2022年考研英语二真题及答案.pdf
新东方考研：2022考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for eachnumbered black and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users,a blessing toprivacy and freedom of speech.But that very anonymity is alsobehind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to aworld that seems increasingly 3?Last month,Howard Schmidt,the nation,s cyber-czar,offeredthe federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a“voluntary trusted identityv system that would be the high-tech5 of a physical key,a fingerprint and a photo ID card,all rolled6 one.The system might use a smart identity card,or a digitalcredential 7 to a specific computer.and would authenticate usersat a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems.User could 9 which system to join,and only registered users whoseidentities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internetdriver s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already havethese“single sign-on“systems that make it possible for users to11 just once but use many different services.12.the approach would create a“walled garden“n cyberspace,with safe“neighborhoods“and bright“streetlights“to establisha sense of a 13 community.Mr.Schmidt described it as a“voluntary ecosystem“in whichuindividuals and organizations can complete online transactionswith 14,trusting the identities of each other and the identitiesof the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still,the administration s plan has 16 privacy rightsactivists.Some applaud the approach；others are concerned.Itseems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward whatwould 17 be a compulsory Internet“drive s license“mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer securityexperts,who worry that the“voluntary ecosystem“envisioned byMr.Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19.They arguethat al 1 Internet users should be 20 to register and identifythemselves,in the same way that drivers must be licensed to driveon publ ic roads.1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.though3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless4.A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal5.A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over7.A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize10.A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered11.A.carry on B.linger onC.set in D.log in12.A.In vainB.In effectC.In return D.In contrast13.A.trustedB.modernizedc.thrivingD.competing14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united17.A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18.A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after eachtext by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs s board as an outsidedirector in January 2022：a year later she became president of BrownUniversity.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed bothroles without attracting much eroticism.But by the end of 2022 Ms.Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmad s compensationcommittee；how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts passunremarked?By February the next year Ms.Simmons had left the board.The position was just taking up too much time,she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful,yet lessbiased,advisers on a firm s board.Having made their wealth andtheir reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enoughindependence to disagree with the chief executive s proposals.Ifthe sky,and the share price is falling,outside directors shouldbe able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hatcovered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 differentdirectors between 1989 and 2022.Then they simply checked whichdirectors stayed from one proxy statement to the next.The mostlikely reason for departing a board was age,so the researchersconcentrated on those“surprise“disappearances by directorsunder the age of 70.They fount that after a surprise departure,the probability that the company will subsequently have to restateearnings increased by nearly 20%.The 1 ikelihood of being named ina federal class-action lawsuit also increases,and the stock islikely to perform worse.The effect tended to be larger for largerfirms.Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequentbad performance at the firm is suggestive,it does not mean thatsuch directors are always jumping off a sinking ship.Often they“trade up.Leaving riskier,smaller firms for larger and morestable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have aneasier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leavea firm before bad news breaks,even if a review of history showsthey were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.Firmswho want to keep their outside directors through tough times mayhave to create incentives.Otherwise outside directors will fol lowthe example of Ms.Simmons,once again very popular on campus.21.According to Paragraph 1,Ms.Simmons was criticized for.Againing excessive profitsBfailing to fulfill her dutyCrefusing to make compromisesDleaving the board in tough times22.We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors aresupposed to be.Agenerous investorsBunbiased executivesCshare price forecastersDindependent advisers23.According to the researchers from Ohio University after anoutside directorJ s surprise departure,the firm is 1ikely to.Abecome more stableBreport increased earningsCdo less well in the stock marketDperform worse in lawsuits24.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outsidedirectors.Amay stay for the attractive offers from the firmBhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firmCare accustomed to stress-free work in the firmDwill decline incentives from the firm25.The author s attitude toward the role of outside directorsis.ApermissiveBpositiveCscornfulDlcriticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper?A year ago the endseemed near.The recession threatened to remove the advertising andreaders that had not already fled to the internet.Newspapers likethe San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom.America s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks abouthow to save newspapers.Should they become charitable corporations?Should the state subsidize them?It will hold another meeting soon.But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German andBrazilian papers have shrugged off the recession.Even Americannewspapers,which inhabit the most troubled come of the globalindustry,have not only survived but often returned to profit.Notthe 20%profit margins that were routine a few years ago,but profitall the same.It has not been much fun.Many papers stayed afloat by pushingjournalists overboard.The American Society of News Editors reckonsthat 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2022.Readers are payingmore for slimmer products.Some papers even had the nerve to refusedelivery to distant suburbs.Yet these desperate measures haveproved the right ones and,sadly for many journalists,they can bepushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses,with ahealthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers.Americanpapers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads.Fully87%of their revenues came from advertising in 2022,according tothe Organization for Economic Cooperation in the inner corealone,Germany fears,a small majority favour French interference.A“southern“camp headed by French wants something different：European economic government“within an inner core of euro-zonemembers.Translated,that means politicians intervening inmonetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorermembers,via cheaper borrowing for governments through commonEurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.Finally,figures close tothe France government have murmured,euro-zone members should agreeto some fiscal and social harmonization：e.g.,curbing competitionin corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU.It remains the world slargest trading block.At its best,the European project isremarkably liberal：built around a single market of 27 rich and poorcountries,its internal borders are far more open to goods,capitaland labour than any comparable trading area.It is an ambitiousattempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization,and makecapitalism benign.36.The EU is faced with so many problems that.A it has more or less lost faith in marketsB even its supporters begin to feel concernedC some of its member countries plan to abandon euroD it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37.The debate over the EU s single currency is stuck becausethe dominant powers.A are competing for the leading positionB are busy handling their own crisesC fail to reach an agreement on harmonizationD disagree on the steps towards disintegration38.To solve the euro problem,Germany proposed that.A EU funds for poor regions be increasedB stricter regulations be imposedC only core members be involved in economic co-ordinationD voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39.The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that _Apoor countries are more likely to get fundsBstrict monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesCloans will be readily available to rich countriesDrich countries will basically control Eurobonds40.Regarding the future of the EU,the author seems to feelApessimisticBdesperateCconceitedDhopeful
