust句中或句尾，his girdle,and so on.许多官员跟在皇帝后面，有的拎着皇帝的长袍，其他的那用逗号将其与么给他整理要带等。.word.zl.主句隔开【注意】独立主格构造All the windows(being)open,the air in the room is fresher.所有的窗户开着，屋子1.当中的 being和里的空气更新鲜了。All the tickets(having been)sold out,we had to wait for thehaving been 常next week s show.所有的票都卖出去了，我们只好等下周的演出。可以省略。大多数独立主He went out,gun in hand.他手里拿着枪出去了。(gun in hand 可以用 with a gun格构造可以用in his hand代替)The floor wet and slippery,we stayed outside.由于地板很湿很“with+宾语+滑，我们呆在屋外。(The floor wet为无动词独立主格构造，可用 with the floor宾补构造代wet and slippery代替。)替。独立主格有其Iris lay on the grassplot and her hands were crossed under her head.(口语)特殊的使用场Iris lay on the grassplot,hands crossed under head.书面合，多用于书Iris 头枕着手躺在草地上。面，尤其是描The boy was knocked over and blood streamed down his head.口语述性语言中，The boy was knocked over,blood streaming down head.书面这个男孩被撞倒口语中不经常了，鲜血从头上留下来。使用。one表示“正在被做时，being不可以被省略。2.当独立主格构造的逻辑主语是 it,there时，being不可以省略。.word.zl.独立主格构造中的beingd.三、三、独立主格构造的用法。独立主格构造的用法。用法例如The meal over,we began to work again.=When the meal was over,we began to work表时间，相当于一again.The homework done,Jim decided to go and see the play.个时间状语从句吃晚饭，我们又开场工作。=After the homework was done,Jim decided to go and see the play.作业做完后，Jim 决定去看戏。Her shirt caught on a nail,she could not move.=Because her shirt was caught on a表原因，相当一个nail,The window broken,the cold wind blew于原因状语从句由于他的衬衫挂在钉子上了，所以她动不了。into the room.=Because the window was broken,由于窗户坏了，冷风吹进了这间房。Weather permitting,the football match will be held on Wednesday.=If weatherpermits,表条件，相当于一如果天气允许，足球比赛将在周三举行。个条件状语从句The book written in simple English,it will be more popular.=If the book is written insimple English,如果这本书用简易英语写的，它会更畅销。She rushed into the room,a letter in her hand.=,with a letter in her hand她手里拿着封信冲了进来。Saddie sat alone,head bent.(=,with his head bent.)Saddie 单独坐在那里，耷拉着脑袋。表方式或伴随状语或补充说明做定语，相当于一He was walking along the road without any lights on its both sides.他走在一条两边没有个定语从句路灯的马路上。独立主格构造在句中往往做状语，表时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随状况。【注意】独立主格构造表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。四、四、非谓语动词独立主格构造。非谓语动词独立主格构造。“名词或代词+非谓语动词构造构成的独立主格构造称为非谓语动词的独立主格构造。名词或代.word.zl.词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。1.不定式构成的独立主格构造不定式构成的独立主格构造往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常作原因状语，有时做条件状语。Lots of homework to do,I have to stay home all day.由于很多作业要做，我只好待在家里。So many children to look after,the mother has to quit her job.如此多的孩子要照顾，这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。2.动词+ing 形式的独立主格构造动词-ing 形式的句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否那么就是不正确的。动词-ing 形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在动词的-ing 形式前加上逻辑主语，构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格构造，逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作是逻辑主语发出的动作。We redoubled our efforts,each manworking like two.我们加倍努力，每个人就像在干两个人的活。The governor considering the matter,more strikersgathered across his path.总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。The guide leading the way,we hadno trouble getting out of the forest.在向导的带着下，我们轻松地走出了森林。3.过去分词形式的独立主格过去分词形式的独立主格构造是由“逻辑主语+过去分词构成。逻辑主语与动词之间为动宾关系，它是分词的动作承受者，这一构造在句中作时间状语，原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。This done,we went home.做完这个，我们就回家了。All our savingsgone,we started looking for jobs.积蓄用完后，我们都开场找工作。More time and money given,wecan finish the work in advance.如果给予更多的时间和金钱，我们能提前完成这个工作。五、五、其他形式的独立主格构造其他形式的独立主格构造1.逻辑主语+名词/形容词/副词/介词短语.word.zl.类别例如Many students joined in the math petition,most of them children of no more than逻辑主语+名词10.很多学生参加了这次数学竞赛，其多数人年仅 10 岁。I received manygifts,many of them books.我收到很多书，其中很多事书籍。This section of road slippery,every driver should be careful.此路段很滑，所有司逻辑主语+形容词机都应小心慎重。Arriving at the spot,they were all standing in surprise face toface,eyes wide open.一到现场，他们都面对面吃惊的站着，眼睛瞪得大大的。Music over,all the audience stood up with fits of applause.逻辑主语+副词音乐一完毕，所有的观众都站了起来报以热烈的掌声。Nobody in,I had towait.没人在，我只好等着。Many experts attended the conference,most of them from the United States.逻辑主语+介词短语很多专家参加了此次会议，其中很多人来自美国。The boy went off,apinwheel in his hand.小男孩手里拿着风车走了。With/without+名词/代词+形容词With/without+名词/代词+副词With/without+名词/代词+介短With/without+名词/代词+不定式Hearing the tiger roaring,I felt frightened,with my face pale.听到老虎的叫声，我的脸都吓白了。With so many people present,I feltnervous.这么多人来到现场，我感到很紧。I enjoy reading,with my music on.我喜欢开着音乐读书。With all children abroad,I at times feel very lonely.我所有孩子都伴随/原因/在国外，我时不时觉得很孤独。时间With the exam over,we had a long time to rest.考完试，我们有有很长一段时间休息。With the white skirt on you,you look smarter.原因状语或穿上白色的裙子，你看上去更漂亮。The river with grass and定语flowers on both sides run through our schoolyard.这条两岸都长满鲜花绿草的小河从我们校园里穿过。With the boy to lead the way,we will find the cave easily.有这个男条件或原因孩带路，我们很容易就能找到那个洞穴。With so much work to do,I cant spare a minute.这个多活要干，我一分钟都挤不出来。表原因或伴随.word.zl.With/without+名词/代词+doingWith/without+名词/代词+doneWithout anyone noticing,I sneaked into the room.