2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题及解析.pdf

2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题及解析（江南博哥）材料题根据下面资料，回答L2 0 题Being a good parent is,of course,what every parent would like to be.But definingwhat it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very 1,particularly since childrenrespond differently to the same style of parenting.A calm,rule-following child mightrespond better to a different sort of parenting than,2_,a younger sibling.3,theres another sort of parent thats a bit easier to 4:a patient parent.Children ofevery age benefit from patient parenting.Still,5 every parent would like to be patient,this is no easy互.Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable tomaintain a 7_and composed style with their kids.I understand this.Youre only human,and sometimes your kids can 8_you just a little too far.And thenthe 9 happens:You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or saysomething that was a bit too 10 and does nobody any good.You wish that youcould 11 the clock and start over.Weve all been there.12,even though its common,its important to keep in mind that in a single momentof fatigue,you can say something to your child that you may 13 for a long time.Thismay not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also 14 your childsself-esteem.If you consistently lose your 15 with your kids,then you are inadvertently modeling alack of emotional control for your kids.We are all becoming increasingly aware ofthe 16 of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation.This is a skillthat will help them all throughout life.In fact,the ability to emotionally regulate ormaintain emotional control when 17 by stress isone of the most important of all lifes skills.Certainly,its incredibly 18 to maintain patience at all times with your kids.A morepractical goal is to try,to be the best of your ability,to be as tolerant and composedas you can when faced with 19 situations involving your children.I can promise youthis:As a result of working toward this goal,you and your children will benefitand 20 from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.1、单选题 第（1）题选A.tediousB.pleasantC.instructiveD.tricky正确答案：D参考解析：文章第一段第一句是主题句，该句提到，每位父母都想成为好的父母。空格句以But开头，句意上出现了转折，但是如何定义好的父母是个难 题 。since后给出了原因，因为不同的孩子对待同样的养育方式反应也是不同的。tedious意为 冗长的；啰 唆 的 ；pleasant意为 令人愉快的;可喜 的 ；instructive意为 增长知识的；tricky意为 棘手的，困 难 的 ，D项符合句意。2、单选题 第（2）题选A.in additionB.for exampleC.at onceD.by accident正确答案：B参考解析：前一句提到，不同的孩子对待同样的养育方式反应也是不同的，空格所在句为例证，如果换一种养育方式，一个冷静而听话的孩子可能会比他的弟弟或妹妹反应更好些。所以用表示举例分析的词只有for example例如最 合 适,其他选项in addition 另 外;at once 偶尔;by accident 意外地 都不合适。3、单选题 第（3）题选A.FortunatelyB.OccasionallyC.AccordinglyD.Eventually正确答案：A参考解析：空格所在句指出：还有一类父母描述起来会容易一些，这类父母是非常耐心的。第一段告诉我们如何定义怎样才是好的父母是个难题，空格句在上下文文义上都是个转折，幸 运 的 是/还 好，有一类父母很好描述/定义，并且各个年龄段的孩子都可以从他们的养育方式中获益。故 选Fortunately 幸 运 地；交好运地”，其他选项 Occasionally偶 尔 ；Accordingly对 应 地 ；Eventually 最终地 都不合适。4、单选题 第（4）题选A.amuseB.assistC.describeD.train正确答案：C参考解析：第一段告诉我们如何定义怎样才是好的父母是个难题，第二段出现转 折，幸 运 的 是/还 好，有一类父母很好描述/定义describe 描述 与define 定义 相呼 应，故 选co amuse 逗笑；逗 乐 ；assist 帮 助;协 助 ；train 训练；培训”三个选项均不符合句意，故均排除。5、单选题 第（5）题选A.whileB.becauseC.unlessD.once正确答案：A参考解析：空格所在句指出：虽然每位父母都想成为耐心的父母，但这并不容易。逗号前后为转折关系，只 有while 然 而 表 转 折，故 选A。because 因为；unless 除 非 ；once 曾 经 三个选项均不符合句意，故均排除。6、单 选 题 第（6）题选A.answerB.taskC.choice0.access正确答案：B参考解析：空格所在句指出：虽然每位父母都想成为耐心的父母，但这不是个容易的差事/任务。task意 为 任 务 ；其余选项answer 答 案 ；choice 选择 ；access 途径/权限 都不合适，故选B。7、单选题 第（7）题选A.tolerantB.formalC.rigidD.critical正确答案：A参考解析：空格所在句指出：有时父母会很累很沮丧，这时候对待孩子就很难沉着冷静（composed）和包容。tolerant意为 包容的；formal意为 正式的；rigid意 为 死 板 的 ；critical意为 批评的。A项带入原句符合句意，故选Ao8、单选题 第（8）题选A.moveB.dragC.pushD.send正确答案：C参考解析：空格所在句指出：你也不是圣人/你也只是普通人，而且有时候孩子会把你逼得很紧。