2019全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一真题.pdf
绝密启用前2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试英 语（一）（科目代码：201）考生注意事项仝1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内,超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank andmark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Today,we live in a world where GPS systems,digital maps,and othernavigation apps are available on our smartphones.of us just walk straightinto the woods without a phone.But phones 2 on batteries,and batteries candie faster than we realize.3 you get lost without a phone or a compass,andyou 4 cant find north,a few tricks may help you navigate 5 tocivilization,one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail,but not in a completely 7area,you have to answer two questions:Which 8 is downhill,in thisparticular area?And where is the nearest water source?Humans overwhelminglylive in valleys,and on supplies of fresh water.9 if you head downhill,andfollow any H2O you find,you should 1()see signs of people.If youve explored the area before,keep an eye out for familiar sights-youmay be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore yourbearings.Another 12:Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13,even in dense forest,you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due toroads,train tracks,and other paths people carve 15 the woods.Head towardthese 16 to find a way out.At night,scan the horizon for 17 lightsources,such as fires and streetlights,then walk toward the glow of lightpollution.18,assuming youre lost in an area humans tend to frequent,look forthe 19 we leave on the landscape.Trail blazes,tire tracks,and other featurescan 20 you to civilization.英 语（一）试 题.1.（共 14页）1.A.SomeB.MostC.FewD.All2.A.putB.takeC.runD.come3.A.SinceB.IfC.ThoughD.Until4.A.formallyB.relativelyC.graduallyD.literally5.A.backB.nextC.aroundD.away6.A.ontoB.offC.acrossD.along7.A.unattractiveB.uncrowdcdC.unchangedD.unfamiliar8.A.siteB.pointC.wayD.place9.A.SoB.YetC.InsteadD.Besides10.A.immediatelyB.intentionallyC.unexpectedlyD.eventually11.A.surprisedB.annoyedC.frightenedD.confused12.A.problemB.optionC.viewD.result13.A.Above allB.In contrastC.On averageD.For example14.A.bridgeB.avoidC.spotD.separate15.A.fromB.throughC.beyondD.under16.A.postsB.linksC.shadesD.breaks17.A.artificialB.mysteriousC.hiddenD.limited18.A.FinallyB.ConsequentlyC.IncidentallyD.Generally19.A.memoriesB.marksC.notesD.belongings20.A.restrictB.adoptC.leadD.exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosingA,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)英 语（一）试 题,2.（共14页）Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a nither unusual rule on the bossesof big banks.Starting next year,any guaranteed bonus of top executives could bedelayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.The mainpurpose of this u clawbackM rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risktaking and to restore public trust in financial institutions.Yet officials also hopefor a much larger benefit:more long-term decision-making,not only by banksbut by all corporations,to build a stronger economy for future generations.u Short-termism,M or the desire for quick profits,has worsened in publiclytraded companies,says the Bank of Englands top economist,Andrew Haldane.He quotes a giant of classical economics,Alfred Marshall,in describing thisfinancial impatience as acting like u children who pick the plums out of theirpudding to eat them at once“rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain,he notes,has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades.Transient investors,who demand high quarterly profits from companies,canhinder a firms efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customerloyalty.This has been dubbed u quarterly capitalism.MIn addition,new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading ofequities,quicker use of information,and thus shorter attention spans in financialmarkets.There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at theexpense of long-term investing,M said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the USSecurities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US,the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most publiccompanies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year,slightly helping reduce ushort-termism.M In its latest survey of CEO pay,TheWall Street Journal finds that“a substantial part of executive pay is now tied toperformance.Much more could be done to encourage 4 4 long-termism,n such as changes inthe tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions.In France,shareholderswho hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earnmore voting rights in a company.Within companies,the right compensation design can provide incentives forexecutives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of allstakeholders.Britains new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has aninterest in their performance,not just for the short term but for the long term.英 语（一）试 题,3.（共14页）21.According to Paragraph 1 ,one motive in imposing the new rule is to.A.enhance bankers,sense of responsibilityB.help coiporations achieve larger profitsC.build a new system of financial regulationD.guarantee the bonuses of top executives22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to i n d i c a t e.A.the conditions for generating quick profitsB.govemments,impatience in decision-makingC.the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD.44short-termism in economic activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies canbe.A.indirectB.adverseC.minimalD.temporary24.The US and France examples are used to i l l u s t r a t e.A.the obstacles to preventing“short-termism”B.the significance of long-term thinkingC.the approaches to promoting 4 4 long-termismMD.the prevalence of short-term thinking25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB.Patience as a Corporate VirtueC.Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD.Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers英 语（一）试题.4.