2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题.pdf

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题（总分：100.0 0,做题时间：180分钟）一、Section I Use of English（总题数：1,分数：10.00）It s not difficult to set targets for staff.It is muchharder,1 ,to understand their negativeconsequences.Most work-related behaviors have multiplecomponents.2 one and the others becomedistorted.Travel on a London bus and youJ 11 3 see how thisworks with drivers.Watch people get on and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected?Never.D o people get on withoutpaying?O f course!Are there inspectors to 4 thatpeople have paid?Possibly,but very few.And people who runfor the bus?They are 5.How about jumping lights?Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why?Because the target is 6.People complainedthat buses were late and infrequent.7,the numberof buses and bus lanes were increased,and driverswere 8 or punished according to the time they took.And drivers hit these targets.But they 9 hitcyclists.If the target was changed to 10,youwould have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.If thecriterion changed to safety,you would getmore 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws.But boththese criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another 12:people became immenselyinventive in hitting targets.Have you 13 thatyou can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time?Tailwinds?O f course not!Airlines have simply changed the timea 14 is meant to take.A one-hour flight is nowballad as a two-hour flight.The 15 of the story is simple.Most jobs aremultidimensional,with multiple criteria.Choose one criterionand you may well 16 others.Everything can bedone faster and made cheaper,but there is a 17.Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negativeconsequences.This is not an argument against target-setting.But it is anargument for exploring consequences first.All good targetsshould have multiple criteria 18 criticalfactors such as time,money,quality and customer feedback.Thetrick is not only to 19 just one or even twodimensions of the objective,but also to understand how to helppeople better 20 the objective.（分 数:10.0）（1）.（分数：0.5）A.thereforeB.however 正确答案C.againD.moreover解析：逻辑关系题。观察选项可知，本题考查逻辑关系。比较前后两句语义，即 It s not difficult to.（做.不难）和 it is much harderto.（做.难得多），由 not difficult 和 much harder 可知,前后两句语义相反，B项however（提示转折关系）符合原文逻辑关系。本题答案为B项。干扰选项：A项therefore（因此）提示因果关系，C项again（又、再）提示并列关系，D项moreover（而且）提示递进关系，均不符合原文逻辑关系。（2）.（分数：0.5）A.Emphasize正确答案B.I dent ifyC.A s s es sD.E x plain解析：逻辑关系题。句中o ne和 t he o t her提示对比关系，and前后语义相反。由and后的t he o t hers beco me dis t o rt ed（其余的就被扭曲了）可知，A 项 E mphas iz e（强调）符合原文逻辑关系，即，强调一个，其余则被忽略扭曲。本题答案为A 项。干扰选项:B 项 I dent ify （识别），C 项 A s s es s （评估）,D 项 E x plain（解释）均不符合原文逻辑关系。（3）.（分数：0.5）A.nearlyB.curio us lyC.eagerlyD.quickly 正确答案解析：语境题。代词t his 指代前一句的观点，即，设定目标会带来负面后果：只强调一点，其余则被忽略扭曲。本句是对该观点的举例论述。对比各项语义：A 项 nearly （几乎），B 项 curio us ly （好奇地），C项 eagerly （渴望地）和 D 项 quickly （快速地）。其中D 项符合原文语义，即：坐上伦敦公交车，你很快就会看到这点是如何体现在司机身上的（T ravel o n a L o ndo n bus and y o u 1 1 quickly s ee ho wt his wo rks wit h drivers）本题答案为 D 项。