2023年人教版高考英语一轮复习语法专题突破.docx

语法专题突破专题一千变万化的动词第一讲谓语动词,一） 动词的时态 语篇导入朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑部分的时态、语态。I am Li Fan, chairman of the Students9 union. I am writing to draw your attention to some improper behaviour in our campus: littering and scribbling. It has been making our school dirty and unpleasant. I always feel ashamed whenever I see this. It is clearly not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble about. Last week, the Students' union held" a meeting to seek some solutions to these problems. We were having ' a heated discussion when our headmaster came' and joined ' us. After the meeting, the headmaster said ' that the school had made efforts to improve this situation and more dustbins would be placed' around. Recently, the Students5 Union has set up specific rules against such behaviour. At the same time, all of us should develop good habits and behave ourselves. We believe that, with the joint efforts of both teachers and students, our school will become a more enjoyable place in the near future.是现在进行时，结构为：am/is/are+现在分词。表示现在正在发生的动作。是现在完成进行时，结构为：have/hasbeen+现在分词。表示从过去开始一直延续到现在并有可能继 续下去的动作。是一般现在时，结构为：be动词：am/is/are；行为动词：谓语动词为动词原形或动词的单数第三人 称形式。表示现在的状态，还可表现现在经常性或习惯性动作。是一般过去时，结构为：谓语动词用动词的一般过去式形式。表示在过去某个时间里所发生的动作 或存在的状态。是过去进行时，结构为：was/were+现在分词。表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。是过去完成时，结构为：had+过去分词。表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作，即“过 去的过去”。是过去将来时，结构为：would+动词原形。表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或将要存在的 状态。另外此处主语dustbins为动作的承受者，所以用被动语态。是现在完成时，结构为：has/have+过去分词。表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。是一般将来时，结构为：will +动词原形。表示在将来某一时刻要发生的动作或存在的状态。难点精析一、词形变化在时态的变化中，动词的形式需要发生相应的变化。动词形式不正确已经成为英语写作中重要的扣分因素。因此，要注意在不同时态中的词形变化。形式变化规则构成方法例词原形see, finish, teach, touch三单一般情况直接加一Slooklooks writewrites以一ch, sh, s, x 结尾加一esteach-teaches finishfinishesguessguesses mixmixes以“辅音+。”结尾加一esdodoesgogoes以“辅音字母+y”结尾变y为i 加一estry一tries bury-buries过去 式/ 过去 分词一般情况直接加一 edstaystayed look-looked以不发音一e结尾直接加一ddecide-decided hopehoped以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只 有一个辅音字母双写辅音字母加一 edstop-stopped admit-admitted以“辅音字母+y”结尾变y为i加一edcarry-carried trytried现在 分词一般情况直接加一inggo-going read-reading以不发音一e结尾去e力口一inghavehaving writewriting以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只 有一个辅音字母双写辅音字 母加一ingcutcutting runrunning二' 核心考点高考中通常把时态和语境结合起来考查（常在语法填空和短文改错两个题型中考查）。题干中往往没有明 确的时间状语，需要考生搜索出时间参照信息。英语有16种时态，中学阶段常用的是9种。1. 一般现在时（am/is/are；动词原形或动词的单数第三人称形式）（1）常常表示人的习惯或经常性发生的动作。常用的时间状语有always, usually, often, sometimes, every day 等。I usually do my homework in the evening every day. 我通常每天晚上做作业。(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed.即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。(3)表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。2 .一般过去时(过去式)(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last year, the other day等时间状语连 用。He arrived at school at 9： 00 a. m. yesterday.他昨天上午九点到学校。(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。I didn't pass the exam, which made my parents very angry.我没有通过考试，这让我父母很生气。3 . 一般将来时表示未来的动作或状态或临时做出的决定，常用will/shall+动词原形或者强调主观看法，表示主语打 算、计划等决定要做的事要用is/am/are going to+动词原形，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next week 等连用。It is said that he will retire next month.据说他将于下月卸任。4 .现在进行时(am/is/are+现在分词)(1)表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作；也可以表示当时一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的 动作。常用的时间状语有now, at present, this week等。Mother is waiting for me.母亲在等我。What lesson are you studying this week?你们本周学哪一课了？(2)代替一般将来时,表示即将发生的动作。动词一般多为表示位置转移的动词。如:go, come, leave, arrive 等。5 .过去进行时(was/were+现在分词)(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。常用的时间状语then, allhat lime等。I was doing my lessons then.那时我在做功课。(2)代替过去将来时，表示过云即将发生的动作。