2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)真题.pdf

2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank andmark.A.B.C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Harlon Coben believes that if you are a writer,youll find the time;and thatif cant find the time,then writing isnt an priority and youre not a writer.Forhim,writing is a _1_job-a job like any other.He has _2_it with plumbing.Pointing out that a plumber doesnt wake up and say that he cant work withpipes today.3,like most writers these days,you are holding down a job to pay thebills,its not 4_ to find the time to write.But its not impossible.It requiresdetermination and single-mindedness._ 5_that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing otherthings to earn a living.And today,even writers who are fairly _6_often haveto do other work to_7_their writing income.As Harlon Coben has suggested,its a_8_of priorities.To make writing apriority,youll have to _9_some of your day-to-day activities and some thingsyou really enjoy.Depending on your 10 and your lifestyle,that might meanspending less time watching television or listening to music,though somepeople can write 11_they listen to music.You might have to_ 12_ the amount of exercise or sport you do.Youll have to make socialmedia an_13 activity rather than a-daily,time-consuming_14 There IIprobably have to be less socialising with your friends and less time with yourfamily.Its a _15 learning curve,and it wont always make you popular.Theres just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for,16your writing-and thats reading.Any write needs to read as much and aswidely as they can;its the one 17_supporter-something you cannot do without.Time is finite.The older you met,the _18_it seems to go.We need to use it ascarefully and as 19_ as we can that means that prioritising out activities so thatwe spend most time on the things we really want to do.If youre a writer,thatmeans-_20-writing.I.A.difficultB.normalC.steadyD.pleasant2.A.combinedB.comparedC.confused0.confronted3.A.lfB.ThoughC.OnceD.Unless4.A.EnoughB.strangeC.wrongD.easy5.A.AcceptB.ExplainC.RememberD.Suppose6.A.Well-knownB.well-advisedC.well-informedD.well-chose7.A.donateB.generateC.supplement0.calculate8.A.causeB.purposeC.question0.condition9.A.highlightB.sacrificeC.continue0.explorelO.A.relationsB.interestsC.memoriesD.skills11.A.untilB.becauseC.whileD.before12.A.put up withB.make up forC.hang on toD.cut down on13.A.intelligent.occasionalC.intensiveD.emotional14.A.habitB.testC.decisionD.plan15.A.toughB.gentleC.rapidD.funny16.A.in place ofB.in charge ofC.in response toD.in addition to17.A.indispensableB.innovativeC.invisibleD.instant18.A.dullerB.harderC.quieter0.quicker19.A.peacefullyB.generouslyC.productively0.gratefully2O.A.at mostB.in turnC.on averageD.above allSection n Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by2choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)TextlOn a recent sunny day 13000 chickens roam over Larry Browns 40windswept acres in Shiner,Texas.Some rest in the shade of a parked car.Others drink water with the cows.This all seems random,but its by design,part of what the$6.1 billion US.egg industry bets will be its next big thing:climate-friendly eggs.These eggs,which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as$8 a dozen,are still labeled organic and animal-friendly,but theyre also frombirds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture-special house gases.Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.lTm excited about our progress,says Brown,who is adding more covercrops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat.The birds wastethen fertilizes fields.Such improvements allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land,the hens,and the eggs thatwe supply to our customers.The egg industrys push is the first major test of whether animal productsfrom regenerative farms can become the next premium offering.In barelymore than a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart.More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-basedmeats,but both have exploded into major supermarket categories.If thesustainable-egg roll out is successful.It could open the floodgates forregenerative beef,broccoli,and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell because the concept is toughto define quickly says Julie Stanton,associate professor of agriculturaleconomics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine.Such farming alsobrings minimal,if any,improvement to the food products(though someproducers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premiumattributes such as free-range,non-GMO,and pasture-raised eggs will3embrace sustainability.Surveys show that younger generations are moreconcerned about climate change,and some of the success of plant-basedmeat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protectthe environment.Young adults really care about the planet,says JohnBrunnquell,president of Egg Innovations.They are absolutely altering thefood chain beyond what I think even they understand what theyre doing.2 The climate-friendly eggs are produced.A at a considerably low costB at the demand of regular shoppersc as a replacement for organic eggsD on specially designed farms2 2 Larry Brawn is excited about its progress inA reducing the damage of wormsB accelerating the disposal of wastec creating a sustainable systemD attracting customers to his product2 3 The example of organic eggs is used in Paragraph 4 to suggest.Athe doubts over natural foodsBthe setbacks in the egg industrycthe potential of regenerative productsDthe promotional success of supermarkets24 It can be leaned from the last paragraph that young peopleA.are reluctant to change their dietB are likely to buy climate-friendly eggsc are curious about new foods4D are amazed at agricultural advances25 John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton ever regenerative productsA market prospectsB nutritional valuec standard definitionD moral implicationText 2More Americans are opting to work well into retirement,a growing trendthat threatens to upend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have,or plan to have a job inretirement to prepare for a longer life,according to a survey conducted byHarris Poll for TD Ameritrade.Even more surprising is that more than half ofunretirees-those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work afterretiring-said they would be employed in their later years even if they hadenough money to settle down,the survey showed.Financial needs arent the only culprit for the unretirement trend.Otherreasons,according to the study,include personal fulfillment such as stayingmentally fit,preventing boredom or avoiding depression.iThe concept ofretirement is evolving,said Christine Russell,senior manager of retirement atTD Ameritrade.Its not just about finances.The value of work is also drivingfolks to continue working past retirement.One reason for the change in retirement patterns:Americans are livinglonger.Older Americans are also percentage of retirement-age people in thelabor force has doubled over the past three decades.About 20%of people 65and older were in the workforce in February 2019,up from an all-time low of10%in January 1985 according to money manager United Income.Because of longer life spans,Americans are also boosting their