（共14页）Text 2Grade inflationthe gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-pointaverages)over the past few decades-is often considered a product of a consumerera in higher education,in which students are treated like customers to bepleased.But another,related force-a policy often buried deep in course catalogscalled u grade forgivenessM-is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received alow grade,and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one thatcounts in calculating a students overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years,ascolleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school(and payingtuition)and improve their graduation rates.When this practice first starteddecades ago,it was usually limited to freshmen,to give them a second chance totake a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-levelcourses.But now most colleges,save for many selective campuses,allow allundergraduates,and even graduate students,to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is lessabout the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake coursescritical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.44Ultimately,M said Jack Miner,Ohio State Universitys registrar,“we seestudents achieve more success because they retake a course and do better insubsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on tim e.”That said,there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges,ownneeds as well.For public institutions,state funds are sometimes tied partly totheir success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention-so bettergrades can,by boosting figures like those,mean more money.And anything thatraises GPAs will likely make studentswho,at the end of the day,are payingthe bill-feel theyve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars,which isanother big concern for colleges.Indeed,grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are respondingto consumers expectations for higher education.Since students and parentsexpect a college degree to lead to a job,it is in the best interest of a school toturn out graduates who are as qualified as possible-or at least appear to be.Onthis,students and collcgcs,incentives seem to be aligned.英 语（一）试题,5.（共14页）26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students indifference to GPAs.C.Collcgcs,neglect of GPAs.D.The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B.To maintain colleges graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To increase universities,income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enables colleges to.A.obtain more financial supportB.boost their student enrollmentsC.improve their teaching qualityD.meet local governments needs29.What does the phrase“to be aligned”(Line 5,Para.6)most probably mean?A.To counterbalance each other.B.To complement each other.C.To be identical with each other.D.To be contradictory to each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by.A.assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind itC.comparing different views on itD.listing its long-run effects英 语（一）试题.6.（共14页）Text 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein；or9 The Modern Prometheus,by Mary Shelley.Even before the invention of theelectric light bulb,the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction thatwould foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence(A I)raises fundamentalquestions:u What is intelligence,identity,or consciousness?What makeshumans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence,machines that wouldimitate the way humans think,continues to evade scientists.Yet humans remainfascinated by the idea of robots that would look,move,and respond likehumans,similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such asu West worldn and u Humans.MJust how people think is still far too complex to be understood,let alonereproduced,says David Eagleman,a Stanford University neuroscientist.4 4 We arejust in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnessactually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.nBut that doesnt mean crucial ethical issues involving AI arent at hand.Thecoming use of autonomous vehicles,for example,poses thorny ethical questions.Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions.Their reactionsmay be a complex combination of instant reflexes,input from past drivingexperiences,and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment.AI“vision”today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans.And to anticipate everyimaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data,“you quickly get into a lotof ethical questions,n notes Tan Kiat How,chief executive of a Singapore-basedagency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical useof AI.Along with Singapore,other governments and mega-corporations arebeginning to establish their own guidelines.Britain is setting up a data ethicscenter.India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not todesign or deploy AI”that would cause4 4 overall harm,or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance thatwould violate international norms.It also pledged not to deploy AI whose usewould violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague,it represents one starting point.So does the ideathat decisions made by AI systems should be explainable,transparent,and fair.To put it another way:How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligentmachines reflects humanitys highest values?Only then will they be usefulservants and not Frankensteins out-of-control monster.英 语（一）试 题.7.（共14页）31.Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it.A.fascinates AI scientists all over the worldB.has remained popular for as long as 200 yearsC.involves some concerns raised by AI todayD.has sparked serious ethical controversies32.In David Eaglemans opinion,our current knowledge of consciousnessA.helps explain artificial intelligenceB.can be misleading to robot makingC.inspires popular sci-fi TV seriesD.is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA.can hardly ever be foundB.is still beyond our capacityC.causes little public concernD.has aroused much curiosity34.The authors attitude toward Googles pledges is one of.A.affirmationB.skepticismC.contemptD.respect35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Als Future：In the Hands of Tech GiantsB.Frankenstein,the Novel Predicting the Age of AIC.The Conscience of AI：Complex But InevitableD.AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control英 语（一）试 题,8.（共 14页）Text 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they makeonline purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leaveshoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday oveiTuled a pair of decades-olddecisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually.The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain onlinepurchases.The cases the court oveilumed said that if a business was shipping a customerspurchase to a state where the business didnt have a physical presence such as awarehouse or office,the business didnt have to collect sales tax for the state.Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state tliemselvesif they werent charged it,but most didnt realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed.“Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economicreality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,n he wrote in anopinion joined by four other justices.Kennedy wrote that the rule 4 4 limited States*ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants fromcompeting on an even playing field.MThe ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states,sincethey usually collect sales tax on online purchases alr