He said he was coming to see me.他说他要来看我。即时训练单句语法填空(2021 新高考 I )You can't help wondering how hard it was (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.(2018全国 I )While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it is (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.(2021 全国甲)Wehired (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old andshaky but did the job.(2021 诸暨市 5 月模拟)So focusedis(be) the society on making people's life more convenient in theshort term, but in the long run, those everyday conveniences are at the expense of our health.(2021河南顶尖名校联考)It is a basic human ability to remember things which he watches (watch) and does by himself.(2021 成都三诊)My friend Tony, who was studying (study) acupuncture at a college near London at the time, suggested that I visit an acupuncturist.6 .现在完成时(have/has+过去分词)(1)表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果仍对现在 有影响。I'm sorry, but I don't quite follow you.Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?Sorry, I haven't made myself clear. We want to return on October 20.对不起，我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗？对不起，我没有表达清楚。我们打算10月20号回来。(2)表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。考查现在完成时，往往有较为明显的时间状语。如already, just, yet, since, ford段时间，叩to now, until now, ever since, so far, recently, lately, in the past/last few years 等。I have learned about two hundred English words in the past three hours.在过去的3小时里我已经学了 200多个英语单词了。(4)下列句型中常用现在完成时。It has beend段时间 + since 从句This/That/It is the first/second.time that+现在完成时This/That/It is the best/finest/most inieresting.+ 名词+that+现在完成时This is the first time that I have made a speech.这是我第一次做演讲。It is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。7 .过去完成时(had +过去分词)(1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。在by, by the end of, by the time> until, before, since 后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句的句子中。I had put away my cellphone before my father came back.在我爸爸回来之前我已经把手机收起来了。在hardly/scarcelywhen., no sooner.than句式中，主句常用过去完成时，表示“一就”。当hardly, scarcely, no sooner置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。No sooner had they rushed out of the house than it burnt down.他们刚从房子里跑出来房子就烧塌了。(3)hope, expect, mean, intend, want, suppose的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)即时训练2单句语法填空(2017全国 I )Before getting into the car, I thought I had leame© (learn) the instructor's orders, but once I started the car, my mind went blank.I forgot what he had said (say) to me altogether.(2019全国 II )1 love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I have made (make) over the years.(3)No sooner had we been (be) seated than the bus started.(2021 广东六校联考)The master carpenterhas drawn (draw)over 1. 18 million subscribers so far onthe Internet.(2021 天津十二区县联考)As is reported, the number of smokers has dropped (drop) by 17 percent in just one year thanks to the push of health knowledge.8 .过去将来时(should/wou1d+动词原形)表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语 中。She said she would retire the next year.她说她明年就退休了。I wondered what my son would say the next moment.我不知道儿子紧接着要说什么。9 .现在完成进行时(have/has+been +现在分词)(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.这些年来，他们一直为我们杂志写稿。(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.最近我们常常见面。即时训练3单句语法填空一Where is Peter? I can't find him anywhere.He went to the library after breakfast and have been writing (write) his essay there ever since.©Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he would be (be) a famous scientist whose theories would change (change) the world.(2021南开中学 5 月模拟)The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities has been rising (rise) steadily since 1997.©Since then-fbr all these years-wehave been allowing (allow) tomatoes to self-seed where theyplease.