2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题(二).pdf

2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Part ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below eachtext by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40 points)Text 1Habits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly,settingour brains on auto-pi lot and relaxing into the unconscious comfortof familiar routine.Not choice,but habit rules the unreflectingherd,“William Wordsworth said in the 19th century.In theever-changing 21st century,even the word“habit“carries anegative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habitsin the same context as creativity and innovation.But brainresearchers have discovered that when we consciously develop newhabits,we create parallei synaptic paths,and even entirely newbrain cells,that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.But don“t bother trying to kill off old habits；once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus,they”re there to stay.Instead,the new habits we deliberately ingraininto ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those oldroads.The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination withwonder,“says Dawna Markova,author of“The Open Mind“and anexecutive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners.“But we are taught instead to“decide,v just as our presidentcalls himself“the Decider.”She adds,however,that“todecide is to kill off all possibilities but one.A good innovationalthinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.“All ofus work through problems in ways of which w e“re unaware,she says.Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with thecapacity to approach challenges in four primary ways：analytically,procedurally,relationally(or collaboratively)and innovatively.At puberty,however,the brain shuts down half of that capacity,preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed mostvaluable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasison standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure,meaningthat few of us inherently use our innovative and col laborative modesof thought.This breaks the major rule in the American beliefsystem-that anyone can do anything,“explains M.J.Ryan,authorof the 2022 book aThis Year I Wi 11“and Ms.Markova s businesspartner.That s a lie that we have perpetuated,and it fosterscommonness.Knowing what you“re good at and doing even more of itcreates excellence.This is where developing new habits comes in.21.The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being.A.casual B.familiar C.mechanical D.changeable22.The researchers have discovered that the formation of habitcan beA.predicted B.regulated C.traced D.guided23.ruts(in line one,paragraph 3)has closest meaningtoA.tracks B.series C.characteristics D.connections24.Ms.Markova“s comments suggest that the practice ofstandard testing?A,prevents new habits form being formedB,no longer emphasizes commonnessC,maintains the inherent American thinking modelD,complies with the American belief system25.Ryan most probably agree thatA.ideas are born of a relaxing mindB.innovativeness could be taughtC.decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD.curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child,but today a mancan boost his paternal(fatherly)wisdom-or at least confirmthat he“s the kid s dad.All he needs to do is shell our$30 forpaternity testing kit(PTK)at his local drugstore-and another$120 to get the results.More than 6Q 000 people have purchasedthe PTKs since they first become available without prescriptionslast years,according to Doug Fog,chief operating officer ofTdentigene,which makes the over-the-counter kits.More than twodozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public,rangingin price from a few hundred dollars to more than$2500.Among themost popular：paternity and kinship testing,which adoptedchildren can use to find their biological relatives and latest ragea many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offerto search for a family“s geographic roots.Most tests requirecollecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it tothe company for testing.All tests require a potential candidatewith whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical,“Thereis a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming theyare doing ancestry testing,“says Trey Duster,a New YorkUniversity sociologist.He notes that each individual has manyancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back.Yetmost ancestry testing only considers a single lineage,either theY chromosome inherited through men in a father“s line ormitochondrial DNA,which a passed down only from mothers.This DNAcan reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors,even though,for example,just three generations back people alsohave six other great-grandparents or,four generations back,14other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercialgenetic testing is only as good as the reference collections towhich a sample is compared.Databases used by some companies don”t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump togetherinformation from different research projects.This means that a DNAdatabase may differ depending on the company that processes theresults.In addition,the computer programs a company uses toestimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peerreview or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2,the text shows PTK s.A easy availabilityB flexibility in pricingC successful promotionD popularity with households27.PTK is used to.A locate one“s birth placeB promote genetic researchC identify parent-child kinshipD choose children for adoption28.Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing failsto.A trace distant ancestorsB rebuild reliable bloodlinesC fully use genetic informationD achieve the claimed accuracy29.In the last paragraph,a problem commercial genetic testingfaces is.A disorganized data col lectionB overlapping database buildingC excessive sample comparisonD lack of patent evaluation30.An appropriate title for the text is most likely tobe.A Fors and Againsts of DNA testingB DNA testing and It“s problemsC DNA testing outside the labD lies behind DNA testing