push意 为 催 促/紧 逼 ；此 处move 移动，使 感 动 ；drag 拖 拽 ；send 发送 均不符合句意，故 选C。9、单选题 第（9）题选A.mysteriousB.illogicalC.suspicious0.inevitable正确答案：D参考解析：空格前一句指出：有时候孩子会把你逼得很紧。空格后一句指出：你会失去耐心，对孩子大吼大叫。那么后一句 失去耐心，对孩子大吼大叫 是前一句 有时候孩子会把你逼得很紧 的必然结果。mysterious意 为 神 秘 的；illogical意 为 不 合 逻 辑 的 ；suspicious意 为 怀 疑 的 ；inevitable意为 无法 避 免 的/必 然 的 。带入原句，D项符合句意，故 选Do10、单选题 第（10）题选A.boringB.naiveC.harshD.vague正确答案：C参考解析：空格所在句句意：你会失去耐心并对孩子大吼大叫，而且有时候会说一些很伤人/刻薄的话，对每个人都没好处。根据上下文可推知，something后面的形容词一定是贬义的，boring意为 没趣的；令人厌倦的；naive意为 缺乏经验的；幼 稚 的 ；harsh意为 刺耳的/严格的；vague意为 含糊的，不明确的。四个选项中，只有C项是带贬义色彩的词并符合句意的，故选Co11、单选题 第（11）题选A.turn backB.take apartC.set asideD.cover up正确答案：A参考解析：空格所在句句意：你会希望时间倒流，一切重新再来。turn back意 为 （使）往 回 走 ；take apart意 为 拆 开/拆 解 ；set aside意 为 把.放 一旁/不理会；cover up意为 盖起来。B、C、D三项均不符合句意，故选A。12、单选题 第（12）题选A.OverallB.InsteadC.However.Otherwise正确答案：C参考解析：空格所在句句意：然而，即使这是很普遍的现象，我们还是要牢记，哪怕只是一点点的疲惫，都会让你对孩子说一些你会后悔很久的话。上一段描述了一般情况下父母是如何对孩子失去耐心的，并且这很普遍We ve all beenthere/it s common,空格所在句对比上一段发生了转折，所以要填一个含有转折意义的词。overall意 为 全 面 的 ；instead意 为 反 而;ipz,however意 为 然 而 ；otherwise意 为 否 则;不 然 ，故 选C:13、单选题 第（13）题选A.likeB.missC.believeD.regret正确答案：D参考解析：上一段描述了父母如何对孩子失去耐心，然后又希望时间倒流，一切重新再来，哪怕只是一点点的疲惫，都会让父母对孩子说一些他们会后悔（regret）很久的话，故 选D。其他选项like 喜 欢 ；miss 错 过 ；believe 相信 均不符合上下文，故均排除。14、单选题 第（14）题选A.raiseB.affectC.justifyD.reflect正确答案：B参考解析：结合原文语境，空格所在句句意：这也许不仅会伤害你和孩子之间的关系，而且会你孩子的自尊，所以空格处需要填上一个动词，这个动词可以与后面的宾语自尊心搭配。因此答案只能是affect 影 响 ，故 选Bo而raise意 为 提 高，养 育 ；iustify意 为 证 明 正 确 ；reflect意 为 反 映 ，均不能与 自尊心”合理搭配，故均排除。15、单选题 第（15）题选A.timeB.bondC.raceD.cool正确答案：D参考解析：空格所在句句意：如果你总是对你的孩子失去本文一直在探讨的主题就是对孩子要有耐心，所以该空填与耐心类似的词。8。1有 冷静”之 意，所以符合题意的只能是cool,而time 时 间 ；bond 结 合，纽 带 ；race 比赛，种族 都不符合这里的语境。16、单选题 第（16）题选A.natureB.secretC.importance0.context正确答案：C参考解析：A of B的结构中，名 词A主要参照的是后面o f结构对它的修饰作用。Of结构在这里表示“建立对孩子宽容和耐心的，联系前面提到的 我们越来越重视因此符合题意的是importance 重 要 性 ，故 选C:nature意 为 自 然、天 性 ；secret意 为 秘 密 ；context意 为 环 境 ，均不符合题 意，故均排除。17、单选题 第（17）题选A.cheatedB.defeatedC.confused0.confronted正确答案：D参考解析：根据本题语境，事实上，在压 力 时，情绪调节或维持情绪控制的能力是所有生活技能中最重要的一项，压力前面应搭配confronted 面对，故 选Do其他的选项cheated 欺 骗 ；defeated 打 败 ；confused 困惑”均不符合题意。18、单选题 第（18）题选A.terribleB.hardC.st rangeD.wrong正确答案：B参考解析：空格所在句句意：不可避免的一直对孩子保持耐心。可以先看选 项terrible 糟 糕 的 ；strange 奇 怪 的 ；wrong 错 误 的 ，这三个选项都不能放在此处形成合理搭配，所 以hard 困难的 更合适19、单 选 题 第（19）题选A.tryingB.changingC.exciting0.surprising正确答案：A参考解析：根据原文语境 一个更实际的目标是去尝试，尽你最大的能力，当你面对涉及孩子的情 况 时，尽可能地宽容和冷静。需要父母宽容和冷静的应该是不太好的情况，选 项 中，trying作形容词时意为 令人厌烦的 最合适。其他选项changing 变 化 ；exciting 激 动 人 心 的 ；surprising 令人惊讶的，均不能体现这里的含义：20、单选题 第（20）题选A.hideB.emergeC.withdrawD.escape正确答案：B参考解析：空格所在句句意：朝着这个目标努力的结果是，你和你的孩子将受益并从很有压力的这些时候，在身体和情感上感觉更好。四个选项中，只有emerge 浮现,出现 最符合题意，所以选B,而hide 隐 藏 ；withdraw 撤 退 ；escape 逃避 均为负面含义，故均排除。材料题根据下面资料，回答21-25题Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so theycan identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid.To find out if thisextends to non-living beings,Laleh Quinn at the University of California,San Diego,and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat-one social and oneasocial-for four days.The robot rats were quite minimalist,resembling a chunkierversion of a computer mouse with wheels to move around and colorful markings.During the experiment,the social robot rat followed the living rats around,playedwith the same toys,and opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape.Meanwhile,the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.Next,the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunityto release them by pressing a lever.Across 18 trial each,the living rats were 52percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one.Thissuggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuinesocial being,says Quinn.The rats may have bonded more with the social robotbecause it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing.This could leadto the rats better remembering having freed it earlier,and wanting the robot toreturn the favour when they get trapped,she says.Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help andcooperation,including what is referred to as direct reciprocity-where a rat will helpanother rat that has previously helpedthem,says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimaldesign.The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plasticbox on wheels.Wed assumed wed have to give it a moving head and tail,facialfeatures,and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat,but that wasntnecessary,says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia,who helpedwith the research.The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues,even when they come frombasic robots,says Wiles.Similarly,children tend to treat robots as if they are fellowbeings,even when they display only simple social signals.We humans seem to befascinated by robots,and it turns out other animals are too,says Wiles.21、单选题Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see if ratscan.A.pick up social signals from non-living ratsB.distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile oneC.attain sociable traits through special trainingD.send out warning messages to their fellow正确答案：A参考解析：根据题干关键词Quinn and her colleagues和a test定位到第一段第二句To find out if this extends to non-living beings,Laleh Quinn atthe University of California,San Diego nd her colleagues tested whetherrats can detect social signals from robotic ra ts,为了查明这是否延 伸到了非生物，奎因和她的同事测试了老鼠能否从机器老鼠身上探测到社会信号。A项 从没有生命的老鼠身上获取社会信号”是原文的同义替换，故选A。B项 区分友好的老鼠和敌对的 老 鼠 ，C项 通过特殊训练获得社交品质D项 向它们的同伴发出警告信息，在原文中均未 提及，故均排除。22、单选题What did the asocial robot do during the experiment?A.It followed the social robot.B.lt played with some toys.C.lt set the trapped rats free.D.lt moved around alone.正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干关键词the asocial robot和experiment定位到第三段最后一句 Meanwhile。the asocial robot simply moved forwards andbackwards and side to side”,同时，不具有 社交能力的机器人只能进行简单的前后左右移动。D项 它独自移动 是原文的同义替换。A项 它跟随具备社交能力的老鼠,与 原 文the social robot rat followed the living ratsaround不 符，原文中说的是具备社交能力的老鼠跟随真老鼠。B项 它玩一些玩具，与原文the social robot rat.played with the same toys不符，原文中说的是具备社交能力的老鼠玩同样的玩具。C项 它释放了被困的老鼠与原文 the social robot rat.opened caged doors to let trappedrats escape不符，原文中说的是具备社交能力的老鼠释放了被困的老鼠，故排除A、B、C三项。23、单选题According to Quinn,the rats released the social robot becauset hey.A.tried to practice a means of escapeB.expected it to do the same in returnC.wanted to display their intelligence0.considered that an interesting game正确答案：B参考解析：根据题干关键词Quinn和the rats released the social robots定位到第四段，第四段最后一句This could lead to the rats betterremembering having freed it earlier,and wanting the robot to return thefavour when they get trapped,she says o 奎因说：这可能会让 老鼠更好地记住早些时候已经释放了机器人，并希望机器人在它们被困住时能回报它们 的 恩 惠。B项 希望它也会这么做 是原文的同义替换j A项 试图尝试一种逃跑的方法，c项 想要展示它们的智慧 和D项 觉得是个有趣的游戏在原文当中均未提及，故均排除。24、单选题Janet Wiles notes that r at s.A.can remember other rats facial featuresB.differentiate smells better than sizesC.respond more to actions than to looksD.can be scared by a plastic box on wheels正确答案：C参考解析：根据题干关键词Janet Wiles定位到第七段，第七段最后一句Wehumans seem to be fascinated by robots,and it turns out other animalsare too,says W iles。怀尔斯说：我们人类似乎对机器人很着迷，事实证明其他动物也很着迷。再结合第七段前面部分的阐述，会发现C项 对行动的反应多于对外表的反应，是原文的类似表达。A项 能够记住其他老鼠的面部 特 征 ，与原文内容不符。B项 与体型大小相比，能够更好地区分气味，与原文内容不符，原文中只提到赋予机器老鼠真老鼠的气味。D项 会被装有轮子的塑料盒子吓坏，与原文内容不符，原文中只是提到机器老鼠只是装有轮子的塑料盒子，故排除A、B、D三项。25、单选题It can be learned from the text that r at s.A.appear to be adaptable to new surroundingsB.are more socially active than other animalsC.behave differently from children in socializingD.are more sensitive to social cues than expected正确答案：D参考解析：题干并没有具体关键词，所以需要通过选项回到文中逐一对应。