备战2023年高考英语一轮复习考点帮考点03-名词与语法填空（解析版）.docx

考点03名词(解析版)【命题解读】名词和主谓一致是历年高考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错题 型中。名词部分主要考查：名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)名词的所有格抽象名词的具体化名词和冠词的搭配高考关于主谓一致的考查主要集中在一下三个方面：语法一致意义一致就近原则【命题预测】语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中在给出词根进行此类转化，根 据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词，名词的复数形式，所有格形式的变化。主谓一致一般会与 名词、动词的时态和语态放在一起考查。【名师指导】1 .整体把握，注意语境从近年高考试题看，高考语法填空对名词的考查离不开具体的语境，在语境中考查名词 的相关知识。做题时，既要全面、整体地看题干，还要注意分析句子成分，并根据提示词来 确定名词的相关考点。通常，涉及名词考点的试题包括：(1)根据语境判断名词的单复数；(2)提示词是形容词、动词等此类，根据句子成分和词缀知识加上相应的后缀变成名词：(3)名词的固定搭配；（4）名词的所有格及名词的其他相关知识2 .确定考点，注意搭配语法填空对名词的考查涉及名词各方面的知识，解题时要注意首先根据提示信息确定考 点，试题是考查名词的词类转换，还是考查复数名词、名词的所有格，还是考查主谓一致、 名词的固定搭配等，确定了考点之后，再结合其他相关知识来做出正确解答。3 .多记单词，积累词缀高考对名词的考查注重基础，我们在平时的复习中要打好基础，掌握足够的考纲词汇, 并熟知其常见搭配和用法，并注意熟练掌握常用的名词词缀知识。4 .巧用就近原则当主语是由 or, nor, either.or, neither.nor, not only.but also 连接的并列成分时以及在 there be句型中，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则。【重要考向】"、名词的数；二、名词作定语；三、名词所有格：名词的数【典例】2022.6新高考1卷 语法填空】The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate 62 (population)and homes of giant pandas, and eventually (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild.答案：populations 解析: 考查名词。句意：GPNP的主要目标是改善不同种群和大熊猫家园之间的联系，最终达到理 想的野生大熊猫数量水平。设空处和and后的复数名词homes并列在句中作宾语，应用可数 名词population （种群）的复数的形式。故填populationso【名词的数提分秘籍】名词分为可数名词与不可数名词。1 .可数名词的复数(1)可数名词变复数一般都是直接加-S；词尾若是s, X, ch, sh,在词尾加-esdesk>desks； dish>dishesstomach 的复数形式是 stomachs(2)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，要变y为i再加-esstudystudies(3)以f或fe结尾的名词，变f或fe为-vesleafleaves(4)以字母o结尾的名词，多数加-spiano>pianos(5)单、复数同形sheep； deer(6)单、复数都要加s的名词works(工厂)；means(方法)有一些例外情况：(1)巧记以o结尾加-es的名词：黑人英雄吃西红柿和马铃薯。(即Negro, hero, tomato 和potato四个词)(2)巧记以f或fe结尾的名词在变复数时直接加-s：海湾(gulf)里的首领(chief)只相信(belief) 放在屋顶(roof)保险箱(safe)里的证据(proof)。2 .不可数名词一般没有复数形式，如果需要表示量，通常要用“a+表量的概念的名词 +of+名词”来表示，其中的表量的概念的名词可以根据需要用复数形式a piece of paper 一张纸；several pieces of information 几条信息。通常情况下，抽象名词和物质名词都是不可数名词，如comfort, luck, rain, energy等。3 . 一些不可数名词也有复数形式，但词义不同语意语意brains智力times时代manners礼貌hairs几根头发goods货物sands沙滩，沙漠arms武器waters水域，领海snows积雪fruits水果glasses眼镜papers论文；试卷；报纸greens青菜customs海关pains努力woods树林4.抽象名词、物质名词具体化(1)英语中有一类名词在表示泛指意义时，它是一种概念，是不可数名词，但当它们被赋予了具体的含义后，可看作可数名词，一般与不定冠词连用，含有''一个(件、次)的人或 事”。如:beauty（美，美貌）-a beauty（一个美人或一件美物）danger（危险）a danger（一件危险的事或一个危险的人）failure（失败）>a failure（ 一件失败的事或一个失败的人）honour（光荣）an honour（一个带来荣誉的人或一件带来荣誉的事）must（必须）a must（一件必要的事或物）worry（担心）a worry（一件令人担心的事或一个令人担忧的人）pity（遗憾）一a pity（一件可惜的事）service（服务）a service（一个服务机构）smoke（烟）-a smoke（一缕烟）surprise（惊奇）a surprise（一件令人吃惊的事）pleasure（乐趣）>a pleasure（ 一件有趣的事）experience（经验）-an experience（一次经历）（2）物质名词在表示构成物体的基本要素时，是不可数名词，但一旦表示具体物品，就变 成了可数名词。如：coffee（咖啡）a coffee（一杯咖啡）sand（沙子）-a sand（一片沙滩）iron（铁）-an iron（一个熨斗）water（zK）>a water（一片水域）抽象名词有时还可用复数形式。