（4）.（分数：0.5）A.claimB.pro veC.c h e c k 正确答案D.recall解析：语境题。观察本段句式特点，可知，本段首句（W at ch peo ple get o nand s ho w t heir t icket s）与下文为总分关系。作者随后以自问自答的形式，引出在公交车上乘车买票这一场景中几个群体的表现。由前文 D o people get on without paying?O f course!（人们会逃票上车吗？当然！）对乘客表现的提问可知，本句要对检票员（inspectors）是否尽到检票责任提问。因此C 项 check（检查）符合原文语义。本题答案为C 项。干扰选项：A 项 claim（宣称），B 项 prove（证明）和 D 项 recall（记起）均不符合原文语义。（5）.（分数：0.5）A.threatenedB.ignored正确答案C.mockedD.blamed解析：语境题。借助前文 Are there inspectors to 4 that peoplehave paid?Possibly,but very few（有检察员检查大家是否支付吗？可能有，但是很少）可知，本句对赶公交的人这个群体的提问也涉及到是否买票的问题。根据前文中各个群体的表现可知，他们买票与否很可能也无人注意。B 项 ignored（被忽视）符合语义，本题答案为B 项。干扰选项：A 项 threatened（被威胁），C 项mocked（被嘲弄）和 D项 blamed（被责备）均不符合原文语义。（6）.（分数：0.5）A.punctuality 正确答案B.hospitalityC.competitionD.innovation解析：逻辑关系题。本句为段首句，本段下文与段首句为总分关系，语义一致。借助下文中 drivers were 8 or punished accordingto the time they took（司机根据所用的时长获得 8 或惩罚），以及And drivers hit their targets（司机们达到他们的目标），可知，本句的target（目标）与时间有关。A 项 punctuality（准时）符合原文逻辑关系。干扰选项：B 项 h o spi ta l i ty（好客），C 项 c o m pe ti ti o n （竞争）和D 项 i n n o va ti o n （创新）均不符合原文逻辑关系。（7）.（分数：0.5）A.Y e sB.So正确答案C.B e si d e sD.S ti l l解析：逻辑关系题。观察选项可知，本题考查句间逻辑关系。比较前后两句语义，即 P e o pl e c o m pl a i n e d th a t b use s we re l a te a n d i n f re que n t（人们抱怨公交车晚点且班次较少）和 th e n um b e r o f b use s a n d b usl a n e s we re i n c re a se d （公交车和公交车道的数量增加），可知二者为因果关系，即，人们抱怨为因，增加公交车数量为果。B 项 S o （所以）符合原文逻辑关系。本题答案为B 项。干扰选项:A项 Y e s（确实如此）,C 项 B e si d e s（此外）和 D 项 S ti l l（仍然）均不符合原文逻辑关系。（8）.（分数：0.5）A.h i re dB.tra i n e dC.re wa rd e d 正确答案D.g ro upe d解析：逻辑关系题。o r（或者）提示选择关系，由o r后面的pun i sh e d （惩罚）可知，C 项 re wa rd e d （奖励）符合原文逻辑，即，根据所花时长，司机们或接受奖励或遭受惩罚。本题答案为C 项。干扰选项：A 项 h i re d （被雇佣），B 项 tra i n e d （被培训）和D 项g ro upe d （被分组）均不符合原文逻辑关系。（9）.（分数：0.5）A.o n l yB.ra th e rC.o n c eD.a l so 正确答案解析：逻辑关系题。观察选项可知，本题考查句间逻辑关系。比较上句d ri ve rs h i t th e se ta rg e ts 与本句 th e y 9 h i t c yc l i sts,可发现，h i t为原词复现，提示两句为平行结构，D 项 a l so （也）符合原文逻辑，即，两个h i t两个目标：前者h i t到的是真正目标；后者 h i t到的是c yc l i sts,意为误撞。由此引出设定目标带来的负面后果。本题答案为D 项。干扰选项：A项 o n l y（只有），B项 ra th e r（宁可）和C 项 o n c e （一旦）均不符合原文语义。（1 0）.（分数：0.5）A.c o m f o rtB.re ve n ue 正确答案C.e f f i c i e n c yD.se c uri ty解析：语境题。根据后半句yo u wo ul d h a ve m o re i n spe c to rs a n d m o rese n si ti ve pri c i n g （你将会看到更多检票员和更敏感的价格）可 一 知，本题与金钱有关。B 项 re ve n ue （收益）符合原文语义。本题答案为B 项。干扰选项：A 项 c o m f o rt（舒适），C 项 e f f i c i e n c y（效率）和 D 项se c uri ty（安全）均不符合原文语义。（1 1）.（分数：0.5）A.f ri e n d l yB.qui e tC.c a uti o us 正确答案D.d i l i g e n t解析：语境题。本句选项均为修饰d ri ve rs（司机）的形容词，根据本句I fth e c ri te ri o n c h a n g e d to sa f e ty（如果把标准改为安全性）可知，修饰司机的形容词需要体现司机安全驾驶的能力。因此D 项 c au t i o u s（谨慎的）符合原文语义，即，你将会看到更加谨慎且遵守交通规则的司机。本题答案为C 项。干扰选项：A 项 f r i e n dl y （友好的），B 项 q u i e t （安静的）和D 项di l i g e n t （勤勉的）均不符合原文语义。（1 2）.（分数：0.5）A.p u r p o s eB.p r o b l e m 正确答案C.p r e j u di c eD.p o l i c y解析：逻辑关系题。an o t h e r 提示本句与前文语义一致。根据上句B u t b o t ht h e s e c r i t e r i o n wo u l d b e at t h e e x p e n s e o f t i m e （止 匕 处 c r i t e r i o n可理解为t ar g e t,意为：但这两个标准都将以牺牲时间为代价），可知，前文在说设立目标所致的负面影响。B 项 p r o b l e m （问题）可与前文的负面影响进行呼应，符合原文逻辑关系。