2023年江苏中考英语核心语法精讲04介词含详解.pdf

专题0 4介词介词的基本考点：1.介词的分类2.介词固定搭配一）、介词的分类1.表示时间的介词（1）表示“在之时”的介词in,on,ati n表示某年、某季节、某月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。如:in summer在夏天in January 在一月in 2012 在 2012 年in the morning 在上午o n表示具体某一天及某一天的早、中、晚。如：on August 8th 在 8 月 8 日on Monday在星期一on New Year9s Day 在元旦on a cold morning在一个寒冷的早晨on Sunday afternoon 在周日下午a t表示某一时刻或比较短暂的时间。如：at 5:10在5点10分at the beginning of.在.的开端at the end o f在的末尾at the age o f在岁时at night在晚上at noon 在正午at the same time 与此同时注意：在ihis,thal,last,next,ever y等词之前一律不能直接加介词。如:I went to Hangzhou last Sunday.我在上周日去了杭州。(2)表示“在之后”的介词after,inafter接时间段，只能用于过去式；接时间点，可以用于将来时。in 接时间段，用于将来时。He came back after three days.三天后他回来了。He will come here after four.4 点后他要来这里。He will come back in a week.他会在一周以后回来。(3)表示一段时间的介词 for,since,by,from.to,until/tillfo r表示一段时间。可以指过去、现在或将来，着重说明“多 久(how long)如：My uncle has lived in Washington for more than two years.我的叔叔在华盛顿住了两年多。since意为“自起”。多与完成时态连用，其后跟表示时间点的词。如：Paul has worked in the capital since he was eighteen.保罗自 18 岁以来一直都在首都工作。by意为“到为止”。表示时间上的界限，常与完成时和将来时连用。如：a.We had learnt 2,000 words by the end of last term.到上学期末，我们已学了 2000个单词。b.It is said that there will be nine billion people in the world by the year 2050.据说到2050年世界人口将达到90亿。fh)mto 表示从某一时间点到另一时间点的一段时间。如：My brother worked in this factory from 2004 to 2009.从 2004年到2009年我哥哥在这家工厂工作。until/till表示某动作或状态延续到某一时间。如：My brother came to this factory in 2004 and worked there until 2009.2.表示工具、手段、方法的介词(1)by表示“以的方法、手段或泛指用某种交通工具“。如：Why dont we go there by bus instead?我们为什么不坐公交车去那里呢？He makes a living by selling newspapers.他以卖报为生。He studies English by reading English books every day.他通过每天读英语书来学习英语。(2)with表示“用工具”。如:He wrote the letter with a pen.他用钢笔写那封信。How amazing!The boy can write with his two hands at the same time.多令人惊讶啊！这个男孩能同时用两只手写字。(3)in表示“以方式；用语言(语调、笔墨、颜 色)如：Say it in English.用英语说。He told me the news in a low voice.他彳氐声告诉我那个消息、。3.表示地点、位置的介词(1)表示“在”的介词at,in,on,toa t接小地点表示“在附近；在里面”i n接大地点表示“在范围之内”。Qon表示接壤。Oto表示“在范围之外”，并不接壤。O如：He arrived at_school at eight oclock.他八点钟到达学校。He arrived in Wenzhou yesterday.他昨天至lj达温州。Zhejiang is in the east of C hina.浙江在中国的东部。Russia is on the north of C hina.俄罗斯在中国的北面。Zhejiang is to the south of Shandong Province.浙江在山东省的南面。(2)表示“在_ _上方”的介词above,over,on;表示“在下方 的介词below,underabove指“在上方”,不强调是否垂直,与below相对；below表示“在.下方,不一定在正下方。over指垂直的上方，但与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触，与under相对；under表示“在正下方”。on表示在某物体上面并与之接触。belowabovebelowaboveabovebelowunder如:The bird is flying above my head.这只鸟正在我的头上空飞翔。There is a bridge over the river.河面上有一座桥。There is a dog under the desk.在课桌下有一只狗。Please write your name below the line.请下这条线下方写下你的名字。There is a book on the desk.课桌上有一本书。(3)表示“在前”的介词短语in front of,in the front ofin front o f表示“在某人或某物的前面(范围之外)in the front o f表示“在某一物体或空间范围的前部(范围之内)如：The teachers desk is in front of the blackboard.讲台在黑板前。I was sitting in the front of the cinema but then someone sat in front of me.我坐在电影院的前排，但是后来又有人坐在了我的前面。4.表示运动方向和位置的介词(1)表示“通过；穿过”的介词across,over,throughacross表示“横穿”，表示从一边到另一边，与on有关。over表示“越过“，表示夸过一段距离。through表示“穿过”，表示通过一个空间，与in有关。如：He swam across the river.他游过河。The Great Wall runs over many mountains.长城穿过崇山峻岭。(3)1 like exciting trips.Id love to travel through the jungle next summer,because its a goodplace to explore.我喜欢令人振奋的旅行。我想明年夏天去穿越丛林，因为那是个探险的好去处。(2)表示 在.之间”的介词between,amongbetween指在两个人或两个事物之间；among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。