如：comforl（安慰）一>comfbrts（舒适的设施）；joy（乐 趣）Toys（乐事）；difficulty（困难）Tdiflficulties（困难，难做的事）。还有的用在某些固定短语中，如:have a look（看一下）；a few, a little（一些）；all of a sudden（突然）；make a study of（对进行研究）；in a hurry（匆忙）等。5 .有些可数名词抽象为“某一概念”时，便转化为不可数名词20001（房间）一>0）001（空间）；aword（话，词）一 word（消息）；a space（空地）space（宇宙，空 间）;go to school/church/bed/ college, etc（去上学/做礼拜/上床睡觉/上大学等）。6 .有些词只用作不可数名词Fun, advice, news, information, furniture, equipment, baggage/luggage, bread, homework, housework, juice, weather, progress, practice7 .常见复合名词的复数looker-on>lookers-on 旁观者；passer-by>passers-by 过路人；father-in-law fathers-in-law 岳 父； comrade-in-arms comrades-in-arms 战 友； go-between>go-betweens 中 I可人;grown-up>grown-upsstore-keeper*store-keepers店主；tooth-brush-tooth-brushes 牙刷。8 .英语中集合名词的“数”有三种情况(1)“形单义复''的名词：这类集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：callle牛；police 警察；people人们(作民族、种族讲时复数为peoples)； youth青年人(youths指青年们)。(2)“形单义单”的名词：这类集合名词作主语时，-谓语动词用单数。如：baggage/luggage 行李；clothing 衣服；furniture 家具；machinery 机械；man/mankind 人类。9 3)有些集合名词作整体看时，当单数用，谓语动词用单数；作其“成员”解时，当复数用， 且形式不变，谓语动词用复数。如：family家；governmenl政府；group组；leam队；class 班级；audience听众。0名词作定语【典例】2021浙江卷6月语法填空】In 1844 they bought it fbr $ 1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their (marry) ceremony in 1842.【参考答案】考察名词。根据句意可知，此处要用名词marriage作ceremony的定语，表示“结婚仪 式，结婚典礼故填marriageo【名词作定语提分秘籍】1 .名词作定语时，几乎总是用单数形式(即使在意义上是复数)。如：radio programs电 台节目。2 . man/woman作定语修饰名词时，随名词的单复数变化一起变化。如：a man doctor 一名男大夫；two men doctors两名男大夫。但girl与boy作定语仍用单数形式，如many boy students许多男学生。3 .还有少数名词作定语时，形式不变。如：a clothes shop一个服装店；a sports man 位运动员；a customs officer 一位海关官员；a goods train 一列货车；a sales manager 一个营 销经理；a savings office一个储蓄所。名词所有格【典例】2021浙江卷语法填空】It is calculated by dividing a(person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.【参考答案】person's考查名词所有格。此空后接名词，且根据句意“它的计算方法是用一个人的体 重公斤数除以身高米数的平方”，故此处填person的所有格形式。【名词作定语提分秘籍】英语名词的所有格构成如下:构成情况举例单数名词后加“s"a boy's seat , the student's bag以-S结尾的人名只加Charles?home词尾为-S的复数名词后只力口the girls' names,Teachers9 Day表示时间、距离、机构、团 体、地名以及可拟人化的名词后 加，“S”today's newspaper, an hour's work, China's industry数量词(a, two, some» no.)+名词+of+名词所有格somefriends ofmy father's名词+of+名词所有格(往 往含有感情色彩)thelecture of Mr.Yang's注意：无生命的名词(能拟人化的名词除外)可用of表示所属关系。如：the windows of the classroom, the top of the mountaino所修饰的名词为“诊所、住宅或其他处所''时，被修饰的名词常省略。如：at the doctor's(clinic)在诊所；to my uncle's (house)到我叔叔家；in the manager's(office)在经理办公室；at the barber's/tailor's(shop)在理发店/裁缝铺。另外，表示并列的名词“共有某物''时，只在最后一个名词后加“话”；如果表示“各自所有”, 则在每个名词后加's。如：Lucy and Mary's desk露西和玛丽共用的课桌；Lucy's and Mary's desks露西和玛丽各自 的课桌。(2022.6新高考1卷语法填空)The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate 62 (population)and homes of giant pandas, and eventually (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild.答案:.populations解析：考查名词。句意：GPNP的主要目标是改善不同种群和大熊猫家园之间的联系，最终达到理 想的野生大熊猫数量水平。设空处和and后的复数名词homes并列在句中作宾语，应用可数 名词population (种群)的复数的形式。