高中英语语法考点专题解析---第12章三大从句.pdf

高中英语语法考点专题解析第 十 二 章 三 大 从 句一、概述从句依托于主句而存在，隶属于主句。从句作为一种重要的句法形式在英语法中起着举足轻重的作用。本章从从句的分类（三大从句：名词性从句、形容词性从句（定语从句）和副词性从句（状语从句）入手，详尽介绍了每种从句的具体用法，包括定义、作用、关联词的用法及相关比较。最后，对本章内容进行了全面总结，提炼精华。把从句上升到一定的理论高度，运用从句去剖析一些重要语言现象的本质，搭建知识点之间的联系。本章内容较整，在学好每种从句的基础之上，结合知识网形成完整的知识体系，充分运用从句解决实际的语言问题。二、从句的分类根据从句在主从复合句中的作用（或相当某个词在句中的作用可将从句分为：名词性从句、形容词性从 句（定语从句）、副 词 性 从 句（状语从句）。下面将全面阐述各类从句的具体用法。三、名词性从句1、定义及分类在句子中充当名词所能充当的句法成分的从句称之为名词性从句。名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。所有的名词性从句都用陈述语序。2、作用名词性从句在句子中充当名词所能充当的句法成分，每个名词性从句的名称都是由其所在主从复合句中所充当的句子成分所决定的。主语从句充当主语的作用，相应地宾语从句充当宾语、表语从句充当表语、同位语从句充当同位语。3、引导名词性从句的关联词主从复合句中主句和从句之间要有连词予以连接，引导名词性从句的关联词主要有以下几种。连接词that、whether和 ifA、连 词 that无实义，在一定情况下可以省略。whether和 i f 有具体意义表示“是否”，不能省略。that和 whether可以引导所有的名词性从句；i f 只能引导宾语从句或不放在句首的主语从句。（即用先行it作形式主语）B、w hether引导的名词性从句可以放在复合句的句首，而 i f 引导的名词性从句只能放在主句谓语动词后面。引导宾语从句时，whether和 if 一般情况下可以互换。C、whether可以作介词的宾语而if 不可以。D、whether可以接不定时而if 不可以。E、可以说whether or n o,表示“无论如何、不管“if则不可以。F、whether和if常用在ask、see know wonder等动词后表示 是否G、可以说no matter whether或no matter if表示“无论如何H、这三个连词在句中只起到连接主从句的作用，不充当任何句子成分。例如：That he is respected by everyone is natural.（主语从句）Whether it rains or not doesnt matter.（句首主语从句不用 i f,但可以说 It doesnt matter if it rains or not.）I want to know whether（if）he will help u s.（宾语从句）The fact is that the train has left.（表语从句）The question is whether we can finish it on tim e.（表语从句不可用 if）We are discussing the problem of whether we should borrow some money from the bank.（作介词的宾语不可用if）I dont know whether to continue my schooling or to join the army.（同不定时连用不可用 if）The problem whether we have enough money to carry out the project upsets u s.（同位语从句 不可用 if）No matter whether（if）others agree with me or not,I will make my own way.I、doubt表示“怀疑、不知道用于肯定句时后接whether或if从句；用于疑问句和否定句时后接that从句。但 当doubt表示“强烈的不相信 时，在陈述句中后接that从句。例如：I doubt whether（if）he will call on u s.（肯定句中用 whether 或 if）I dont doubt that it will be sunny today.（否定句同 that）Do you doubt that he will win the gam e?（疑问句中用 that）I doubt that he isnt honest;he is more reliable,（doubt 表示“强烈的不相信”,后接 that 从句）、关系代词在传统的语法中，有连接代词、连接副词和关系代词、关系副词之分。连接代词和连接副词引导名词性从句；关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句。但在现代英语语法中，不再作此区分，统称为关系代词和关系副词。引导名词性从句的关系代词有who谁（主格）、whom谁（宾格）、whose谁 的（所有格）、which哪一个、what什么东西及一些缩合连接代词如：whatever无论什么、whoever无论谁、whichever无论哪一个。关系代词在从句中一般起到双重作用既起到连接主从句的作用，又担当主语、宾语、表语和定语等句子成分。例如：Who will be elected as president of this state hasnt been decided.Whose duty it is today is none of your business.A、关系代词what的用法a、what有时保留它原有的疑问意义，表示“什么”；有时作双重关系代词，既可指人也可指物，指物时相当于all that或the thing th at;指人时相当于the person（s）thato要注意这种用法的what本身已包括先行词故前面无需再用先行词，前面有先行词时，视具体情况用that、who或which。what既起到连接的作用，又在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，且这种用法的what 一般同时充当两个句子成分，在主句中充当一个成分，同时又在从句中充当一个句子成分。例如：The doctor asked the man whafs the matter with him.The diary reminded me of what I had done at my college（what 充当主句介词 of 的宾语，同时又充当从句had done的宾语）That is what I learnt from the magazine,（what充当主句的表语，同时充当从句learned的宾语）What had been said couldn be saved,（what充当主句的主语，同时充当从句的主语）Dont try to be what you are not.