2021年12月大学英语六级真题3.pdf

2021年 12月大学英语六级真题3作文第 1题、Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write anessay related to the short passage given below.In your essay,you areto comment on the phenomenon described in the passage and suggest measuresto address the issue.You should write at least 150 words but no more than200 words.Some parents in China are overprotective of theirchildren.They plan everything for their children,make all the decisionsfor them,and do not allow them to explore on their own in case they makemistakes or get hurt.我的答案：我的答案：参考答案：范文There is much knowledge in raising children.Parents must not onlyprotect their children,but also learn to let go of them at the right time.However,some parents are overprotective of their children,deprivingthem of the opportunity to explore the world on their own.O n the one hand,if parents overprotect their children and do not let them endure hardshipat all,their children will not grow up to be independent adults.O n theother hand,many parents cant distinguish between true love and spoiledlove.The essence of love is to give children freedom,tolerating andappreciating them,while the essence of spoiled love is overprotectionand control.In fact,parents shouldn，t try to help their children removealmost all obstacles of everyday life.Instead,they should give theirchildren a chance to take risks and make mistakes.Frequently talking totheir children and encouraging them to try what they can do will help thembecome independent and confident adults.O verprotection has a negativeeffect on children.Parents should keep in mind that no matter how muchthey are reluctant,they must let go of their children because theirchildrens future is dependent on their own efforts.答案解析：养育孩子是一门大学问。父母既要保护好自己的孩子，也要学会在适当的时候放手。然而，有些父母对孩子保护过度，剥夺了他们自己探索世界的机会。一方面，如果父母过度保护孩子，一点都不让他们吃苦，他们就不会成长为独立的成年人。另一方面，很多父母分不清真正的爱与溺爱。爱的本质是给孩子自由，宽容和欣赏他们，而溺爱的本质则是过度保护和控制。事实上，父母不应该试图帮助他们的孩子清除日常生活中几乎所有的障碍。相反，他们应该给孩子们一点机会去冒险和犯错。经常和孩子交谈，鼓励他们去尝试他们能做的事情，可以帮助孩子们成为独立和自信的成年人。过度保护会对孩子产生负面影响。父母应1该记住，不论多么不情愿，也要放开他们孩子的手，因为孩子们的未来取决于他们自己的努力。1.There is much knowledge in raising children.Parentsmust not only protect their children,but also learn to let go of themat the right time.However,some parents are overprotective of theirchildren,depriving them of the opportunity to explore the world on theirown.首段首先对题目中所给的短文发表了自己的观点，随后指出题目中所描述现象的危害，即父母的过度保护会剥夺孩子们探索世界的机会。2.O n the onehand,.O n the other hand,.In fact,.will help them becomeindependent and confident adults.第二段先从两个方面具体分析了父母过度保护孩子的影响和产生这种做法的原因，然后就父母应该如何做提出建议。N中使用了 on the one hand one the other hand 和 in fact 等衔接词，使得行文富有逻辑性，观点更有说服力。3.O verprotection has a negative effect onchildren.Parents should keep in mind that no matter how much they arereluctant,they must let go of their children because their children，sfuture is dependent on their own efforts.第三段进行总结，重申观点，并呼应开头。