2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题及解析.pdf

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题及解析（江南博哥）材料题根据下面资料，回答L 2 0题Its not difficult to set targets for staff.It is much harder,1,to understand theirnegative consequences.Most work-related behaviors have multiplecomponents.2 one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and youll 3_see how this works with drivers.Watch people geton and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected?Never.Do people get onwithout paying?Of course!Are there inspectors tojthat people have paid?Possibly,but very few.And people who run for the bus?They are_5_.How about jumping lights?Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why?Because the target is 6_.People complained that buses were late andinfrequent.7,the number of buses and bus lanes were increased,and driverswere 8 or punished according to the time they took.And drivers hit these targets.Butthey 9 hit cyclists.If the target was changed to 10,you would have more inspectorsand more sensitive pricing.If the criterion changed to safety,you would getmore 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws.But both these criteria would be at theexpense of time.There is another 12:people became immensely inventive in hitting targets.Haveyou 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time?Tailwinds?Of course not!Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take.Aone-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.The 15 of the story is simple.Most jobs are multidimensional,with multiple criteria.Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others.Everything can be done faster andmade cheaper,but there is a 17.Setting targets can and does have unforeseennegative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting.But it is an argument for exploringconsequences first.All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factorssuch as time,money,quality and customer feedback.The trick is not only to 19 justone or even two dimensions of the objective,but also to understand how to helppeople better 20 the objective.1、单选题 第（1）题选_ _ _ _ _.A.t hereto reB.againC.moreoverD.however正确答案：D参考解析：根据句间关系，空格处是一个插入语，空格前一句指出：为员工设定目标并不难。空格所在句指出：要理解它们的负面后果要困难得多。首 句notdifficult和空白处前的much harder存在转折关系。however 意 为 然 而；可是，表示转折关系，故 选D。2、单选题 第（2）题选A.IdentifyB.AssessC.Emphasize0.Explain正确答案：C参考解析：空格所在句句意：大多数与工作相关的行为都有多个组成部分，强调其中一个部分，而另一个部分就会被曲解。Identify意为 确认;认出；Assess意 为 评 估，评 定 ；Emphasize意 为 强 调;重 视 ；Explain意 为 解 释;说 明 。C项代入原句符合句意，故 选C。3、单选题 第（3）题选_ _ _ _ _.A.curiouslyB.quicklyC.eagerlyD.nearly正确答案：B参考解析:空格所在句句意:在伦敦的公交车上，你很快就会明白在司机这里，这是如何起作用的。文章前面提到大多数与工作相关的行为有多个组成部分，此处写出公交车与司机则是为了体现这种相关性。根据句意可知，乘坐公交车你就会很快发现这是如何起作用的。curiously意 为 好 奇 地；奇 异 地 ；quickly意为 迅 速 地；很 快 地 ；eagerly意 为 渴 望 地，热 切 地 ；nearly意 为 几 乎；差 不 多 。B项代入原句符合句意，故 选Bo4、单选题 第（4）题选_ _ _ _ _.A.checkB.proveC.recallD.claim正确答案：A参考解析：空格所在句句意：有没有检查人员来检查人们是否已经付款?在公交 车 上，检查员与乘客付钱买票的关系肯定是 检查 的关系，检查员需要检查乘客是否是购买了车票后乘车。