(2020天津卷改编)一You are a great swimmer.Thanks. It's because Ihave been practising (Dractise)a lot these days.二动词的语态语篇导入阅读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑部分的语态。Xiao Ming与 CellphoneXiao Ming's cellphone was broken by his father yesterday evening.I couldn't get through to him because the cellphone was being repaired then.Before this, his cellphone had been broken four times because he was careless.Xiao Ming liked cellphone games so much that he didn't study hard.Cellphones are widely used nowadays.However, many of them are being used to play games by teenagers.So far, many questions have been raised by their parents.Should they be used by students?Xiao Ming's cellphone will be repaired well soon. May be by next Sunday the cellphone will have been brought home and will be being used to play games again.是被动语态的一般过去时，结构为：was/were+过去分词。是被动语态的过去进行时，结构为：was/were + being +过去分词。是被动语态的过去完成时，结构为：hadbeen +过去分词。是被动语态的一般现在时，结构为：is/am/are+过去分词。是被动语态的现在进行时，结构为：is/amare+being+过去分词。是被动语态的现在完成时，结构为：have/hasbeen+过去分词。是带情态动词的被动语态，结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词。是被动语态的一般将来时，结构为：will+be+过去分词。是被动语态的将来完成时，结构为：will+havebeen+过去分词。是被动语态的将来进行时，结构为：will+be being +过去分词。难点精析1 .不及物动词及短语没有被动语态。An accident happened on the way home last night and five people were killed. 昨晚在回家的路上发生了一起意外事故，死了五个人。A big fire broke out in our school last week.上周我们学校发生了一场大火。2 .被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中的介/ 副词。Trees should not be planted in summer.夏天不应该种树。The boy was made fun of by his classmates.这个男孩被他的同学取笑了。3 .汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中可用被动结构表示，构成Itis+done.形式。如：It is said/reported that据说/据报道It is well known that众所周知It must be pointed out that必须指出It must be admitted thal人们必须承认It is generally considered/supposed/hoped/believed that人们普遍认为/希望/相信It is generally considered that the key to learning a foreign language well is nothing but practice. 人们普遍认为学好一门外语的关键就是练习。It is reported that the temperature will decline sharply in one or two days.据报告，近两日气温将明显下降。4.下面的主动形式常表示被动意义。(1 )feel/taste/smell/look/sound+.Junk food tastes delicious but it doesn't contain enough nutrition. 垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。Your idea sounds wonderful but it isn't practical.你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。(2)want/need/require doingThe window wants/needs/requires repairing.这扇窗户需要修理。Your composition still requires polishing to be published.你的文章出版前还需润色。(3)wash/sell/write/read+arfp.The clothes washes well.这些衣服很好洗。Her new book was interesting and sold well.她的新书很有趣并且卖得不错。即时训练单句语法填空A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped (trap) in the mountains for two days.(20213 月天津)Currently, about 35,000 works are being displayed (dispaly) in over 300 rooms in the Louvre, and it would take a lifetime to see everything.(3)(2021 1 月浙江)It is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered (consider) healthy.If you leave the club, you won't be allowed (not, allow) back in.(2021 浙江)The little homewas painted (paint)white. It was sweet and fresh.(2021 广州六区检测)Homeless peopleare told (tell)what to do every place they go» but we want toencourage them to be leaders.(2021 安徽蚌埠一模)Late last century, residents were bothered (bother)by dust on windy days and mud flows when it rained.解题策略单句语法填空1. (2021 浙江)It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, has proved/proven (prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.解析：考查动词的时态。根据时间状语“since it opened to the public”可知，此处用现在完成时态。故填 has proved/proveno2. (2018全国11)111已 Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005一when the government started (start) a soil-testing programme that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers-and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7. 7 million tons.解析：考查动词的时态。