【高考英语】2020-2022届三年上海市长宁区高三模拟试卷专项突破专题01 阅读理解（含解析）.pdf
【高考英语】2020-2022届三年上海市长宁区高三模拟试卷专项突破专题0 1阅读理解上海市长宁区2022届高三一模英语试卷Section BDirections:Read the following three passages Each passage is followed by several questions orunfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the onethat fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）It was one of the most destructive days in the history of our planet,and now we know how itplayed out.Scientists have pieced together the first day of the dinosaurs extinction,by drilling intothe crater（火山口）that formed from the asteroid（小行星）that caused their downfall.The asteroid,which led to the extinction of all dinosaurs that cant fly,crashed into the Gulf ofMexicos Yucatan Peninsula some 66 million years ago.In 2016,a scientific drilling project by theInternational Ocean Discovery Program got rocks from the impact site,which has been underwater fbra long time.Now,scientists have analysed these rocks to travel back in time to that particular dayitself.“Its an expanded record of events that we were able to recover from within ground zero,“saidDr Sean Gulick,a geophysicist at the University of Texas at Austin and leader of this study.It tells usabout impact processes from an eyewitness location.”In just 24 hours following the impact,a layer of material 130m thick was deposited.This includecharcoal,which provides evidence fbr the intense wildfires that are thought to have been caused by the第1页/总18页crash.Meanwhile,the impact also led to a huge tsunami,an extremely large wave in the sea caused byan earthquake,as evidenced by layers of rocks and sand in the core samples,which appear to havebeen deposited by flooding waters.One thing conspicuously missing from the samples,though,is the element of sulphur(硫磺).Although the surrounding area is full of sulphur-rich rocks,the crater is unusually sulphur-free.Thissupports the idea that the asteroid impact instantly vaporised sulphurous rocks,releasing the sulphurinto the atmosphere,where it remained and reflected away the Suns light,cooling the Earth?s climate.Although the impact had destructive effects on a regional level,its this large-scale globalcooling thats thought to be behind the dinosaurs,eventual extinction,as well as that of countlessother plant and animal species.“The real killer has got to be atmospheric,said Gulick.4*The only,way you get a global massextinction like this is an atmospheric effect.56.Dr Sean Gulick is quoted in paragraph 3 in order to.A.stress the impact of the crashB.illustrate the significance of their studyC.explain what they did in their studyD.state the reason for dinosaurs,death57.The word“conspicuously”(in paragraph 6)is closest in meaning to”A.obviously B.restlessly C.occasionally D.potentially58.Which of the following is a cause of the dramatic drop in temperature mentioned in the passage?A.The tsunami.B.The wildfires.C.The vapourised sulphur.D.The deposit of rocks.59.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A.Touching on the dinosaurs time第2页/总18页B.Drilling into the day the dinosaurs diedC.Why we need to study the atmospheric effectD.What we should know about the history of our planet(B)What Are the Limits of Human Endurance?Paragraph 1:When it comes to running,how far and how fast you can go is determined by a number ofphysical factors,including your VO2 max(the volume of oxygen you can pump round your body)andyour lactate(乳酸盐)threshold,which is the point at which your body produces more lactate thanit can break down(a build-up of this chemical makes you run less efficiently).Some of this isgenetic,some of it comes from training.But in recent years,sports scientists have also come torecognise the importance of mental strength.The longer you run,the more important a well-thought-out mental strategy is.Common strategies for coping with pain include motivational self talk anddistraction techniques to help block negative thoughts.Paragraph 2:Thirty years ago,scientists calculated that the fastest possible marathon,in perfect conditions andwith the perfect athlete,would be 1 hour 58 minutes.And were getting close.This September,Kenyan long-distance runner Eliud Kipchoge set a new world record of 2:01:39 at the BerlinMaratona race ideally suited to fast times because of its flat course,few comers,and typically goodweather conditions.Sports physiologists think that the two-hour limit could be broken in the next fewdecades,as a bigger talent pool of runners,plus advances in training technology,create ever moreideal combinations of athlete and running conditions.Paragraph 3:Long-distance running stresses the body;recent research from the University of the Peloponnesein Greece found that post-race levels of inflammation(炎症)in the blood of ultra endurancerunners(those who run races longer than a marathon)showed similar descriptions to people withcancer or cirrhosis.However,over the next few days,the runners5 levels returned to normal,第3 页/总18页suggesting that they have a remarkable ability