p r o v e意 为 证 明；证 实 ；r e c a l l意为 回忆起；回 想 起 ；c l a i m意 为 宣 称；声称 均不符合句意，c h e c k意 为 检 查;核查”符合句意,故 选Ao5、单选题 第（5）题选_ _ _ _ _.A.threatenedB.mockedC.ignoredD.blamed正确答案：C参考解析：空格所在句句意：还有那些跑着追赶公共汽车的人呢?他们被忽略To空格前面提到：有没有检查人员来检查人们是否已经付款?可能有，但很少。根据句子前后的关系可知，上文提到检票员很少，所以很多人逃票，这些人应该是 被 忽 视 ，i gn o r e意 为 忽 视，忽 略 ，所 以 选 择 i gn o r e d .t hr e a t e n e d意 为 威 胁 ；m o c k e d意 为 嘲 笑 ；b l a m e d意 为 指 责 ，均不符合句意,故均排除。6、单选题 第（6）题选A.hospitalityB.competitionC.punctuality0.innovation正确答案：C参考解析：根据后面一句 人们抱怨公共汽车晚点，而且班次稀少。可 知，前面要关注的主要问题是公交车是否 准时 的问题，hospitality意为 好客,殷 勤 ；competition意 为 竞 争；角 逐 ；punctuality意 为 准 时，守 时 ；innovation意 为 创 新；改 革 。C项代入原句符合句意，故 选C。7、单选题 第（7）题选_ _ _ _.A.YetB.BesidesC.StillD.So正确答案：D参考解析：空格前一句指出：因为目标是准时，人们抱怨公共汽车晚点，而且班次稀少。空格后一句指出：公共汽车和公交专用道的数量增加了，司机们根据所花的时间受到奖励或者惩罚。根据句子之间的逻辑关系可知，上文提到人们抱怨公车晚点和车次不够，下文提到增加公车数量以及车道，上下文存在因果关系，S O意 为 因 此，所 以 ，表示因果关系，故 选Do8、单选题 第（8）题选_ _ _ _ _.A.rewardedB.trainedC.groupedD.hired正确答案：A参考解析：空格所在句句意：公共汽车和公交专用道的数量增加了，司机们根据所花的时间受到奖励或者惩罚。根据并列结构连接词or可知，空格前后所接词应是对立关系，punished意为 惩罚，处罚”，需要选择一个与之含义相对且符合句意的词。hired意为 雇佣，聘 用 ；trained意为 训练，培 训 ，grouped意为 成组，聚集 代入句中，均不符合要求,rewarded意为 奖励，奖 赏 ，符合句意,故选Ao9、单选题 第（9）题选_ _ _ _ _ _.A.ratherB.alsoC.onceD.only正确答案：B参考解析：根据空格前的逻辑关系词but可知空格前后的内容为并列结构，所以句子前后的语法及语义存在关联，前后均有hit+宾语 结构。空格前面一句指 出：司机们达到了这些目标。空格所在句应表示他们也撞了骑自行车的人：rather意 为 反 而，而 是 ；also意 为 而 且，还；once意 为 一 旦 ；only意 为 仅 仅，只 是 。B项代入原句符合句意，故 选Bo10、单选题 第（10）题选_ _ _ _ _.A.comfortB.efficiencyC.security0.revenue正确答案：D参考解析：空格所在句句意：如果将目标改为收益，将有更多的检查员和更敏感的定价。根据后文提到增加更多检票员和价格提高可知，此处指目标和钱相关。comfort意 为 安 慰；舒 适 ；efficiency意 为 效 率；效 能 ；security意为 保护措施；安 全 工 作 ；revenue意 为 税 收 收 入；收 益 。D项代入原句符合 句 意，故 选D。11、单选题 第（11）题选_ _ _ _ _.A.cautiousB.quietC.diligentD.friendly正确答案：A参考解析：空格所在句句意：如果把标准改为安全，你会发现遵守交通法规的司机会更加谨慎。前面提到标准变为安全，后面说到司机遵守交通规则，所以司机的特点应是更加谨慎小心。cautious意 为 小 心 的，谨 慎 的 ；quiet意为 安静的，寂 静 的 ；diligent意为 勤奋的，刻 苦 的 ；friendly意为 友好的，友善的。A项代入原句符合句意,故选Ao12、单选题 第（12）题选.A.purposeB.prejudiceC.policy0.problem正确答案：D参考解析：冒号后面是对前面内容的展开说明,根据another和后文的解释说明可知，本段是对于第三段开头Why这个问题的第二个分析，与上一段落一样，均为解释性的段落。purpose意为 意图；目 的 ；prejudice意为 偏见；成见 ；policy意为 政策；方 针 ；problem意为 问题，难 题 。D项代入原句符合句意，故选D。13、单选题 第（13）题选.A.revealedB.noticedC.admitted0.reported正确答案：B参考解析:空格所在句句意:你有没有注意到你可以乘晚一个小时的航班离开,但仍然准时到达?revealed意 为”揭示;显 示 ；noticed意为 注意,察觉”；admitted意 为 承 认，招 供 ；reported意 为 报 道;公 布 。B项代入原句符合句意，故 选Bo14、单选题 第（14）题选_ _ _ _ _.A.breakB.departureC.transferD.trip正确答案：D参考解析：分析句子可知，空格所在句包含一 修 饰time的定语从句，定语从句中省略了 that。根据下文可知，这趟旅程本身所需要的时间为一个小时，航空公司说成两小时，这样哪怕晚起飞一个小时，也能准时抵达，所以航空公司只是改变了这趟旅程本身所需的时间，故 选trip。15、单选题 第（15）题选_ _ _ _ _.A.moralB.backgroundC.styleD.form正确答案：B参考解析：空格所在句句意：这个故事的背景很简单。moral意 为 品 行，道德；background意 为 背 景 ；style意 为 方 式；作 风 ；form意 为 类型；种 类 。B项代入原句符合句意，故 选Bo16、单选题 第（16）题选_ _ _ _ _.A.sacrificeB.criticizeC.tolerate0.interpret正确答案：A参考解析：空格所在句句意：选择一个标准，你很可能会牺牲其他标准。sacrifice意 为 牺 牲;舍 弃 ；criticize意 为 批 评；批 判 ；tolerate意为 容忍，忍 受 ；interpret意 为 诠 释；说 明 。A项代入原句符合句意，故 选Ao17、单选题 第（17）题选_ _ _ _ _.A.secretB.costC.productD.task正确答案：B参考解析：空格所在句句意：任 可事情都可以做得更快、更 便 宜，但这是有代价的。空格前一句提到：一切都可以做得更快、更便宜。根据逻辑关系选择，中间 有but，是转折关系，转折后也应是和金钱相关。