（what充当主句的表语，同时充当从句的表语）All what he said was reasonable.（错）What he said was reasonable.（正）All that he said was reasonable.（正）That is a car what I cant afford.（错）That is a car that（which）I cant afford.（正）b、what既可以是疑问代词，也可以是关系代词。其区别是：含what的句子谓语动词含有不肯定、询问的意义时，what为疑问代词；反之，之具体的事件表示肯定意义时，what为关系代词。例如：I dont know what she is doing.（疑问 代词）I understood what he said.（关系代i司）What will happen in the future is hard to s a y.（疑问代词）What you do today will affect your future.（关系代i司）c、关系代词what用于“what is（was）+比较级”结构中，表示“更.尤其.“，常用作插入语。例如：He drives very carelessly;whats worse,it caused a serious traffic accident.She joined the club and whats mare surprising,she became the best singer.d、what在引导从句的时候还可以作定语表示“所有的、任何的或仅有的”等含义。例如：I have learnt all the money I have to him.（=all the money that）Doctors promised to give the sick boy what help they could（=any help that）In the desert the man sacrificed to give what little water to others.（=all the water that）B、缩合连接代词的用法a、缩 合连接代词有 whatever(=no matter what anything that)无论什么、whoever(=no matter who或anyone w ho)无论何人、whichever(=no matter which)无论哪个。这些缩合连接代词含有先行词，类似于what。他们起着连接主从句和充当句法成分的双重作用，其后无需再用连词。例如：Whatever that you do will have an effect.（4音）Whatever you do will have an effect.（正）Whoever that attends the concert will enjoy a free ticket（错）Whoever attends the concert will enjoy a free ticket（正）b、作不带先行词的关系代词时只能用whoever不能用w h o;因为whoever本身兼有先行词和关系代词，同样如果已有了先行词便只能用who不能用whoever。例如：Whoever wins the election will have the support of the both parties.（i）Who wins the election will have the support of the both parties.（错）People whoever have aims will have endless power.（4昔）People who have aims will have endless power.（正）C、关系副词引导名词性从句的关系副词有：when（=the time when）什么时候、何时、where（=the place where）什么地方、何地、how（=the way in which）如何、怎么样、why（=the reason why）为什么。这些关系代词同样起双重作用，在句中既是连接词，又作状语。关系副词引导的从句在句中可作主语、宾语或表语。应注意名词性从句一律都用陈述语序。例如：When we can complete the project is unknown.（引导主句从句，同时作从句的时间状语）The government hasnt decided where the college will be built.（引导宾语从句，同时作从句的地点状语）Thats how he spent his four-year college liffe.（引导表语从句，同时作从句的方式状语）I want to know why she refuses my invitation.（引导宾语从句，同时作从句的原因状语）D、but、but that 和 but whata、用于 no doubt not doubt 和 not deny 之后相当于 that。例如：There is no doubt but that he is the best student in the class.She didnt doubt but that（but）he was a reliable man.We cant deny but what the problem should be solved as soon as possible.b、用于特殊疑问句中或否定词之后，相当于that.noto例如：Who can say but that it may rain.=who can say that it may not rain.She can hardly believe but what he will love her.=She can hardly believe that he wont love her.c but that可引导条件从句，这 时but that表示“要不是、若不是“，相当于if.n o t,主句常用虚拟语气。例如：But that she helped me,I would have failed.=If she hadnt helped me,I would have foiled.d、另外，but可作从属连词，表示“唯一的条件”意为“而不、若不、除非 相当于unless。例如：Nothing will do but I must leave.e、but还可表示“可能性”无实义，相当于连接词that。例如：Its ten to one but he will come.4、主语从句定义及作用：用作主语的从句称为主语从句（即一个句子作主语）；由定义可知，主语从句在主从复合句中作主语。用法A、it作形式主语替代主语从句为了避免头重脚轻，大多数主语从句都可以用it代替作形式主语而把主语从句至于句尾。that、whether和if以及when、where why how who what whose引导的主语从句都可用it代替，that不可省，当然有实意的关系代词和关系副词更不能省略。