2021全国硕士研究生招生考试真题（英语二）.pdf

绝密启用前2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英 语（二）试题（科目代码：202）考生注意事项仝1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2 B铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)fbr each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Ifs not difficult to set targets fbr staff.It is much harder,1 ,to understand theirnegative consequences.Most work-related behaviors have multiple components.2one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and youll 3 see how this works with drivers.Watchpeople get on and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected?Never.Do people geton without paying?Of course!Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid?Possibly,but very few.And people who run fbr the bus?They are How aboutjumping lights?Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why?Because the target is g People complained that buses were late andinfrequent.7,the number of buses and bus lanes were increased,and drivers were8 or punished according to the time they took.And drivers hit these targets.Butthey 9 hit cyclists.If the target was changed to 0 you would have moreinspectors and more sensitive pricing.If the criterion changed to safety,you would getmore 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws.But both these criteria would be at theexpense of time.There is another 12:people became immensely inventive in hitting targets.Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time?Tailwinds?Of course not!Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant totake.A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.The 15 of the story is simple.Most jobs are multidimensional,with multiplecriteria.Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others.Everything can be donefaster and made cheaper,but there is a 7 _.Setting targets can and does haveunforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting.But it is an argument fbr exploringconsequences first.All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factorssuch as time,money,quality and customer feedback.The trick is not only to 19 justone or even two dimensions of the objective,but also to understand how to help peoplebetter 20 the objective.英语（二）试 题.1.（共14页）1.A therefore B howeverC again D moreover2.A Emphasize B IdentifyC Assess D Explain3.A nearly B curiouslyC eagerly D quickly4.A claim B proveC check D recall5.A threatened B ignoredC mocked D blamed6.A punctuality B hospitalityC competition D innovation7.A YetB SoC BesidesD Still8.A hired B trainedC rewarded D grouped9.A only B ratherC once D also10.A comfort B revenueC efficiency D security11.A friendly B quietC cautious D diligent12.A purpose B problemC prejudice D policy13.A reported B revealedC admitted D noticed14.A breakB tripC departure D transfer15.A moral B backgroundC style D form16.A interpret B criticizeC sacrifice D tolerate17.A task B secretC product D cost18.A leading to B calling fbrC relating to D accounting for19.A j specifyB predictC restore D create20.A modify B reviewC present D achieveSection H Reading ComprehensionDirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)英语（二）试 题.2.（共14页）Text 1“Reskilling”is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually arequirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get leftbehind.We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will changerapidly,as will the requirements of the jobs that remain.Research by the WorldEconomic Forum finds that on average 42 per cent of the M core skillsM within job roleswill change by 2022.That is a very short timeline.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one.For individualcompanies,the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer indemand and replace them with those whose skills are.That does not always happen.AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massivereskilling program rather than go with a firc-and-hire strategy.Other companiesincluding Amazon and Disney had also pledged to create their own plans.When theskills mismatch is in the broader economy though,the focus usually turns to governmentto handle.Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best,and havegiven us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers,even attimes and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic,unemployment is very high indeed.In February,at 3.5 percent and 5.5 per cent respectively,unemployment rates in Canada and the United Stateswere at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere.As of May,thoserates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent,and although many workershortages had disappeared,not all had done so.In the medical field,to take an obviousexample,the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors,nurses andother medical personnel.Of course,it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be adoctor in a few weeks,no matter who pays fbr it.But even if you cannot close that gap,maybe you can close others,and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned.Thatseems to be the case in Sweden:When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabinstaff,Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retraining program that reskilledthe laid-ofF workers to support hospital staff.The effort was a collective one andinvolved other companies as well as a Swedish university.英语（二）试 题.3.（共14页）21.Research by the World Economic Forum s u g g e s t s.A an increase in full-time employment B an urgent demand for new job skillsC a steady growth of job opportunities D a controversy about the“core skills”22.AT&T is cited to s how.A an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy B an immediate need for government supportC the importance of staff appraisal standards D the characteristics of reskilling programs23.Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in C a n a d a.A have driven up labour costs B have proved to be inconsistentC have met with fierce opposition D have appeared to be insufficient24.We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was.A a call fbr policy adjustment B a change in hiring practicesC a lack of medical workers D a sign of economic recovery25.Scandinavian Airlines decided to.A create job vacancies fbr the unemployed B prepare their laid-ofT workers fbr other jobsC retrain their cabin staff fbr better services D finance their staffs college education英语（二）试 题.4.