本题答案为B 项。干扰选项：A 项 p u r p o s e （目的），C 项 p r e j u di c e （偏见）和D 项p o l i c y （政策）均不符合原文逻辑关系。（1 3）.（分 数:0.5）A.r e p o r t e dB.r e ve al e dC.adm i t t e dD.n o t i c e d正确答案解析：语境题。比较各项语义，A 项 r e p o r t e d（报道），B 项 r e ve al e d（揭露），C 项 adm i t t e d（承认）和 D 项 n o t i c e d（注意到），可知，D项符合原文语义，即：你是否注意到，飞机起飞迟了一小时，却仍然准时到达？本题答案为D 项。（1 4）.（分 数:0.5）A.b r e akB.t r i p 正确答案C.de p ar t u r eD.t r an s f e r解析：语境题。根据13题所在句语义“飞机起飞迟了一小时，却仍然准时至!J 达“，及下句 A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hourflight（一小时的航程按两个小时收费）可知，此处，航空公司改变的是trip（旅程、航程）应花的时长。本题答案为B 项。干扰选项：A 项 break（休息），C 项 departure（离开）和 D 项 transfer（转移）均不符合原文语义。（15）.（分数：0.5）A.moral 正确答案B.backgroundC.styleD.form解析：语境题。the story指代前文航空公司为准时到达而修改航班实际时长，本句是对该故事的总结。A 项moral（寓意）与story组成“themoral of the story,意为“该故事的寓意“，符合原文语义。本题答案为A。干扰选项:B 项 background（背景）,C 项 style（风格）和 D项 form（形式）均不符合原文语义。（16）.（分数：0.5）A.interpretB.criticizeC.sacrifice 正确答案D.tolerate解析：逻辑关系题。one和 others提示对比，and前后内容语义相反。而且，本句与前一句所组成的结构Most jobs are multidimensional,with multiple criteria.Choose one criterion and you maywell 16 others与首段最后两句的结构Most work-relatedbehaviors have multiple components.2 one and theothers become distorted相似，语义也相近。借助首段对应部分的the others become distorted可知，C 项符合原文逻辑关系，即：选择一个标准，你可能就要牺牲另一个。本题答案为C 项。干扰选项：A项 i n t e r p r e t （诠释），B 项 c r i t i c i z e （批评）和D 项t o l e r at e （容忍），均不符合原文逻辑关系。（1 7）.（分 数:0.5）A.t as kB.s e c r e tC.p r o du c tD.c o s t 正确答案解析：逻辑关系题。本句中的b u t 提示前后语义相反。由前半句E v e r y t h i n gc a n b e d o n e f a s t e r a n d m a d e c h e a p e r （每件事都可以完成得很快，成本很低）可知，D 项 c o s t （代价）符合原文逻辑关系，即：但这是有代价的。本题答案为D 项。干扰选项：A项 t a s k （任务），B 项 s e c r e t （秘密）和C 项 p r o d u c t（产品）均不符合原文逻辑关系。（1 8）.（分数：0.5）A.l e a d i n g t oB.c a l l i n g f o rC.r e l a t i n g to正确答案D.a c c o u n t i n g f o r解析：语境题。本题考查连接m u l t i p l e c r i t e r i a 和 c r i t i c a l f a c t o r s 的形容词短语语义。比较各选项语义，A 项 l e a d i n g t o （导致），B 项c a l l i n g f o r （要求），C 项 r e l a t i n g t o （关于）和 D 项 a c c o u n t i n gf o r （对作出解释），可知，C 项符合原文语义，即，所有好的目标都应具有与关键因素（如时间、金钱、质量和用户反馈）相关的多个标准。本题答案为C 项。（1 9）.（分数：0.5）A.s p e c i f y 正确答案B.p r e d i c tC.r e s t o r eD.c r e a t e解析：逻辑关系题。not only.but also提示递进关系，借助understand可知，先确定目标才能进一步理解目标，所以A项specify（明确规定）符合原文逻辑关系，即，诀窍是不仅要确定目标的一个甚至两个方面，而且要理解。本题答案为A项。干扰选项:B项predict（预测），C项restore（恢复）和D项create（创造）均不符合原文逻辑关系。（20）.（分数：0.5）A.modifyB.reviewC.presentD.a c h i e v e正确答案解析：语境题。比较各项语义，A项modify（修改），B项review（复习）和C项present（展示）和D项achieve（实现）,可知D项最符合原文语义，即，实现目标（achieve the objective）0本题答案为Do二、Section II Reading Comprehension（总题数：0,分数：0.00）三、Part A（总题数：4,分数：40.00）Text 1“Reskilling“is something that sounds 1 ike a buzzword but isactually a requirement if we plan to have a future where a lotof would-be workers do not get left behind.We know we are movinginto a period where the jobs in demandwi 11 change rapidly,aswill the requirements of the jobs that remain.Research by theWorld Economic Forum finds that on average 42 per cent of the“core skills“within job roles will change by 2022.That isa very short timeline.The question of who should pay for reskilling isa thorny one.For