savings to5preserve their nest eggs,the TD Ameritrade study showed,which surveyed2,000 adults between 40 to 79.Six in 10 unretirees are increasing theirsavings in anticipation of a longer life.Among the most popular ways they aredoing this,the company said,is by reducing their overall expenses,securinglife insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.Unfortunately,many people who are opting to work in retirement arepreparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in theirlater years,said Brent Weiss,a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth.He suggested that pre-retirees should speak witha financial advisor to set long-term financial goals.The most challenging moments in life are getting married,starting a familyand ultimately retiring,Weiss said.Its not just a financial decision,but anemotional one.Many people believe they cant retire.26The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that.A_ over half of the retirees are physically fit for workBthe old workforce is as active as the younger onec one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirementD more Americans are willing to work in retirement27It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that.A retirement may cause problems for themB boredom can be relieved after retirementcthe mental health of retirees is overlookedDunretirement contributes to the economy28Retirement patterns are changing partly due to.IAlabor shortagesB population growth6clonger life expectancyD rising living costs29Many unretirees are increasing their savings by.Ainvesting more in stocksBtaking up odd jobsc getting well-paid workD spending less3 0 With regard to retirement,Brent Weiss thinks that many people are.A unpreparedBunafraidc disappointedD enthusiasticText 3We have all encountered them,in both our personal and professional lives.Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership orsubscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult tocancel.Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated,intentionally or unintentionally,in ways that impair consumer choice.Theseare examples of dark patterns.First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull,darkpatterns is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces toinfluence the decision-making ability of users.Brignull identifies 12 types ofcommon dark patterns,ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to roachmotel,where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start,but turnsdifficult when the user tries to get out.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11000 websites,researchers7found that about one in 10 employs these design practices.Though widelyprevalent,the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood.Businessand nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid thegray are as they engender.Where is the line between ethical,persuasive design and dark patterns?Businesses should engage in conversations with II,compliance,risk,and legalteams to review their privacy policy,and include in the discuss thecustomer/user experience designers and coders responsible for thecompanys user interface,as well as the marketers and advertisersresponsible for sign-ups,checkout baskets,pricing,and promotions.Any or allthese teams can play a role in creating or avoiding digital deception.Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguityaround dark patterns,most recent at the state level.In March,the CaliforniaAttorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under theCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act(CCPA)that ensure that customer will not beconfused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.Theregulations aim to ban dark patterns-this means prohibiting companies fromusing confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to clickthrough multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldnt optout.As more states consider promulgating additional regulations,there is aneed for greater account ability from within the business community.Darkpatterns also be addressed on a self regulatory basis,but only if organizationshold themselves accountable,not just to legal requirements,but also toindustry best practices and standard.31It can be learned from the first two paragraphs tat dark patterns.Aimprove user experienceBleak user information for profitc.undermine users decision-makingD remind users of hidden costs832.The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to showAtheir major flawsBtheir complex designsctheir severe damageDtheir strong presence33To handle digital deception,businesses should.Alisten to customer feedbackBtalk with relevant teamscturn to independent agenciesD rely on professional training34The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to.A guide users through opt-out processesB protect consumers from being trickedc grant companies data privacy rightsD restrict access to problematic content35According to the last paragraph,a key to coping with dark patterns isA new legal requirementsB businesses self-disciplinec strict regulatory standsD consumers safety awareness.Text 4Although ethics classes are common around the world,scientists areunsure if their lessons can actually change behavior;evidence either way isweak,relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-9reports.But a new study published in Cognition found that,in at least one real-world situation a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class sessions impact on eating meat.They chose this particular behavior for three reasons,according to study coauthor Enc Schwitzgebel,a philosopher at the University of California,Riverside:Students attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable,behavioris easily measurable,and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meatis good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering.Half ofthe students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics offactory-farmed meat.optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic andjoined a 50-minute discussion.The other half focused on charitable givinginstead.Then,unknown to the students,there searchers studied theiranonymized meal-card purchases for that semester nearly 14,000 receipts foralmost 500 students.Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have noeffect;he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from otherprofessors on a range of behaviors,including voting rates,blood donation andreturning library books.But among student subjects who discussed meatethics,meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent-andthis effect held steady for the studys duration of several weeks.Purchasesfrom the other group remained at 52 percent.Thats actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,Schwitzgebel says Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University ofPennsylvania,who was not involved in the study,says she wants the effect tobe cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable.And if real,she notes,it might be reversible by another nudge:Easy come,easy go.Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influenceclassmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have sharedtheir own vegetarianism,showing it as achievable or more common.Second,the Video may have had an em