故填populations。(2022全国乙卷)“As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the largest (large) tea-producing country, China has a 65 (responsibie)to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.答案：responsibility解析：考查名词。句意：中国是茶的发源地和最大产茶国，作为国际茶日的主要推动者，中 国有责任与其他国家共同促进茶产业的健康发展。不定冠词a后接可数名词的单数形式。故 填 responsibility o(2022.1浙江卷语法填空)When the answer was no,she declined the 64(invite).【答案】invitation【解析】考查词性转换。此处作declined的宾语，故应用名词invitation。(2021.6新高考1卷语法填空)While you're in China, Mount Huangshan is 10 must to visit!【答案】a【解析】考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，must为名词，表示"必须的事”，所以前应用冠词， 且无特指。故填a。(2021.6新高考二卷)A company 44 (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over45 plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.【答案】representative【解析】考查名词。句意：一位公司代表回信告诉我，该航空公司将把每天1200个航班的 塑料杯换成纸杯。该空作句子主语，用名词，前面有不定冠词修饰，用名词单数，所以填 representative。(2021.6新高考1卷语法填空)The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 2 (human) are.【答案】humans【解析】考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处所填词应该作we的同位语，故应该填名词的 复数形式。故填humans。(2021.6全国甲卷语法填空)Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and 9 (watchtower) to take pictures.【答案】watchtowers【解析】考查名词。根据句子结构，and前后一致，and前是the different gales,名词的复 数形式，所以空格也应该是名词的复数形式。故填walchlowers。(202L6全国乙卷语法填空)9(activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (远足)and accommodations aim tohave a low impact on the natural environment.【答案】Activities【解析】考查可数名词复数。空格所填词作主语，同时谓语动词range为非三单形式，因此 应使用名词复数形式。句意：那里有从鲸鱼观赏到远足等活动。故填Activities。(2021.1浙江卷语法填空)It is calculated by dividing a 3 (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 254 (consider) healthy.【答案】person*s【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：BMI的计算方式是用人的体重数（以千克为单位）除以身 高数（以米为单位）的平方。分析句子结构his calculaled by dividing a （person） weight可知 weight和person是从属关系。故答案为person's0（2021.6全国甲卷语法填空）It took us about 3 hours to go all 8 way around the Xi*an City Wall.【答案】the【解析】考查冠词。all the way为固定搭配，意为"自始自终，一路上”。故填ihe。（2021.6全国乙卷语法填空）Due to 5 growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism. Actually, a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following principles:【答案】the【解析】考查定冠词。空格处所填词与空后的growing popularity of一起作to的宾语，构 成ihe growing popularity of的固定用法。句意：因为与环境相关的且有冒险性的旅行越来 越流行o故填the。（2021.6浙江卷语法填空）9 Lincolns enlarged the house to a full two stories in 1856 to meet the needs of their growing family.【答案】the【解析】考查定冠词the, the Linclons林肯一家人。the+姓氏的复数，表示一家人。句意： 林肯一家人在1856年把房子扩建为一栋二楼，以满足他们日益增长的家人的需求。（2021.6浙江卷语法填空）In 1844 they bought it for $ 1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their 3 （marry） ceremony in 1842.【答案】marriage【解析】考查名词。此题考查动词变名词，marryTmarriage,这里表示结婚仪式。句意：Charles Dresser于1842年在这里举行了他们的结婚仪式。