（共14页）Text 2With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050,andforecasts that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keeppace,food security is increasingly making headlines.In the UK,it has become a bigtalking point recently too,for a rather particular reason:Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UKimporting food.The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats,downfrom almost three-quarters in the late 1980s.A move back to self-sufficiency,theargument goes,would boost the forming industry,political sovereignty and even thenations health.Sounds great-but how feasible is this vision?According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds,UK,85 per cent of the countrys total land area is associated with meat and dairy production.That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed,so even covering the whole country inlivestock farms wouldnt allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures,but they are still grave.To become muchmore self-sufficient,the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animalfoods,and probably also farm more intensively-meaning fewer green fields and morefactory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldnt help.There is a good reasonwhy the UK is dominated by animal husbandry:most of its terrain doesnt have the rightsoil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis.Just 25 per cent of the countrysland is suitable for crop-growing,most of which is already occupied by arable fields.Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and vegwhich wouldinvolve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from theirhomes-we would achieve only a 30 per cent boost in crop production.Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currentlyhome-grown,so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per centof our fresh produce needs.That is before we look for the space to grow the grains,sugars,seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.英语（二）试 题.5.（共14页）26.Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK wouldA be hindered by its population growth B contribute to the nations well-beingC become a priority of the government D pose a challenge to its farming industry27.The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UKA farmland has been inefficiently utilized B factory-style production needs reformingC most land is used fbr meat and dairy productionD.more green fields will be converted fbr farming28.Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to.A its fanning technology B its dietary traditionC its natural conditions D its commercial interests29.It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people A rely largely on imports fbr fresh produce B enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumptionC are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intake D arc trying to grow new varieties of grains30.The authors attitude to food self-sufficiency in the UK isA defensive B doubtfulC tolerant D optimistic英语（二）试 题.6.（共14页）Text 3When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendarSunrise in 2015,it picked two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz inSilicon Valley.Microsoffs own Office dominates the market for“productivity”software,but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from theground up for the smartphone world.Both apps,however,were later scrapped,after Microsoft said it had used their bestfeatures in its own products.Their teams of engineers stayed on,making them two ofthe many 4 4 acqui-hiresM that the biggest companies have used to feed their great hungerfbr tech talent.To Microsofts critics,the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of aremorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in theirpath.uThey bought the seedlings and closed them down,“complained Paul Arnold,apartner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures,putting an end to businesses that mightone day turn into competitors.Microsoft declined to comment.Like other start-up investors,Mr.Arnolds own business often depends on sellingstart-ups to larger tech companies,though he admits to mixed feelings about the result:“I think these things are good fbr me,if I put my selfish hat on.But are they good fbrthe American economy?I dont know/,The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to thatquestion.This week,it asked the five most valuable US tech companies fbr informationabout their many small acquisitions over the past decade.Although only a researchproject at this stage,the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than$5.5 trillion,rifling through suchsmall deals-many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise-mightseem beside the point.Between them,the five biggest tech companies have spent anaverage of only$3.4 billion a year on sub-$1 billion acquisitions over the past fiveyears-a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves,and the morethan$130 billion of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However,critics say the big companies use such deals to buy their most threateningpotential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum,in somecases as part of a“buy and kill“tactic to simply close them down.英语（二）试 题.7.（共14页）31.What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions?A Their engineers were retained.B Their market values declined.C Their tech features improved.D Their products were re-priced.32.Microsoffs critics believe that the big tech companies tend toA exaggerate their product quality B eliminate their potential competitorsC treat new tech talent unfairlyD ignore public opinions33.Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions mi g h t.A weaken big tech companies B worsen market competitionC harm the national economyD discourage start-up investors34.The US Federal Trade Commission intends to.A limit Big Techs expansionB encourage research collaborationC examine small acquisitionsD supervise start-ups operation35.For the five biggest tech companies,their small acquisitions haveA brought little financial pressure B raised few management challengesC set an example fbr future deals D generated considerable profits英语（二）试 题.8.（共14页）Text 4Were fairly good at judging people based on first impressions,thin slices ofexperience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction,and deliberationcan be not only extraneous but intrusive.In one study of the ability she called“thinslicing,“the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 1 O-secondvideo clips of professors and to rate the instructors overall effectiveness.Their ratingscorrelated strongly with students end-ofsemester ratings.Another set of participantshad to count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips,occupying theirconscious working memory.Their ratings were just as accurate,demonstrating theintuitive nature of the social processing.Critically,another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons fbr theirjudgment,before giving the rating.Accuracy dropped dramatically.Ambady suspectedthat deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues,such as certain gestures orutterances,rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holisticimpression.She found similar interference when participants watched 15-second clips ofpairs of people and judged whether they were strangers,friends,or dating partners.Other research shows were better at detecting deception from thin slices when werely on intuition instead of reflection.4tIfs as if youre driving a stick shift,M says JudithHall,a psychologist at Northeastern University,“and if you start thinking about it toomuch,you cant remember what youre doing.But if you go on automatic pilot,yourefine.Much of our social life is like that.”Thinking too much can also hann our ability t