但 是 当what作为缩合关系代词引导的主语从句，一般不用it作形式主语。whatever whoever wherever、whichever 一般不用it作形式主语。例如：That the boy helps others is a good thing.（正）It is a good thing that the boy helps others.（正）When they will start out is being discussed.（正）It is being discussed when they will start out.（正）What the boy needs is just a piece of cake.（正）It is just a piece of cake what the boy needs.（错）Whoever enters the meeting hall shall show his ID card.（正）It shall show his ID card whoever enters the meeting hall.（错）Whether the plan is good or not should be tested.（正）It should be tested whether the plan is good or not.（正）B、用it作形式主语的常见主语从句结构a、It+be动词+名词+主语从句It is a pity that 遗憾的是.It is a shame that 可耻的是.It is a good thing that.是件好事It is a mystery that.是个谜It is a fact that 事实是.It is a wonder that.是个奇迹It is no wonder that 难，怪.It is an honor that.彳 艮 荣 幸It is good news that.是好消息b、It+be动词+形容词+主语从句It is important that.是重要的It is impossible that.是不可能的It is strange that 很奇怪.It is clear that.是显然的It is natural that.是很自然的c、It+be动词+过去分词+主语从句It is reported that 据报道It is believed that 相信.It is not decided that.尚未决定It is announced that 据宣布It is to be discussed that 有待讨论It is estimated that 据估计It is to be noted that值得注意的是.It is universally believed that 普遍认为.It can safely be said that 完全可以说.d、It+不及物动词+主语从句It happens that 碰巧It follows that 接下来It seems/appears that 看来、似乎It turns out that 名 吉 果.e、其它It is of great importance that.非常重要It doesnt matter that;殳关系It strikes/occurs to/dawns on me that 我突然想到C、主语从句不可位于句首的四种情况一般情况下，主语从句可用形式主语it代替而将真正的主语从句后置，也可将主语从句放在句首，大多数情况下两者可以互换。在下列四种情况下主语从句不可提前而必须用形式主语it代替而将真正的主语从句后置。a、It is said/believed/reported that.结构中主语不可提前。例如：It was reported that a war between the two countries broke out.（正）That a war between the two countries broke out was reported.（错）b、It happens/occurs.结构中主语不可提前。例如：It happens that I meet my old friend in the cinema.（正）That I meet my old fiiend in the cinema happens.（错）It occurred to me that I hadnt locked the door.（正）That I hadnt locked the door occurred to me.（错）c、It doesnt matter.结构中主语不可提前。例如：It doesnt matter whether you buy it or not.（正）Whether you buy it or not doesnt matter.（错）c、含主语从句的主从复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：Is it a fact that he has joined the army?（正）Is that he has joined the army a fact?（错）5、宾语从句定义及作用：用作宾语的从句称为主语从句（即一个句子作宾语）；由定义可知，宾语从句在主从复合句中作宾语。引导词that whether和if的用法。A、that引导宾语从句时，主要用以陈述一个事实，一般情况下that都可省略，但在下列情况下that不可省略。a、当that宾语从句位于句首表示强调时，that不可省略。例如：That he never did such a thing I simply cant believe.b、当that宾语从句紧跟在间接宾语之后时，that不可省略。例如：The teacher advised us that we should pay enough attention to reading and writing.c、动词后接两个或更多宾语从句，从第二个宾语从句开始that不可省略。例如：Everyone could see what was happening and that Tom was really shocked,d、动词+it+that结构中，宾语从句引导词that不可省略。例如：He had it that he had the freedom to get along with anybody.We should see to it that the door is locked.e、宾语从句为一个主从复合句时，that不可省略。这 里 的that起到统领主从复合句构成一个整体作宾语的作用。例如：He always thinks that if one spares no pains to do something,he will succeed in the end.The hero held that even though you killed me,I wouldnt give in.f、当宾语从句与谓语动词之间有时间或地点状语时，that不能省略，否则会产生歧义。