（2021.6全国乙卷语法填空）It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas-both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often providesmoney for conservation and benefits the 2 (develop) of the local areas.【答案】development【解析】考查名词作宾语。根据空前冠词the和空后介词of可知，空格应填名词。句意： 并且对于当地地区的发展有益。故填development。(2020新课标I卷语法填空)The far side of the moon is of particular 64 (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山)，more so 65 the familiar near side.【答案】interest【解析】考查名词。句意：月球背面让科学家尤其感兴趣。根据空前的形容词particular可 知，空处应填名词，interest是不可数名词，be of interest to sb.意为“(某物)使某人感兴趣 故填 interesto(2020新课标H卷语法填空)Chinese New Year is a 61 (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.【答案】celebration【解析】考查名词。句意：中国新年是一个庆祝冬天的结束和春天的开始。不定冠词a后接 名词形式。故填celebration。【2019 浙江卷语法填空】Everybody wears 57 same style of clothes.【答案】the【解析】考查冠词。句意：每个人都穿相同风格的衣服。same是形容词，意思是“相同的”， 常与the连用修饰名词。故填the。【2018 新课标卷I 语法填空】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ihat/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).【答案】causes【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因 的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。【2018 新课标卷II 语法填空】Com production has jumped nearly 125 percent over 62 past 25 years, while rice hasincreased only 7 percent.【答案】the【解析】考查冠词。句意：玉米产量在过去25年里增长了近125%,而大米只增长了7%。故是特指在过去的25年里。故镇the。【2018新课标卷HI语法填空】Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at 62 top of her lungs. That makes her baby scream, and then a 400-pound male appears.【答案】the【解析】考查冠词。此处为固定短语at the top of,此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。【2018新课标卷HI语法填空】My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a 66(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. 【答案】scientist【解析】根据语境可知，我是一名科学家。scientist科学家。【2018 浙江卷语法填空】Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese 56 (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.【答案】dishes【解析】考查名词。此处指中国菜，表示泛指应该用名词复数，故填dishes。【2018浙江卷语法填空】F Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in 64 (weigh) problems.【答案】weight【解析】考杳名词。此处指体雨问题，用名词修饰problems,故填weight。【2017新课标卷II 语法填空】It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible 61 (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.【答案】crowds【解析】考查名词复数。因为crowd为可数名词，并且其前没有限定词，所以此处用其复数 形式。【2017新课标卷H 语法填空】This included digging up the road, laying (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over 64 top.【答案】the【解析】考查冠词。此处指的是在顶端建造一个结实的顶，所以在top前加the。(2022重庆一模)The project was completed so quickly because the workers had been arranged into seven units to undertake different 57 (task) at the same time.【答案】tasks【解析】考查名词复数。句意：这项工程之所以完成得如此之快，是因为工人们被安排到七 个单位，同时承担不同的任务。结合different可知，此处不止项任务，用名词task的复数 形式。故填tasks。(2022新疆布尔津县高级中学一模)Each person's handwriting is unique and conveys an individuafs 10(personal) andemotion.【答案】personality【解析】考查名词。句意：每个人的笔迹都是独一无二的，传达着每个人的个性和情感。空处和 emotion并列，需填名词作宾语。故填personality。