阅读理解一长篇阅读Why facts don，t change our mindsA.Theeconomist J.K.Galbraith once wrote,“Faced with a choice between changingone，s mind and proving there is no need to do so,almost everyone getsbusy with the proof.”B.L eoTolstoy was even bolder:The most difficult subjects can be explainedto the most slow-witted man if he has not formed any idea of them already;but the simplest thing cannot be made clear to the most intelligent manif he is firmly persuaded that he knows already,without a shadow of doubt,what is laid before him.C.Whatsgoing on here?Why dont facts change our minds?And why would someonecontinue to believe a false or inaccurate idea anyway?How do suchbehaviors serve us?Humans need a reasonably accurate view of the worldin order to survive.If your model of reality is wildly different fromthe actual world,then you struggle to take effective actions each day.However,truth and accuracy are not the only things that matter to thehuman mind.Humans also seem to have a deep desire to belong.D.InAtomic Habits,I wrote,“Humans are herd animals.We want to fit in,tobond with others,and to earn the respect and approval of our peers.Suchinclinations are essential to our survival.For most of our evolutionaryhistory,our ancestors lived in tribes.Becoming separated from the tribe一 or worse,being cast out 一 was a death sentence.z，E,Unders2tanding the truth of a situation is important,but so is remaining partof a tribe.While these two desires often work well together,theyoccasionally come into conflict.In many circumstances,social connectionis actually more helpful to your daily life than understanding the truthof a particular fact or idea.The Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker putit this way,“People are embraced or condemned according to their beliefs,so one function of the mind may be to hold beliefs that bring thebelief-holder the greatest number of allies,protectors,or disciples(信徒),rather than beliefs that are most likely to be true.z，F.Wedon，t always believe things because they are correct.Sometimes we believethings because they make us look good to the people we care about.I thoughtK evin Simler put it well when he wrote,If a brain anticipates that itwill be rewarded for adopting a particular belief,its perfectly happyto do so,and doesn，t much care where the reward comes from一whether itspragmatic(实用主义的)(better outcomes resulting from better decisions),social(better treatment from one，s peers),or some mix of the two.G.Falsebeliefs can be useful in a social sense even if they are not useful ina factual sense.For lack of a better phrase,we might call this approach“factually false,but socially accurate.，z When we have to choose betweenthe two,people often select friends and family over facts.This insightnot only explains why we might hold our tongue at a dinner party or lookthe other way when our parents say something offensive,but also revealsa better way to change the minds of others.H.Convincing someone to change their mind is really the process of convincing themto change their tribe.If they abandon their beliefs,they run the riskof losing social ties.You cant expect someone to change their mind ifyou take away their community too.You have to give them