individual companies,the temptation is always to let goof workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace themwith those whose skills are.That does not always happen.AT&Tis often given as the gold standard of a company that decidedto do a massive reskilling program rather than go with afire-and-hire strategy.O ther companies had also pledged tocreate their own plans.When the skills mismatch is in thebroader economy,though,the focus usually turns to governmentto handle.Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguablylanguid at best,and have given us a situation where wefrequently hear of employers begging for workers,even at timesand in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic,unemployment is very high indeed.InFebruary,at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively,unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were atgenerational lows and worker shortages were everywhere.As ofMay,those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 percent,and although many worker shortages had disappeared,notall had done so.In the medical field,to take an obvious example,the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages ofdoctors,nurses and other medical personnel.O f course,it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter andtrain him to be a doctor in a few weeks.But even if you cannotclose that gap,maybe you canclose others,and doing so wouldbe to the benefit of all concerned.That seems to be the casein Sweden:When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabinstaff,Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a shortretraining program that reskilled the laid-off workers tosupport hospital staff.The effort was a collective one andinvolved other companies as well as a Swedish university.（分数：10）（1）.Research by the World Economic Forum suggests.（分数：2）A.a controversy about the“core skills”B.an increase in full-time employmentC.an urgent demand for new job skills 正确答案D.a steady growth of job opportunities解析：本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Research by the World EconomicForum 定位到第一段句，由 42 per cent of the core skills”within job roles will change可知大量工作 核心技能”将发生变化。C 项 an urgent demand for new job skills/寸新工作技能的迫切需求）符合题意。所以本题选C。（2）.AT&T is cited to show.（分 数:2）A.an immediate need for government supportB.an alternative to the f ire-and-hire strategy 正确答案C.the characteristics of reskilling programsD.the importance of staff appraisal standards解析：本题为例证题。根据题干关键词AT&T定位到第二段句：AT&T isoften given as the gold standard of a company that decided todo a massive reskilling program rather than go with af ire-and-hire strategyoB 项 an alternative to the fire-and-hirestrategy（解雇和雇佣策略的替代方案）是对rather than go with af ire-and-hire strategy（而不是推行解雇和雇佣策略）的同义替换。所以本题选B。（3）.Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in C a n a d a.（分数：2）A.have appeared to be insufficient 正确答案B.have driven up labour costsC.have proved to be inconsistentD.have met with fierce opposition解析：本题为细节题。