to recover after an extreme workout.Good training ispartly about helping you know when,fbr instance,youve crossed the line from good pain5 into badpain.60.Match each paragraph with one of the following questions,and then make the choice.Is endurance in the mind or in the muscles?Is endurance running bad fbr you?Will endurance running become a hit?Will anyone ever run a two-hour marathon?A.Paragraph 1:;Paragraph?:;Paragraphs：(3)B.Paragraph Paragraph 2:;Paragraphs：C.Paragraph 1:(4);Paragraph 2:(2);Paragraph?:D.Paragraph 1：；Paragraph?:(4)；Paragraphs：61.According to the research,how can distraction techniques help long distance runners?A.By raising their VO2 max.B.By helping them concentrate.C.By lowering their lactate threshold.D.By preventing them feeling discouraged.62.What can be learned from the passage?A.Good training can help you find out your limits.B.The world marathon record is 1 hour 58 minutes.C.Marathon training technology hasnt changed a lot.D.Long distance running causes lasting harm to our health.(C)It seems difficult to explain the persistent success of scientific theories at describing nature.Iexplore this challenge in my book,What Science Is and How It Really Works.If the history of scienceteaches us anything,it is that the ability of a theory to predict unobserved phenomena and lead toamazing new technologies is no proof that said theory is true”.第4页/总18页For example,Isaac Newtons mechanics enabled surprisingly accurate predictions of otherastronomical phenomena,such as Halleys comet（哈雷彗星）arriving later than normal in 1759due to the gravitational effects of passing close to Jupiter.Even more impressive,in the early 1800swhen astronomers determined that the orbit（轨道）of Uranus failed to match Newtonianpredictions,they concluded that Newtons theory was not wrong;rather,the existence of a previouslyunobserved planet was proposed and was later found exactly where it was expected to be（andnamed Neptune）.Such successes of the scientific revolution were so impressive that philosophers developed wholenew theories of knowledge to try to explain how scientists appeared to have used observation andreason to discover fundamental truths.In doing so,scientists attempted to dismiss what logicians haveknown for long:that no amount of correctly predicted effects can prove a supposed cause.But dont the successes of Newtonian mechanics prove that the laws Newton proposed mustreally be true?Otherwise how could the theory have picked a single spot in the vast expanse of theuniverse and found exactly where Neptune was?Things do not always work out this way,however.In 1859,astronomers determined that the orbitof Mercury was not behaving,over time,as Newtonian mechanics predicted.So another new planet（named Vulcan）was proposed.Unlike the prediction of Neptunes existence,this supposition didnot pan out;rather,Newtonian mechanics was an incorrect theory in this context.A differentscientific theory-Einsteins theory of relativitywas required to later explain Mercurys movement.So,what really helps credibility more?To insist that we know that atoms,black holes,and darkmatter are real because of how many observations we can explain and predictions we can make bysupposing their existence?Or to simply admit that science cannot support a claim of absolute truthregarding the abstract,unobserved scientific objects and laws that are proposed to govern this world?One could argue that if scientists dont bang the gong（锣）of“truth”,then it may onlyquicken the dismissal of science as just another opinion.However,I would argue that this positiondoes not give the intended audience enough credit,and that claiming absolute tnith does more harmthan good,not only for the interaction of science with the public,but for the practice of science.If第5 页/总18页data are important to the sciences,then let us accept the historical data on science itself.63.Which of the following did the laws of Newton fail to provide accurate predictions for?A.The planet of Mercury varied in its composition.B.Halleys comet arrived later than normal in 1759.C.Neptune was located where it was expected to be.D.The Sun had another planet named Vulcan.64.Why does the writer mention logicians in paragraph 3?A.To introduce another way of scientific thinking.B.To imply what mistake scientists may have made.C.To make a comparison between logicians and scientists.D.To help explain the cause and effect of certain phenomena.65.The phrase pan out”(in paragraph 5)most probably me a n s.A.appear B.be divided C.shrink D.be proved66.Which of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with?A.Only by enough observations can a theory be proved true.B.Never can we rule out the possibility that a theory is wrong.C.Einsteins theory of relativity works better than any other theory in astronomy.D.Newtonian mechanics doesnt fit today s context because it was established long ago.