D项 对社交线索比预期更敏感，与原文第七段第一句The finding shows howsensitive rats are to social cues,even when they come from basic robots,says W iles,属于类似表达，即这一发现显示了老鼠对社交暗示的敏感程度，即使是来自基本机器老鼠的社交暗示，故选D:A项 似乎能适应新环境”，在文中并未提及。B项 比其他动物更活跃，与原文不符，在文中只提到其他动物也一样会对机器人着迷。C项 在社交活动中表现得与孩子不同，与原文内容相反，原文内容指的是孩子们倾向于把机器人当作人来对待，即使他们只显示简单的社会信号，这一点与老鼠是一样的，故排除A、B、C三项。材料题根据下面资料，回答26-30题It is true that CEO pay has gone up-top ones may make 300 times the pay of typicalworkers on average,and since the mid-1970s,CEO pay for large publicly tradedAmerican corporations has,by varying estimates,gone up by about 500%.The typicalCEO of a top American corporation now makes about$18,9 million a year.The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talentin a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.Theefforts of Americas highest-earning 1%have been one of the more dynamicelements of the global economy.Its not popular to say,but one reason their pay hasgone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many otherworkers in the U.S.economy.Todays CEO,at least for major American firms,must have many more skills thansimply being able to run the company.CEOs must have a good sense of financialmarkets and maybe even how the company should trade in them.They also needbetter public relations skills than their predecessors,as the costs of even a minorslipup can be significant.Then theres the fact that large American companies aremuch more globalized than ever before,with supply chains spread across a largernumber of countries.To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fairlymind-boggling.Plus,virtually all major American companies are becoming techcompanies,one way or another.Beyond this,major CEOs still have to do all theday-to-day work they have always done.The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesntexplain history very well.By most measures,corporate governance has become a lottighter and more rigorous since the 1970s.Yet it is principally during this period ofstronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising.That suggests it is in thebroader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.Furthermore,the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates,not to the cozyinsider picks,another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at theexpense of the rest of the company.And the stock market reacts positively whencompanies tie CEO pay to,say,stock prices,a sign that those practices build upcorporate value not just for the CEO.26、单选题Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?A.The growth in the number of corporationsB.The general pay rise with a better economyC.Increased business opportunities for top firmsD.CIose cooperation among leading economics正确答案：C参考解析：根据题干关键词CEO pay rise及题干中对CEO薪酬增加原因的提问，定位至I 第二E殳第一句 The best model for understanding the growth ofCEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where businessopportunities for the top firms are growing rapidlyn o 了解 CEO 薪酬 增长的最佳模式是,CEO人才在一个顶级公司的商业机会迅速增长的世界里是有限的。C项 增加顶级公司商业机会的增加”是原文的同义替换，故选Co A项 公司数量的增长，与原文内容不符，文中并不是说公司数量而是商业机会。B项“好转的经济带来的普遍加薪，文中并未提到better economyo D项 主要经济体之间的密切合作，文中未提到经济体之间的合作，故排除A、B、D三项。27、单选题Compared with their predecessors,todays CEOs are requiredto.A.foster a stronger sense of teamworkB.finance more research and developmentC.establish closer ties with tech companies0.operate more globalized companies正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干关键词predecessors及today s CEOs定位到第三段第三句They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors,as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant”o 他们还需要比他们的前任更好的公关技巧，因为即使是一个小失误的成本也可能是巨大的。选项中并未提