somewhere to go.Nobody wants their worldview torn apart if loneliness is the outcome.I.Theway to change people，s minds is to become friends with them,to integratethem into your tribe,to bring them into your circle.Now,they can changetheir beliefs without the risk of being abandoned socially.Perhaps itis not difference,but distance,that breeds tribalism and hostility.Asproximity increases,so does understanding.I am reminded of AbrahamL incoln，s quote,I don，t like that man.I must get to know him better.J.Factsdon，t change our minds.Friendship does.Years ago,Ben Casnocha mentionedan idea to me that I havent been able to shake:The people who are mostlikely to change our minds are the ones we agree with on 98 percent oftopics.If someone you know,like,and trust believes a radical idea,youare more likely to give it merit,weight,or consideration.You already3agree with them in most areas of life.Maybe you should change your mindon this one too.But if someone wildly different than you proposes thesame radical idea,well,its easy to dismiss them as nuts.K.O neway to visualize this distinction is by mapping beliefs on a spectrum.If you divide this spectrum into 10 units and you find yourself at Position7,then there is little sense in trying to convince someone at Position1.The gap is too wide.When you，re at Position 7,your time is betterspent connecting with people who are at Positions 6 and 8,graduallypulling them in your direction.L.Themost heated arguments often occur between people on opposite ends of thespectrum,but the most frequent learning occurs from people who are nearby.The closer you are to someone,the more likely it becomes that the oneor two beliefs you don，t share will bleed over into your own mind and shapeyour thinking.The further away an idea is from your current position,the more likely you are to reject it outright.When it comes to changingpeople，s minds,it is very difficult to jump from one side to another.You can，t jump down the spectrum.You have to slide down it.M.Anyidea that is sufficiently different from your current worldview will feelthreatening.And the best place to ponder a threatening idea is in anon-threatening environment.As a result,books are often a better vehiclefor transforming beliefs than conversations or debates.In conversation,people have to carefully consider their status and appearance.They wantto save face and avoid looking stupid.When confronted with anuncomfortable set of facts,the tendency is often to double down on theircurrent position rather than publicly admit to being wrong.Books resolvethis tension.With a book,the conversation takes place inside someone，shead and without the risk of being judged by others.Its easier to beopen-minded when you aren，t feeling defensive.N.Thereis another reason bad ideas continue to live on,which is that peoplecontinue to talk about them.Silence is death for any idea.An idea thatis never spoken or written down dies with the person who conceived it.Ideas can only be remembered when they are repeated.They can only bebelieved