上海市长宁区2021届高三一模英语试卷AThe first thing we notice about new people are their faces.The next time we see these people,weremember them because we remember their faces.This seems like a simple process.However,scientists found that it is not such a simple process.The section of the brain that is responsible for facerecognition seems to work differently fbr different people.Some people have great difficultyremembering and recognizing faces,while others almost never forget a face.第6页/总18页Normal babies are bom with a natural ability to recognize faces.In fact,their face recognitionabilities are much better than their parents.Babies are highly skilled at face recognition at six months.But by nine months,they lose this skill.By nine months,a babys face-recognition skills are about thesame as an adulfs.Unfortunately,some people are not bom with this ability to recognize faces.The part of the brainthat is responsible for face recognition doesnt work fbr them.This condition is called face blindness.People with very severe face blindness cannot even recognize their own faces.In fact,people with thiscondition can sometimes be frightened when they look in the mirror.They dont recognize their ownface,so fbr a second they are startled when they see this unfamiliar face.Face blindness is not always severe.Scientists believe up to 10 percent of the population may beaffected by face blindness to some degree,yet many people with mild face blindness might not evenknow they have it.They have no reason to know they are different from anyone else until someonepoints it out.This is similar to people with color blindness.Colorblind people cant see the difference between certain colors such as red and green,untilsomeone tells them that green and red are two different colors.There is no cure fbr face blindness.So fbr the time being,people with face blindness need to findsimple techniques to compensate fbr their problem.They can try to recognize people by their hairstyle,their voice,or their glasses.Hopefully,in the future as scientists learn more about this condition,theywill find a cure.56.The first paragraph is mainly about.A.the way to improve ones face-recognition skillsB.the fact that some people have face-recognition problemsC.the simple process of the brain to recognize others fhcesD.the importance of face recognition in human communication57.When do people have the keen skills of face-recognition?A.At birth.B.In adolescence.B.C.Half a year old.D.Nine months old第7页/总18页58.The bold word“startled“in the 3rd paragraph is closes in meaning to.A.confused B.surprisedC.excited D.depressed59.What does the author think of the problem of face blindness?A.People need to take it seriously.B.It affects a great number of people.C.It can be cured in the near future.D.Certain techniques can make up for it.BCAREERS&MANAGEMENTMany large companies now use applicant-tracking systems(ATSs).As the name suggests,such systems help recruiters track and manage applicants.They also select the best candidatesand filter out the rest.How can you make sure that your application gets past the robots andreaches a human recruiter?Heres what the expert,DEBORAH CAPRAS,says.Use the right format(格式)Most applications are removed because they are not formatted in way these systems canread and interpret:Amanda Augustine,career expert at Presumption,explains to CNBC Make It.Check which format is specified in the job ad before you upload your application.Its usuallyMicrosoft Word format.Keep it simpleAvoid columns and tables,as many systems have problems recognizing where these startand end.According to Alludes,a specialist recruitment company,you should keep the structureand format simple.Dont get fancy,advises Alludes on its blog.Use standard fonts(Arial orCaliban).Excessive formatting or decorative elements might present an unreadable mess to theATSs.Stick to traditionsUse traditional categories,such as Achievements”,Education,Professionalqualifications,“SkiHs and Work experience”.These systems are programmed to sort theinformation into such categories.t4There is no standard you have to follow,says Nick Francis第8页/总18页of Silencer,6but you should stick to the most popular or most frequently used ones to be safe,he tells CNBC Make It.Understand the algorithms(算法)“ATS algorithms arent that different from the human algorithms,Jon Shields,marketingmanager at Jacobson,tells The Muse.Were all kind of skimming for the same things,he says.The system first skims your application fbr specific key words,then it ranks candidates whomatch the job description well.This doesnt mean you should copy and paste directly from thejob description into your application.You should reuse expressions that are recognized industryterms.This is important when listing job titles,qualifications or achievements.If youre not surewhich ones to include,use an online tool to find the right words.Basically,even if you arehighly qualified,unless you include the right search terms in your application,a human recniiterwill never meet you.60.Applicant-tracking systems(ATSs)are used fbr.A.formatting th