例如：She said last night that she had finished her homework.She said last night she had finished her homework第一句中的last night修 饰said,含义是“她昨晚说她已经完成了作业”。第二句省略了 that其含义可能与第一句相同，也可能是“她说她昨晚已经完成了作业”。g、谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时，that不可省略。例如：He said,believe it or not,that it was a fact.We decided,in view of his special circumstances,that we would admit him for a probationary period.h、做少数几个介词in、but except save和notwithunderstanding的宾语从句时，that不可省略。例如：He is a little different from others in that he comes abroad.He refused her notwithunderstanding that she begged him for help.i、主句的1胃语动 可是 indicate、show suggest agree argue conceive reckon state assume holdlearn observe maintain calculate 等 时,that 通常不省略。例如:The weather announces that the summer has come.I agree that your hometown is a beautiful place.B、whether和i f引导宾语从句时都表示“是否”，通常情况下二者可以互换，但在下列情况下不可相互替换。a、作介词宾语时只能用whether。例如：There is some doubt as to whether the document is genuine.We worried about whether he was in good health.It all depends on whether the weather is good.b、当宾语从句提前是只能用whether,例如：Whether she likes the skirt I dont know.Whether we should cancel the meeting we havent decided.c、动 词discuss后常用whether引导宾语从句不用ifo例如：We are discussing whether he can be equal to the tough work.d、如果宾语从句是否定结构时，只能用if不能用whether,例如:I want to ask him if he isnt willing to go out with us.e在现代英语中既可以用whether.or（not）,也可以用if.or（not）引导宾语从句。例如：I dont know whether/if I can come or not.She doesnt care whether/if he is watching TV or playing games.但是，whether后可以直接跟or no或or not,if则不可。例如：He will make great efforts whether or not he can succeed.（不用 if）宾语从句的用法A 由that引导的宾语从句，后面常接that宾语从句的动词有：say believe think suppose expect、hope wish suggest request、reply、answer rememberagree admit、decide deny declaredreamexplain order propose insist、ffeel 等。彳 列 出 口：He said that he didnt like her.The girl believes she will become a good singer in the future.I dont expect he will make the same mistake again.My father suggested my family go hiking together.B、由 whether、if、who、whom which when where why、how、how many how much 的宾语从句，常见的动i可有：doubt wonder ask know understand discuss question 等。例如:I doubt whether/if he can arrive on time.I wonder when hell come.My mother asked me which I liked best.The teacher cant understand why he comes so late.He asked what was happening.I tell them how many people there are in my family.I want know who that man is.对此类宾语从句要注意以下两点。a、不能同时出现两个宾语从句引导词，不能在上述引导此前加上that。例如：I wonder when he will come.（正）I wonder that when he will come.（错）b、虽然由上述疑问代词或疑问副词引导宾语从句，但必须用陈述语序。当疑问代词在宾语从句中充当主语时，方可用疑问语序。例如：He wants to know whafs the matter with you.C、动词+间接宾语+宾语从句常见的这类动词有：ask、promise inform remind teach tell warn advise assure 等。例如：He assured me that it was a good bargain.She promised her parents that she wouldnt accept that bad boy.D、不可接that宾语从句的动词并不是所有的动词都可接宾语从句，常见的下列动词后不可接that宾语从句。如:overlook、take、admire see want ask、like、refuse dislike love help fdrgive 等。但上述某些动词可用 it 或 thefhct最为媒介然后跟that从句。