如：Our school is between the hospital and the bookslore.我们学校在医院和书店之间。Mike is sitting among the students,so its not easy to find him.麦克坐在同学之间，所以要找到他真是不容易。(3)表示“在.里面”的介词in,intoin表示“在里面”，用于表示静止的位置。into表示“进入里面”，用于表示有特定重点的运动方向，经常与表示动作的动词连用，如come,go,run,rush等。与into相对的介词短语有out of(从里 出 来)，也表示有一定的运动方向。如：Her mother works in the cinema.她的妈妈在电影院工作。The child ran into his mothers arms.这个孩子跑进他妈妈的怀抱。All the children rushed out of the classroom when the bell rang.当铃声响起，所有的孩子都冲出了教室。二)、介词与其他词类的固定搭配1.形容词与介词的固定搭配有些形容词后面要求用固定的介词，这类介词常见的有about,at,for,from,in,of,to,with。(1)形容词+aboutbe careful about 小心be worried about 担心如：Mother is worried about his healthy.母亲为他的健康担心。(2)形容词+atbe good at 擅长be mad at 对发怒/恼火be surprised at 对感到惊奇如：We were much surprised at the news that he was out of the 1 1 Om hurdles race.听到他推出110m跨栏比赛的消息，我们都很惊讶。(3)形容词+forbe famous fbrget/be ready forbe sorry fbrbe late for因出名为准备好后悔迟到；没赶上如：The farmers are getting ready for the next years farming.农民们正为明年的农作做准备。(4)形容词+frombe different from 与不同如：City life is different from country life.城市生活与乡村生活不同。(5)形容词+inbe interested in 对感兴趣如：Many foreigners are interested in many Chinese traditional things like paper-cut.许多外国人对像剪纸之类的中国传统的东西很感兴趣。(6)形容词+ofbe tired of 厌倦be afraid of 害怕如：Pm tired of the same breakfast every morning.我对每天吃同样的早餐感到厌烦。(7)形容词+withbe busy with 忙于如：His parents were both busy with their work.他的父母都忙于他们的工作。2.名词与介词的固定搭配有的名词后面要求跟固定的介词，常见的有：(1)名词+inhave difficulty in 有困难如：They have some difficulties iv taking care of themselves because of the earthquake.由于地震，他们连照顾好自己也有困难。(2)名词+tothe answer t o 的答案/回答the key to答案；钥匙；关键如：Who knows the answer to the Question?谁知道这个问题的答案?(3)名词+withhave a talk with 与谈话have a word with 与.说话511：I had a talk with Mike this morning,今天早上我和麦克谈话 了。3.副词与介词的搭配instead of代替away from离开next to紧挨着far from远离4.动词和介词的搭配stop(sb.)from doing(sth.)阻 止(某人)做(某事)laugh at嘲笑take part in参加catch up with赶上talk about谈论hear from收到的来信pay for支付；付钱spend on花费get up起床turn off关上help with在方面帮忙三）、常考动词词组辨析1 .break v t.打破短语：break i n t o 闯 入（有被动）break d o w n 坏了，抛 锚（没有被动）break o u t 爆 发（没有被动）2.cheer v i.欢呼短语：cheer f o r 为.加油 cheer up 使.振奋eon 得了吧，快点，加 油（表鼓励，催促等语气）come其他短语总结：come up with 想出，提起 come d o w n 崩塌come out 出版4.cut v t.剪下，切下 cut-cut-cut短语：cut down 砍树 cut o u t 剪下 cut into 切成.cut i n 打断，插嘴cut.short 缩短5.die v i.死短语：die o f 死 于（疾病）die from 死 于（天灾人祸）6.famous a d j.出名的，著名的短语：be famous for 因.出名 be famous as 作为.出名7.短语：nolice sb.do s t h.注意到某人经常做某事/注意到某人做了某事的全过程notice sb.doing sth.注意到某人正在做某事8.短语：let off 放（烟花）have XX days off 放.天假take off 起飞，put o f f 推迟9.get on 上车lO.give up 放弃go over 复习go fo r去从事11 .hand in 上交脱掉 get off 下车 turn off 关 掉（电器）fall off（从某地）掉下来get up 起床 get away 逃脱，离开give out=hand out 分发 go wrong 弄错，出错go o n 继续 go by（时光）流逝go into hiding 躲起来hand out 分发 by h a n d 手工的12.hear of/about 听说hear from 收到某人的来信13.keep sb.doingkeep.in orderkeep(on)doing keep sb./sth.adj.keep sb.from doingkeep silent keep off 避开 keep.away from 使远离keep in touch保持联系 keep sb.from sth.保护，使 免 受 v t.保守，保存keep a secret keep.to oneself 把.臧在心中14.knock on(at)the door knock into s b.撞上某人.knock sth.off(the desk)把.从.撞下来 know over sth.撞翻某物15.lead sb.to.把某人带入 take the lead n.主角 play the lead role of16.1eave s p.离开某地 leave for s p.动身去某地 leave sp.for s p.离开某地去某地leave a message 留一个字条 leave the light on/off leave the door open/closedleave me alone 让我一个人待着leave the tap running 让水龙头一直流17.look for 寻找 look up 查(字典)look after 照顾 look around 环顾四周look over检 查(作 业)look th ro u g h浏览 look a t 看着 look out a t 看着外面的.look out o f 看着.