when they are repeated.I have already pointed out that peoplerepeat ideas to signal they are part of the same social group.But heresa crucial point most people miss:People also repeat bad ideas when theycomplain about them.Before you can criticize an idea,you have toreference that idea.You end up repeating the ideas you，re hoping peoplewill forget but,of course,people can，t forget them because you keeptalking about them.The more you repeat a bad idea,the more likely peopleare to believe it.40.L etscal 1 this phenomenon Clear,s L aw of R ecurrence:The number of people whobelieve an idea is directly proportional to the number of times it hasbeen repeated during the last year一even if the idea is false.第2题_ _ _；我的答案：参考答案：D答案解析：注意抓住题干中的关键信息survive和separated from。文章段落中论及生存和与群体分离的内容出现在D段。该段最后一句提到，与部落分离一一或者更糟的是，被驱逐一一是一种类似死刑的宣判。换言之，人类如果脱离了自己的群体，就会难以生存。题干是对原文的同义转述。题 干 中 的can hardly survive对应原文中的 was a death sentence；题干中的 separated from their community对应原文中的Becoming separated from the tribe。参考译文为什么事实不能改变我们的想法A.经济学家J.K.加尔布雷斯曾写道：“如果在改变想法和证明没有必要这样做之间做出选择，几乎每个人都会忙着证明没必要改变想法。”B.列夫托尔斯泰则更加直白：“即便是头脑最迟钝的人，也可以对其解释最难的课题，只要他还没有对此形成任何概念；但是，最聪明的人如果坚信自己已经知道，而且是毫无疑问地知道自己所面对的是什么，那么最简单的事情他也无法弄清楚。C.这是怎么回事?为什么事实不能改变我们的想法?为什么会有人继续相信一个错误或不准确的想法呢？这样的做法对我们有什么好处吗？为了生存，人类需要有合理、准确的世界观。如果你的现实模式与实际世界大不相同，那么你每天都努力采取有效的行动。然而，真实性和准确性并不是对人类头脑唯一重要的因素。人类似乎也强烈地渴望归属感。D.在 原子习惯中，我写过：“人类是群居动物。我们想融入其中，与他人建立联系，并赢得同伴的尊重和认可。这种倾向对我们的生存至关重要。在我们进化史的大部分时间里，我们的祖先都生活在部落中。与部落分离一一或者更糟的是，被驱逐一一是一种类似死刑的宣判。E.了解情况的真相很重要，但是保留部落成员的身份也很重要。虽然这两种愿望时常相得益彰，但它们偶尔也会发生冲突。在很多情况下，社会联系确实比理解某个特定事实或想法的真相更有助于你的日常生活。哈佛大学心理学家史蒂文平克是这样说的：“人们会因为自己的信仰而被人接纳或受到谴责，因此头脑的一个功能可能就是，坚持那些可以为自己带来最多盟友、保护者或信徒的信仰，而不是最有可能是正确的信念。F.我们并不总是因为事物是正确的就相信它们。有时我们相信一些事物，是因为它们能让我们给自己在意的人留个好印象。我认为凯文西姆勒写得很好：“如果头脑预期它会因为采纳了一个特定的信念而得到回报，那么它会非常乐意这样做，而不太在乎回报来自何处一一是否是实用主义的（更好的决策带来更好的结果），还是社交方面的（来自同伴的更好的待遇），抑或是两者兼有。G.错误信念在社交意义上是有用的，即使它们在事实意义上毫无用处。由于没有更好的字眼来形容这种态度，我们姑且称之为“事实上错误，而社交上正确”。当我们不得不在两者之间做出选择时，人们往往选择朋友和家人，而不是事实。这一观点不仅解释了为什么在晚宴上，当我们的父母说出一些冒犯性的话时，我们会保持沉默或者扭过头去装作没看见，而且还揭示出一种更好的改变他人想法的方式。H.说服某人改变主意，实际上是一个说服他们改变所属群体的过程。如果他们放弃自己的信仰，就5会面临失去社交联系的风险。如果你让他们脱离了所在的社会团体，就不能指望他们同时改变主意。你总要给他们一个出路。如果孤独是最终结果，那么没有人希望自己的世界观被搞得四分五裂。I.要改变人们的想法，就要与他们成为朋友，将他们融入你的群体、带进你的圈子。这样一来，他们就可以改变自己的信仰，而不会有被社会抛弃的风险。J.也许不是差异，而是距离滋生了部落主义和敌意。随着距离的拉近，了解也会随之增加。我想起了亚伯拉罕林肯的名言:“我不喜欢那个人。（想要我喜欢他）我必须更好地了解他。”K.事实无法改变我们的想法，友谊却可以。几年前，本卡斯诺查跟我提了一个我一直无法动摇的想法：最有可能改变我们想法的人是我们在9 8%的话题上都彼此认同的人。如果你认识、喜欢并信任的人相信一个激进的想法，你更有可能给予它赞美、重视或考量。你已然赞同了他们在生活大部分领域中的观点。或许在这一件事上你也应该改变主意。但是，如果有一个与你差异巨大的人提出了同样的激进想法，那么，你很有可能不会在意他的想法，而将其视为疯子。L.令这种区别可视化的一种方法是将信念映射到光谱上。如果你把这个光谱分成1 0个单位，你自己处于第七位上，那么试图说服一个处于第一位上的人是没有多大意义的。差距太大了。当你处于第七位上时，你最好把时间花在与处于第六位和第八位的人建立联系，将他们逐渐拉向你的方向。M.最激烈的争论往往发生在上述那个光谱两端的人之间，而临近的人们之间则会最频繁地相互学习。你与某个人的看法越接近,你原本不赞同的一两个看法就越有可能渗入你的头脑之中，并塑造你的思想。一种想法离你目前的立场越远，你就越有可能直接抗拒它。说到改变人们的思想，很难从一端跳到另一端。你不可能从光谱上跳下来。你必须得缓缓滑下。N.任何与你当前世界观完全不同的想法都会令你觉得受到了威胁。思考一个具有威胁性的观念，最佳地点是在一个没有威胁性的环境中。因此，与对话或辩论相比，书籍往往是转变信念的更好工具。在谈话中，人们必须仔细琢磨自己的地位和外在表现。他们想要保住面子，避免显得愚蠢。当面对一系列令人不安的事实时，他们往往会加倍坚持自己目前的立场，而不是公开承认自己犯了错。书籍消除了这种紧张场面。手拿一本书的话，对话是发生在人们的脑海里的，不存在被他人评判的风险。当你卸下防御的时候，才更容易保持开放的心态。0.