根据题干关键词skills mismatch、Canada定位到第二段句：Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguablylanguid at best,and have given us a situation where wefrequently hear of employers begging for workers,even at timesand in regions where unemployment is high,A 项 have appearedto be insufficient（似乎不够）是对句中languid（虚弱无力的），以及“employers begging for workers VS unemployment is high（雇主缺人V S失业率高）”这一困境的合理概括。所以本题选A。（4）.We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was.（分数：2）A.a sign of economic recoveryB.a call for policy adjustmentC.a change in hiring practicesD.a lack of medical workers 正确答案解析：本题为细节题。根据题干Paragraph 3定位到第三段。本段句是论点“疫情期间失业率很高”。句是数据论据;句是事例论据，以医疗领域为例，证明人员的紧缺。D项a lack of medicalworkers（医疗工作者短缺）对应句there were still clearshortages of doctors,nurses and other medical personnel 所以本题选D。（5）.Scandinavian Airlines decided to.（分数:2）A.create job vacancies for the unemployedB.retrain their cabin staff for better servicesC.prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs 正确答案D.finance their staffJ s college education解析：本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Scandinavian Airlines decided to定位到第四段句 Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up ashort retraining program that reskilled the laid-off workersto support hospital staff0 C 项 prepare their laid-off workersfor other jobs（帮助他们的失业员工为其它工作做准备）对应句reski lied the laid-off workers to support hospital staff 所以本题选C。Text 2With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billionby 2050,and forecasts that agricultural production in someregions will need to nearly double to keep pace,food securityis increasingly making headlines.In the UK,it has become abig talking point recently too,for a rather particular reason:Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recenttrend towards the UK importing food.The country produces onlyabout 60 per cent of the food it eats,down from almostthree-quarters in the late 1980s.A move back toself-sufficiency,the argument goes,would boost the farmingindustry,political sovereignty and even the nation,s health.Sounds great but how feasible is this vision?According to a report on UK food production from the Universityof Leeds,UK,85 per cent of the country,s total land area isassociated with meat and dairy production.That supplies 80 percent of what is consumed,so even covering the whole countryin livestock farms wouldn t allow us to cover al 1 our meat anddairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures,but they are stillgrave.To become much more self-sufficient,the UK would needto drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods,andprobably also farm more intensively meaning fewer greenfields,and more factory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn t help.There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animalhusbandry:most of its terrain doesn t have the right soi1 orclimate to grow crops on a commercial basis.Just 25 per centof the country s land is suitable for crop-growing,most ofwhich is already occupied by arable fields.Even if we convertedall the suitable land to fields of fruit and v需which wouldinvolve taking out all the n