例如：I take that you can achieve it.（错）I take it that you can achieve i t.（正）He overlooked that his boss stood beside him.（错）He overlooked the fact that his boss stood beside him.（正）E、作介词的宾语Whether we will go on hiking depends on what the weather is like tomorrow.I am upset about what I should do.一般情况下that宾语从句不能同介词搭配，只有在少数几个介词后可接that宾语从句。如：in、but、except save notwithunderstandingo 已经形成固定的习惯搭配，in that（在于、由于）、but that（要不是.）、except/save that（除了）、notwithunderstanding that（虽然）。伊14口：The composition is good except that there are some spelling mistakes.The young man cant do the job in that it is tough and complicated.I will do my best notwithunderstanding that the result is unknown.直接引语与间接引语直接完整的引用别人的话，称为直接引语；借用说话人的口吻转述别人的话，称为间接弓I语。这两种引语都作动词的宾语。直接引语一般放在引号内，首字母大写；间接引语则不需要引号。例如：He said,“You are so clever.（直接引语）He said I was so clever.（间接引语）He said,u can you help me?9（直接引语）He asked whether I could help h im.（间接引语）引述动词及其主语可放在直接引语之前，也可放在句中或句尾。例如：“You made a serious mistake“he told m e.（直接弓I 语）He told me that I had made a serious m istake.（间接弓I 语）“In the futurehe swore“I wont meet her.（直接弓 I 语）He swore he wouldnt meet her in the future,间接弓 I 语）A、直接引语变为间接引语时的相关变化（即时态、人称、指示代词、时间及地点状语和相关动词的变化）a、时态的变化直接引语中的时态间接引语中的时态现在时态一般现在时过 去 时 态 一 般 过 去 时现在完成时 过去完成时现在进行时 过去进行时现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时将来时一般将来时过去将来时过去将来时将来完成时 过去将来完成时将来进行时 过去将来进行时将来完成进行时 过去将来完成进行时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时的时态不变过去进行时的时态不变以上是直接引语变间接引语时，时态变化的规律。但是在以下几种情况下，直接引语变成间接引语时时态无需变化。1、直接引语表述一个客观真理“The earth moves around the sun“the teacher said to us.The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.2、直接引语为过去进行时或过去完成时Jim said,“John,where were you going.Jim asked john where he was going.He said,“His father hadHe said his father had left.3、直接引语有具体的某年、某月、某日作时间状语时Her brother said,“I was bom on May 1 1979.*Her brother said he was born on May 1 1979.4、直接引语表示客观时刻表时He said,“The plane takes off at 6:30.am.”He said that the plane takes off at 6:30.am.5、直接弓I语为一般现在时表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作He said,“I get up earlier than my brother every day.”He said he gets up earlier than my brother every day.6、直接引语中的情态动词没有过去形式，如：must ought to had better used to和已经为过去时的形式，如：could should、mightJohn said,“You had better come today.”John said I had better come that day.7、直接引语表示的动作或状态仍在继续Im twenty,“said Mary.Mary said she is twenty.8、直接引语中含有when或since引导的从句，变间接引语时时态不变，原时态为过去时He said,“I have studied Chinese since I was ten years old.He said he had studied Chinese since he was ten years old.He said,When I came in,he was reading/9一He said that when he came in,he was reading.9、主句时态如果是一般现在时、现在进行时或一般将来时，时态不变He will say,“I have done my best.”一He will say he has done his best.10、虚拟语气的时态一般不变“We wish we didnt have to take exams.9,said the children.The children said they wished they didnt have to take exams.但直接引语的谓语动词时were型虚拟式，时态要变。He said,“If I were there,I would stopHe said that if he had been there,he would have stopped him.b、人称的变化直接引语变为间接引语，人称变化规律：一主”、二宾”、三不变1、“一主”：直接引语中的第一人称按引述动词的主语变。I said to her,“I will drop out of school.I told him