(2022云南一模)The opening of the China-Laos Railway will thus help speed the 19 (develop) of the China-Laos Economic Corridor, and will further advance the building of a China-Laos community with a shared future.【答案】development【解析】考查名词。句意：因此，中老铁路的开通将有助于加快中老经济走廊的发展，并将进一步 推动建设个有着共同未来的中老共同体。用抽象名词development做动词speed的宾语。 故填 development o(2022陕西省榆林中学二模)In the Republic of Korea, young people are giving up on 27 (marry) and home ownership.【答案】marriage【解析】考查名词。句意：在韩国，年轻人正在放弃婚姻和住房。根据前文的“giving up on”可知， 此空应填名词做介词on的宾语。故填marriage。（2022河南模拟预测）This game adopted water 50 （conserve） and used other recycling materials to ensure the ecosystem was well protected.【解析】考查名词。句意：这次比赛采用了节水措施和其他回收材料，以确保生态系统得到很好的 保护。分析句子可知，空格处应用名词，作“adopted”的宾语，“conserve”意为“保存，节 约”，动词词性,对应的名词为“conservation”,意为“保存,避免浪费”，为不可数名词。故 填 conservation °（2022重庆一模）Measuring 246 kilometres in 58（long）, the new Nanlong Railway is a main transport linkbetween south-east China andcentral（center） China.【答案】length【解析】考查名词。句意：新南龙铁路全长246公里，是连接中国东南部和中部的主要交通枢纽。 介词in后接名词形式,in length （长度）。故填length。（2021 诸暨市5月模拟语法填空T8）.but if you conveniently throw it out, wind and run-off carry the waste down the sewer（污水管） and directly to the ocean, affecting the marine life including the fish, a main source of food for8 （human）.【答案】humans【解析】考查名词。句意：每一块被制造出来的塑料都将以某种形式留在环境中，但如果你图方便把 它扔掉，风和径流就会把垃圾带入下水道，直接流入海洋，影响海洋生物，包括鱼类，人类 的主要食物来源。human为可数名词，此处表示“人类”应用复数形式。故填humans。（2021 成都三诊语法填空T2）It seems that people in western countries are becoming increasingly worried about the sideeffects of drugs, and are turning to various 2 (treatment) such as yoga, reflexology and acupuncture (针灸)to complement, or sometimes even replace, western medicine.【答案】treatments【解析】考查名词复数。句意：西方国家的人们似乎越来越担心药物的副作用，并开始寻求瑜伽、反 射学和针灸等各种疗法来补充，有时甚至取代西医。treatment意为“疗法”，为可数名词，在 various后应用复数形式。故填treatments。(2021 成都三诊语法填空37 )I made an 7 (appoint) with the acupuncturist in my area and turned up at his room the following morning.【答案】叩pointment【解析】考查名词。句意：我预约了我所在地区的针灸师，第二天早上去了他的房间。在冠词an后 应用名词。make an appointment 意为“预约故填 appointment。(2021台州市4月调考语法填空T4)If we choose long-lasting clothes, it helps solve two key 4 (issue) at onceoverconsumption and the declining quality of many clothes in stores these days.【答案】issues【解析】考查名词。句意：我们购买耐穿的衣物的话，在一度过度消费和衣物质量下降的今日，可以 解决两个关键问题。tw。后接可数名词复数，issue的复数形式为issues,故用issues。(2021珠海市二模语法填空T3)Discoveries made at the site can date back to the 12th and Uh centuries BC, and many of the3 (item) are now on display at an on-site museum.【答案】items【解析】考查名词复数。句意：该遗址的发现可以追溯到公元前12世纪和11世纪，许多物品现在正 在现场博物馆展出。分析句子结构many of the 3(item)are可知，这里用名词复数。故填items o （2021 珠海市二模语法填空T4 ）The site has revolutionized experts' understanding of how civilization evolved in ancient China. In particular, 4 (evident) of a unique Shu culture suggests that the kingdom developed independently of neighboring societies in the Yellow River Valley, which was traditionally considered to be th