糟糕的想法继续存在，另一个原因是人们仍在谈论它们。沉默对任何想法都是致命的。一个从未被说出或写下的念头会随着想出它的那个人的死亡而消亡。想法只有在被重复的时候才能被记住。也只有当它们被重复的时候才能被相信。我已经指出，人们重复某些想法是为了表明他们是同一社会群体的一部分。但有一个关键点大多数人都忽略了：人们在抱怨糟糕的想法时，也在重复它们。在你批评一个想法之前，你必须先提到这个想法。你最终重复了那些你希望人们会忘记的想法一一但是，当然，人们不会忘记它们，因为你一直在谈论它们。你越是重复一个糟糕的想法，人们就越可能相信它。P.让我们把这种现象称为“清晰的重复定律”：相信某个想法的人数与该想法在去年被重复的次数成正比一一即使这个想法是错误的。第3题；我的答案：参考答案：G答案解析：注意抓住题干中的关键信息f a l s e b e l i e f s,s o cial bon ds和fact so文章6段落中涉及错误观念、人们在事实和社交方面选择的内容出现在G段。该段第一句指出，错误信念在社交意义上是有用的，即使它们在事实意义上毫无用处。随后在第三句中说，当我们不得不在两者之间做出选择时，人们往往选择朋友和家人，而不是事实。题干是对原文这两处信息的概括归纳。题干中的accep t fal s ebel iefs 对应原文中的 F al s e bel iefs can be u s efu l in a s ocial s en s e；题干中的 t hey p r ior it iz e s ocial bon ds r at her t han fact s 对应原文中的 p eop l eoft en s el ect fr ien ds an d fam il y ov er fact S o第4题；我的答案：参考答案：M答案解析：注意抓住题干中的关键信息l ear n fr om。文章段落中论及人们会向何人学习的内容出现在M段。该段第一句后半部分说，临近的人们之间会最频繁地相互学习。这里说的“临近”是指观点或看法接近。题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的 M os t oft en 对应原文中的 t he m os t fr eq u en t；题干中的 l ear n fr om t hos ecl os e t o t hem 对应原文中的 l ear n in g occu r s fr om p eop l e w ho ar e n ear by o第5题；我的答案：参考答案：F答案解析：注意抓住题干中的关键信息adop t cer t ain bel iefs。文章段落中论及人们怎么才会接受某些信念的内容最早出现在F段。该段第二句说到，有时我们相信一些事物，是因为它们能让我们给自己在意的人留个好印象。可见，题干是对原文的同义转述。题 干 中 的adop t cer t ain bel iefs对 应 原 文 中 的w e bel iev et hin gs；题干中的 l eav e a fav or abl e im p r es s ion 对应原文中的 t hey m ak e u sl ook good；题干中的 t hos e dear t o t hem 对应原文中的 t he p eop l e w e car eabou t o第6题；我的答案：参考答案：N答案解析：注意抓住题干中的关键信息com m u n icat ion和book s ,文章段落中比较面对面交流与书籍在改变思想方面的优劣的内容出现在N段。该段第三句指出，与对话或辩论相比，书籍往往是转变信念的更好工具。可见，题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的 face-t o-face com m u n icat ion 对应原文中的 con v er s at ion s ordebat es ；题干中的 book s oft en p r ov ide a bet t er m ediu m for chan gin gp eop l e s bel iefs 是 对 原 文 中 book s ar e oft en a bet t er v ehicl e fort r an s for m in g bel iefs 的转述。第7题我的答案:7参考答案：E答案解析：注意抓住题干中的关键信息social bonds和knowing the trutho文章段落中比较了解真相与维持社交联系的重要性的内容出现在E段。该段第三句指出，在很多情况下，社会联系确实比理解某个特定事实或想法的真相更有助于你的日常生活。可见，题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的O n many occasions对应原文中的 In many circumstances：题干中的 benefit more from their social bondsthan from knowing the truth 是对原文中的 social connection is actuallymore helpful.than understanding the truth of a particular fact or idea的车转述。第8题_；我的答案：参考答案：I答案解析：注意抓住题干中的关键信息change somebodys beliefs0文章段落中论及如何才能成功改变他人观念的内容出现在I段。该段第一句说到，要改变人们的想法，就要与他们成为朋友，将他们融入你的群体、带进你的圈子。可见，题干是对原文的概括性转述。题干中的establish social connection归纳概括了原文中的 become friends with them,to integrate them into your tribe,tobring them into your circle。第9题_；我的答案：参考答案：C答案解析：注意抓住题干中的关键信息survive和the actual worldo文章段落中论及对现实世界的了解与人类生存之间的关系的内容出现在C段。该段首先提了四个问题，然后第五句说到，为了生存，人类需要有合理、准确的世界观。可见，题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的a fair knowledge对应原文中的a reasonablyaccurate view；题干中的 cannot survive without 则对应原文中的 in order tosurvive0第10题；我的答案：参考答案：0答案解析：注意抓住题干中的关键信息R epetition和bad ideas0文章段落中论及重复糟糕想法的内容出现在0段。该段最后一句指出，你越是重复一个糟糕的想法，人们就越可能相信它。可见，题干是对该句的同义转述。题干中的R epetition ofbad ideas 对应原文中的 repeat a bad idea；题干中的 i