没人看见，我悄伴随或原因悄地溜进了屋子。With so many people speaking,I couldnt settle down to my work.这么多人说话，我无法安心工作。With the door shut,I spent the whole day preparing.关上门，我准方式或原因备了一整天。With all my savings used up,I had to borrow.用完所有的钱，我现在得去借了。2.With/without+宾+宾补六、六、独立主格构造的区分及考前须知。独立主格构造的区分及考前须知。1.分词构造、独立主格构造作状语的考前须知。(1)使用分词短语、独立主格构造分别在句子中作状语时要注意，它们与主句之间不应有附属连词(如 when,if,as soon as,as,while 等)或并列连词(and,but,or 等)(2)在使用独立主格构造、分词作句子的状语时，一定要看句子主语同这些构造的逻辑关系。a.当句子主语与状语部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时，状语可用分词或从句表示。When we see from the top floor,we can find the garden more beautiful Seeing from the top of thefloor,we can find the garden more beautiful.从顶楼上看，花园要漂亮得多。b.假设句子主语与状语动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状语有自己的逻辑主语时，该状语不能用分词构造，只能用独立主格构造或从句。If time permits,wed better have a rest at this weekend.Timepermitting,wed better have a rest at this weekend.时间允许的话，这周末我们最好休息一下。(3)分词构造的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致，也可能是主句的其他成分。Looking for my watchin the room,it had taken me a long time.在屋里找手表花了我很长时间。(4)有些分词构造在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语。When plantingthese flowers,care must be taken not to damage the root.(我们)种花时必须小心不要把根弄坏了。2.独立主格构造没有所有格形式。The chief editor arriving,we began the meeting.主编来了，我们开场开会。3.独立主格构造中，当表人体部位的词作逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去.word.zl.分词。He lay there,his teeth set,his fists clenched,his eyes looking straight up.他躺在那里，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。4.独立成分。(1)有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用语。这些短语有：generally speaking 一般来说，frankly speaking 坦白说，strictly speaking 严格来说，talkingof 谈到，speaking of 说到，judging from 由判断，taking all things into consideration 把一切考虑在，considering that 考虑到，allowing for 考虑到,putting it mildly 说的温和些Danny has too much homework considering that he is young.考虑到 Danny 还小，他的作业也太多了。(2)有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式，说明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest 老实说，to be sure 确实，to tell you the truth 说实话，to cut a long story short长话短说，to be frank 坦率地说，to make matter/things worse 更糟糕的是 To make things worse,many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay,leaving women from nearby villages tocarry on with the work.更糟的是，许多男人都到城市里找高薪的工作区了，留下附近村庄的妇女积蓄承当修复工作。5.独立主格构造的时态问题独立主格构造作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在位于动作之前。The listeners having taken their seats,the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开场了。Tom having been late over and over,his boss was verydisappointed.Tom 总是迟到，他的老板很失望。练习：1.Everything _ into consideration,they ought to have another chance.word.zl.A.to take B.takenC.to be takenD.taking2.An expert _ to help them tomorrow,they are sure to work out the problem.A.will eB,ingC.to eD.having e3.The meeting _ over,he went to pick up his son directlyA.to beB.isC.wasD.being4.-They sat still in the room,_.-Why did they do like that?A.drawing the curtainsB.with the curtains drawnC.with the curtains drawingD.having the curtains drawn5.The sun _,they continued their way.A.has risenB.having risenC.has raisedD.having raised6.The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft,the most recent _ at the end of last March.A.has been launched B.having been launchedC.being launchedD.to be launched7.Here are two volumes,the third one _ next month.A.es outB.came outC.ing outD.to e out8.With his son_,the old man felt unhappy.A.to disappointB.to be disappointingC.disappointingD.being disappointed9-e on,please give me some ideas about the project.-Sorry.With so much work _ my mind,I almost break down.A.filledB.fillingC.to fillD.being filled10 John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work _,he gladly accepted it.A.finished B.finishingC.having finishedD.was finished11._,I had to ask for two days leave.A.Mother being ill B.Mother ill C.As mother was illD.A,B and C12.With so many books _,I couldnt go to surf the Internet.A.to read B.to be read C.reading D.read.word.zl.13.The thief stood before the policeman _ admitting what he had done.A.with his dropping headB.dropping his headC.raising his head D.with his head down14.Winter _,it is time to buy warm clothes.A.has e on B.is ing on C.ing onD.es on15.The old man lay on his back at the corner of the street,his eyes _ and his hands _.A.close,trembleB.closed,tremblingC.closing,tremblingD.closed,trembled16.With nothing _ to burn,the fire became weak and finally died out.A.leavingB.leaveC.left D.to leave17.It was a pity that the great writer died _ his works unfinished.A.forB.with C.of D.from18.I couldnt do my homework with that noise _ on.A.to goB.went C.goingD.goes19._ two exams to worry about,I have to work really hard this weekend.A.Because ofB.With C.As forD.Besides20.Tom came home,_.A.a dog following himB.a dog followed himC.being followed him D.a dog was followed himBCDBBBDCBADADCBCBCBA.word.zl.