secret意 为 秘 密 ，product意 为 产 品 ，task意 为 任 务 ，都不合适，cost意 为 成 本，代价 符合句 意，故 选Bo18、单选题 第（18）题选_ _ _ _ _.A.relating toB.calling forC.a c c ou n t i n g f or0.le a d i n g t o正确答案：A参考解析：空格所在句句意：所有好的目标都应该有多个与时间、金钱、质量和客户反馈等关键因素相关的标准。relating t。意为 与.有 关 ；calling for意 为 要 求 ；accounting for意为 导致;解 释 ；leading to意为 导致。由句意可知，好的标准应该是与各种关键因素有关的，A项代入原句符合句意,故选A。19、单选题 第（19）题选_ _ _ _ _.A.p r e d i c tB.r e st or eC.sp e c i f y0.c r e a t e正确答案：C参考解析：空格所在句句意：诀窍不仅在于明确目标的一个甚至两个方面。根据上下文语义联系可知，本句表明的不仅仅是上文提到的几个方面，根据后面的one or two可知此处是指范围缩小。predict 预言;预 告 ；restore 恢复，复 原 ；specify意为 具体说明;明确规定；create意为 创作，创造。C项代入原句符合句意，故选Co2 0、单选题 第（20）题选.A.r e v i e wB.a c h i e v eC.present0.modify正确答案：B参考解析：空格所在句句意：诀窍不仅在于明确目标的一个甚至两个方面，而且在于了解如何帮助人们更好地实现目标。目 标 的 搭 配 一 般 是 实 现 ，modify意 为 修 改，调 整 ；review 复习，回 顾 ；present”呈 现，展现均不合适，achieve意 为 实 现，达 到 ，符合句意，故 选B。材料题根据下面资料，回答21-25题Reskilling is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if weplan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.Weknow we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly,aswill the requirements of the jobs that remain.Research by the World EconomicForum finds that on average 42 percent of the core skills within job roles willchange by 2022.That is a very short timeline,so we can only imagine what thechanges will be further in the future.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one.For individualcompanies,the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer indemand and replace them with those whose skills are.That does not always happen.AT&T is。代en given as the gold standard of a company that decided to do a massivereskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy,ultimately retraining18,000 employees.Prepandemic,other companies including Amazon and Disney hadalso pledged to create their own plans.When the skills mismatch is in the broadereconomy though,the focus usually turns to government to handle.Efforts in Canadaand elsewhere have been arguably languid at best,and have given us a situationwhere we frequently hear of employers begging for workers even at times and inregions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic,unemployment is very high indeed.In February,at 3.5 percentand 5.5 percent respectively,unemployment rates in Canada and the United Stateswere at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere.As of May,thoserates had spiked up to 13.3 percent and 13.7 percent,and although many workershortages had disappeared,not all had done so.In the medical field,to take anobvious example,the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors,nurses and other medical personnel.Of course,it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be adoctor in few weeks,no matter who pays for it.But even if you cannot close that gap,maybe you can close others,and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned.That seems to be the case in Sweden:when forced to furlough 90 percent of theircabin staff,Scandinavian Airline decided to start up a short retraining program thatreskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff.The effort was a collective oneand involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.Reskilling in this way would be challenging in a North American context.You caneasily imagine a chorus of you cant do that because teachers or nurses or whoeverhave special skills,and using any support staff who has been quickly trained is boundto end in disaster.Maybe.Or maybe it is something that can work well in Sweden,with its history of cooperation between business,labour and government,but not inNorth America where our history is very different.Then again,maybe it is akin towartime,when extraordinary things take place,but it is business as usual after thefact.And yet,as in war the pandemic is teaching us that many things,including rapidreskilling,can be done if there is a will to do them.In any case,Swedens work force isnow more skilled,in more things,and more flexible than it was before.Of course,reskilling programs,whether for pandemic needs or the postpandemicworld,are expensive and at a time when everyones budgets are lean,this may not bethe time to implement them.Then again,extending income support programs to getus through the next months is expensive,too,to say nothing of the cost of having aswath of long-term unemployed in the POST-COVID years.Given that,perhaps weshould think hard about whether the pandemic can jump-start us to a place wherereskilling becomes much more than a buzzword.21、单选题Research by the World Economic forum s u g g e s t s.A.an increase in full-time employmentB.an urgent demand for new job skillsC.a steady growth of job opportunitiesD.a controversy about the core skills正确答案：B参考解析：根据题干关键词Research by the World Economic Forumsuggests 定位至U第一E殳第三句，nResearch by the World Economic Forumfinds that on average 42 percent of the core skills within job roles willchange by 2 0 2 2,世界经济论坛(World Economic Forum)的研究发现,至!2022年，工作岗位中平均有42%的 核心技能 将发生变化。B项 对于新工作技能需求紧迫”与文章表述一致，故选Bo A项 全职工作的增加、C项 工作机会的增加、D项 核心技能的争议 在原文均未提及，故均排除。22、单选题AT&T is cited to s h o w.A.an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategyB.an immediate need for government supportC.the importance of staff appraisal standardsD.the characteristics of reskitling programs正确答案：A参考解析：根据题干关键词AT&T定位到第二段第二句、第三句Forindividual companies,the temptation is always to let go of workerswhose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whoseskills are.That does not always happen,对于个别公司来说，总是让那些技能不再受欢迎的员工离开，取而代之的是那些技能受欢迎的员工。这种情况并不总是发生。不是所有公司采用解雇雇佣政策。AT&T是一个例子，他们采用了大规模恢复工作作为解雇雇佣政策的替代品，所以下面举出AT&T的例子印证了并不是所有公司都会选择辞退工人，A项 解雇雇佣政策以外的其他选择 与文章表述一致，故选Ao B项 迫切需要政府支持，AT&T例子所支持的观点与政府并无关联，故B项错误。C项 评估标准的重要性，AT&T例子所支持的观点并未提及评估标准，故c项错误。D项 再培训项目的特征，虽然AT&T例子是印证再培训项目的实例，但是文中并未提及其特征，故D项错误。