2021年考研英语一真题.pdf
2021年全国硕士研究生入统一考试英 语（-）（目代码：201）（考试时间：上 午1400-1700）考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置填写考生姓名和考生编号在答题卡指定位置填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.选择题答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内，超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。3.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色签字笔或者钢笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使 用2B铅笔填涂。4.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。2021年全国硕士研究生入统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirectionsRead the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or Don the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and theability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It inyoung adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then 2 starts to slowly decline as weage.But 3 aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brainfunction may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen areassociated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factorsmight help prevent or 6 this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fatfrom more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reportedchanges in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as theyears 11.For women,the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted fromexcess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be 13.It is hoped thatfuture studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for menand women.16,there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain leanmuscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental 18.The two highlyrecommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobicexercise and following a Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highlyprocessed foods.1.A pausesB returnsC fadesD peaks2.A generallyB formallyC accidentallyD alternatively3.A sinceB whileC onceD until4.A detectionB consumptionC accumulationD separation5.A decisionB possibilityC goalD requirement6.A ensureB delayC seekD utilize7.A modifiedB supportedC predictedD included8.A devotedB convertedC comparedD applied9.A aboveB withC byD against10.A livedB managedC playedD scored11.A went byB set offC drew inD ran out12.A superiorB parallelC attributableD resistant13.A restoredB isolatedC controlledD involved14.A explainB spreadC removeD alter15.A treatmentsB symptomsC demandsD compensations16.A LikewiseB ThereforeC MeanwhileD Instead17.A takeB watchCcountD change18.A processB wellbeingC formationD coordination19.A loveB levelC knowledgeD space20.A designB dietC prescriptionD routineSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirectionsRead the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1How can Britains train operators possibly justify yet another increase rail passenger fares?Ithas become a grimly reliable annual ritual every January the cost of travelling by train rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to getto work or otherwise.This years rise,an average of 2.7 percent,may be a fraction lower than lastyears,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investingin and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise thedaily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commutersin the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attentioncompared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However,over the past 12 months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worstrail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are makingto the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantialsums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on theunions.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial actionshould receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirementso that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should form part of a widerpackage of measures to address the long-running problems on Britains railways.Yes,moreinvestment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must alsoendure cramped,unreliable services,interrupted by regular chaos when timetables are changed,orplanned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat of nationalisation may have been seenoff for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressedin short order.21.The author holds that this years increase in rail passengers fares.A has kept pace with inflationB remains an unreasonable measureC is a big surprise to commutersD will ease train operators9 burden22.The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand fbr.A local investorsB ordinary taxpayersC car driversD rail travellers23.It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators.A have failed to provide an adequate serviceB have suffered huge losses owing to the strikesC are offering compensations to commutersD are tying to repair relations with the unions24.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face.A the loss of investmentB the collapse of operationsC a change of ownershipD a reduction of revenue25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Who Are to Blame fbr the Strikes?B Constant Complaining Doesnt WorkC Ever-rising Fares Arent SustainableD Can Nationalisation Bring Hope?Text 2Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesias bleak rate of deforestation has slowedin pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the countrys antipoverty program.In 2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents undercertain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Calledconditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduceinequality and break the cycle of poverty.Theyre already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severegrowth problems among children.But CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,povertyalleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.Thats because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,whileprotecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,thosecorrelations dont prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on anarea in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There,as people got moremoney,some of them may have more cleared land fbr cattle to raise fbr meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted tosee if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012一including duringIndonesias phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces.“We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,Ferraro says.Thafs likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies againstinclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant morerice to supplement their harvests.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money tosupplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybodys guess.Ferraro suggests the results maytransfer to other parts of Asia,due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice andmarket access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that whats good fbr people mayalso be good fbr the environment.Even if this program didnt reduce poverty,Ferraro says,thevalue of the avoided deforestation just fbr carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the programcosts.”26.According to the first two paragraphs,CCT programs aim to.A help poor families get better offB facilitate health care refonnC improve local education systemsD lower deforestation rates27.The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that.A cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood fbr the poorB CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestylesC economic growth tends to cause environmental degradationD antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers28.In his study about Indonesia,Ferraro intends to find out.A its annual rate of poverty alleviationB the relation of CCTs to its forest lossC the role of its forests in climate changeD its acceptance level of CCTs29.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that.A it can boost grain productionB it can protect the environmentC it will reduce regional inequalityD it will benefit other Asian countries30.What is the text centered on?A The process of a study.B The transferability of a study.C The debates over a program.D The effects of a program.Text 3As a historian whos always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate thepast,Fve become preoccupied with looking fbr photographs that show our Victorian ancestorssmiling(what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?).Ive found quite a few,andsince I started posting them on Twitter-they have been causing quite a stir.People have beensurprised to see evidence that Victorians had fiin and could,and did,laugh.They are noting that theVictorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fadeaway through our common experience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of Smiling Victorians5 makes up only a tinypercentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900,themajority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops,or staringabsently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s,in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriouslylong the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)couldtake several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjustedtheir limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was toomuch to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownieand other portable cameras meant that,though slow by today9s digital standards,the exposure wasalmost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we mustlook elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.Nature gave uslips to conceal our teeth,9,ran one popular Victorian saying,alluding to the fact that before the birthof proper dentistry,mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy andclean,regular pearly whites was a rare sight in Victorian society,the preserve of the super-rich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth)lacked class drunks,trampsand music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis CarroPs gum-exposingCheshire Cat,but it was not a becoming look fbr properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a manwho enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be“nothingmore damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed fbrever”.31.According to Paragraph 1,the authors posts on Twi t t er.A illustrated the development of Victorian photographyB highlighted social medias role in Victorian studiesC re-evaluated the Victorians1 notion of public imageD changed peoples impression of the Victorians32.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?A They are rare among photographs of that age.B They show effects of different exposure times.C They mirror 19th-century social conventions.D They are in popular use among historians.33.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?A Their inherent social sensitiveness.B Their tension before the camera.C Their unhealthy dental condition.D Their distrust of new inventions.34.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was.A a thought-provoking ideaB a misguided attitudeC a controversial viewD a deep-rooted belief35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?A Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?B When did the Victorians start to view photography differently?C What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?D How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?Text 4From the early days of broadband,advocates for consumers and web-based companies worriedthat the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive tofavor affiliated websites over their rivals5.Thats why there has been such a strong demand fbr rulesthat would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online,preserving thefreedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill-in part because of pushback frombroadband providers,anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A federal appeals court weighedin again Tuesday,but instead of providing a badly needed resolution,it only prolonged the fight.Atissue before the U.S.Court of Appeals fbr the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of theFederal Communications Commission(FCC)on net neutrality,adopted on a party-line vote in 2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adoptedwhen it had a Democratic majority in 2015,but rejected the commissions authority to requirebroadband providers to do much of anything.The order also declared that state and loc