根据上下文可知作者在说2005年发生的事情，应用动词的一般过去式。故填started o3. (2021 全国甲)The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It was built (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修 复).解析：考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子可知，空格处为谓语，动词build和主语之间是被动关系，应 用被动语态(be done),根据句意和时间状语the Tang dynasty可知，用一般过去时，谓语动词用过去式，主 语it为第三人称单数，主谓一致。故填was built。4. (2015湖南)1 was walking (walk) across Altrincham Road one morning when a cyclist went round me and on being asked what he was doing he shouted at me.解析：考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，句子是was/were doing.when固定句型。故填was walkingo5. (2021 台州市 4 月调考)In reality, however,60% of clothing nowadays is abandoned (abandon)within a year of purchase, .解析：考查动词的时态和语态。句意：事实上，如今60%的衣物在购买一年之后就被遗弃了。分 析句子可知，本句缺少谓语，abandon与主语clothing为动宾关系，所以用被动语态，clothing为不可数名 词，陈述的是客观事实。故填is abandoned。6. (2021天津十二区县联考 2)Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight CZ3694 takes (take) off at 17 15.解析：考查动词的时态。句意：看看时间表。快点！ CZ3694航班17 15起飞。一般现在时表示飞机 按照时间表即将进行的动作。故填takes。7. (2021南开中学 5 月模拟)一You speak very good French!Thanks. Istudied (study) French in Nankai University for four years.解析：考查动词的时态。句意：你的法语讲的很好。谢谢，我在南开大学学了 4年的法语。 根据句意，说话人在南开大学学了 4年的法语，应用一般过去时。故填studied。技法点津8. 掌握独特的时间状语标志(1)时间基点为现在,题干中如用always, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等，用一般现在时。题干中如用 yesterday, last night, a few days ago, the other day 等，用一般过去时。(3)题干中如用tomorrow, next year, in a week等，用一般将来时。(4)题干中如用now, at present等，用现在进行时。(5)题干中如用 at that time, then, at six o'clock yesterday 等，用过去进行时。(6)题干中如用 at this time tomorrow, from 1 o'clock to 3 o5clock tomorrow 等，用将来进行时。(7)题干中如用 since, so far, up to now, in/over/during the last year/past few years 等，用现在完成时。9. 熟记固定句型中的时态(l)be doing.when., when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。(2)It is/hasbeen +时间段+since表示"自从以来己”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从 句用一般过去时。(3)祈使句+and/or+陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。10. 清主动被动，辨析语态看到主语为物，且动词为及物动词，要想到用一般被动语态。三主谓一致语篇导入1.语法一致原则1 live! in Beijing while my girlfriend lives in Shanghai, and we haven't seen each other for a long time.To see her every day is- my dream.What I want to do is give up my present job and work in her city.However, all my relatives except my uncle support' my idea.Someone tells: me that it is not worthwhile to give up my job, which brings me 10,000 yuan every month.该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则动词用单数形式；主语 是复数形式则动词用复数形式：根据主语的人称和数，来确定谓语动词的单复数。主语是不定式或动名词，动词用单数。主语是从句，动词一般用单数。主语后面跟有 with, together with, except, but, as well as, rather than, besides, including 等引起的 短语，谓语动词跟这些词前面的主语一致。主语为someone, anyone, everyone等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数。定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。2 .意义一致原则I have been travelling on a budget for four months.Four months is ' not a short time.Though a large number of people don't"' understand me, the majority of people I met on my way are ! friendly.The old don't' support my crazy behaviour, but the young admire me.At first my family were worried about me> but now they have been used to this.表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用 单数。"a number of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。the majority of, the rest of,分数/百分数+of+名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词 的数。“the+a办”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数；表示一类物时，谓语动词用单数。family, group, team, class, government等集体名词，当其表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动 词用单数；当其表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。3 .就近一致原则There are many girls having a taste for sweet food» but neither my sister nor I am interested in candies.here/there引导一个句子而且主语不止一个时，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词要与离它最 近的主语在数上保持一致。由 or, not only.but also