23、单选题Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in C a n a d a.A.have driven up labour costsB.have proved to be inconsistentC.have met with fierce oppositionD.have appeared to be insufficient正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干关键词Efforts,skills mismatch in Canada定位到第二段最后一句 HEfforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languidat best,and have given us a situation where we frequently hear ofemployers begging for workers even at times and in regions whereunemployment is h ig h,可以说，其他地方的努力充其量也乏善可陈，这给我们带来了一种情况，即在失业率高的时间和地区，我们经常听到雇主急需工人的消息。由此可知，在加拿大为解决技术不匹配问题做出的努力没有达到理想的效果。D项 似乎并不充分 符合文意，故选D。A项 提高了劳动成本，原文并未提及劳动成本，故A项错误。B项 证明是不一致的，虽然也是负面评价，但文中说是乏善可陈，与文章表述意思不一致，故B项错误。C项 遭遇了强烈反对，虽然也是负面评价，但是并未提及是否遭到强烈反对，故C项错误。24、单选题We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was.A.a call for policy adjustmentB.a change in hiring practicesC.a lack of medical workersD.a sign of economic recovery正确答案：C参考解析：根据题干信息可定位到第三段最后一句In the medical field,totake an obvious example,the pandemic meant that there were still clearshortages of doctors,nurses and other medical personnel，在医疗领域,举一个明显的例子，大流行病的扩散意味着医生、护士和其他医务人员仍然明显短缺。c项 缺乏医疗工作者”与文章表述一致，故选co A项 号召政策调整、B项 雇佣行为的改变、D项 经济复苏的信号 在原文均未提及，故均排除。25、单选题Scandinavian Airlines decided to.A.create jobs vacancies for the unemployedB.prepare their laid-off workers for other jobsC.retrain their cabin staff for better servicesD.finance their staffs college education正确答案：B参考解析：根据题干关键词Scandinavian Airlines定位到第四段倒数第二句w.Scandinavian Airline decided to start up a short retraining programthat reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff,斯堪的纳维亚航空公司决定启动一项短期再培训项目，重新安排下岗工人来支持医院的工作。B项 为下岗员工提供其他工作”与文章表述一致，故选Bo A项 为失业者创造就业机会、C项 培训他们的乘务人员以提供更好的服务、D项 资助员工的大学教育”在文中均未提及，故均排除。材料题根据下面资料，回答26-30题With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050,and forecaststhat agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace,food security is increasingly making headlines.In the UK,it has become a big talkingpoint recently too,for a rather particular reason:Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UKimporting food.The country produces only about 60 percent of the food it eats,downfrom almost three-quarters in the late 1980s.A move back to self-sufficiency,theargument goes,would boost the farming industry,political sovereignty and even thenations health.Sounds greatbut how feasible is this vision?According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds,UK,85percent of the countrys total land area is associated with meat and dairy production.That supplies 80 percent of what is consumed,so even covering the whole country inlivestock farms wouldnt allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures,but they are still grave.To become muchmore self-sufficient,the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption ofanimal foods,and probably also farm more intensivelymeaning fewer green fields,and more factory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldnt help.There is a good reason whythe UK is dominated by animal husbandry:most of its terrain doesnt have the rightsoil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis.Just 25 percent of the countysland is suitable for crop-growing,most of which is already occupied by