的外面 look o u t 小心 look into 调查18.make friendsbe made of+看得出的材料be made from+看不出的原材料be made in+产地be made by+生产者make.out o f 用（材料）制作.make sb.do sth.让某人做某事Sb.be made to d o 某人被让做某事make sb./sth.a d j.让某物/某人怎么样make a fire 生火 make a mess 搞得一团糟 make mistakes 犯错误make up 编造 make up of 组成make a difference to 对.产生影响make ones m ind下定决心 manage to do 设法做某事19.move to 搬到 move into 搬进 move away 搬离 move out of 搬出20.out a d v.（从.里）出来，向外，外出短语：go o u t 出去 work out 解出，解决 give out 分发turn o u t 结果是，原来是 put out 扑灭 find out 查明look o u t 小心 look out of 看着.的 外 面 look out a t 看着外面的21.put短语总结：put in 安装 put on 张贴 put away 收好 put out 扑灭put off 推迟 put down 放下22.Take的短语take off 起飞，脱掉 take on 承担 take away 带走take in 吸收 take out 取出，拿出 take notice o f 注意，察觉23.think的短语和句型：think twice（about sth.）三思而后行 think of 想起，想出think about 考虑 think it adj.to do sth.认为做某事是怎样的24.through短语：look through 浏览 put.through 给.接通电话（注意被动语态）25.time短语：have a good time=have fun=enjoy oneself+doing sth.玩得开心at a time 一次，每次 at times 有时候 at all times 总是at different tim e s 在不同的时代 on time 准时 in time 及时from time to time 时不时，偶尔26.try短语总结：try out for 参加.的选拔 try one 5s best to do 尽力做某事try on 试穿27.turn out 结果是，原来是turn的短语总结：turn off关 闭（电器）turn o n打 开（电器）turn up调高turn down调低turn.into把变成.28.up短语：take up占 据（时间，空间:)put up张贴set up建立，设立turn up调高音量give up放弃get up起来eat up吃光use up用光tidy u p清理干净clean up打扫干净come up with提出，想出【例题精讲】类型一、词义辨析【例 1 】The teacher-free exam means that students take their exams teachers.Students must bemore honest.A.without B.against C.through D.with【答案】A【彳 列 2】They went climbing the morning of May I and came back the afternoon.A.on；on B.in；in C.on；in D.in；on【答案】C类型二、固定搭配 例 3 一We must be strict ourselves.I think so.A.with B.on C.in D.by【答案】A类型三、介词短语辨析【例 4 Mr.Wu is standing the classroom.There is a teachers desk him.A.in front of;in front of B.in the front of;in the front ofC.in front of;in the front ofD.in the front of;in front of【答案】D【综合练习】1.Dont stay inside such a sunny morning.Let*s go out to enjoy the gentle wind and ihe sweetflowers.A.on B.in C.from【答案】A2.Tim is going to give his father a surprise Fathers Day.A.in B.at C.on D.c by【答案】c3.Nobody could solve this difficult problem alone others,help.A.with B.for C.without D.from【答案】c4.We should be kind to the old and take care _ them in daily life.A.of B.for C.with D.about【答案】A5.Our reading club shares ideas with each other one hour every Tuesday.A.to B.on C.at D.for【答案】D6.一His mother.Shes been in hospital fbr a few days.A.for B.after C.at D.up【答案】B7.The 31st Olympic Games will take place August,2016.A.in B.on C.At【答案】A8.Jim lives a small village and the air there is very fresh.A.on B.in C.under D.from【答案】B9.-As a nurse,her work goes taking“care of her patients.Yes,she always thinks of others.A.beyond B.beside C.behind D.between【答案】A10.Xiaogan is well k n o w n.the culture of Xiao.A.in B.for C.at D.on【答案】B链接中考：（2022 扬州中考）2.Place names often have interesting connections the local landscape andpeople.A.in B.on C.at D.to【答案】D【解析】句意：地名通常与当地景观和人有着有趣的联系。考查介词辨析。in 在.里；on 在.上；at 在;to 到。根据“Place names often have interestingconnections.the local landscape and people”可知地名和当地景观和人有联系，have connectionsto.产和有联系”。故选D。（2022 年宿迁市中考）2.spring,the days are often windy and bright.It9s a perfect time to fly akite.A.on B.In C.At D.With【答案】B【解析】句意：春天，白天经常刮风，阳光明媚。这是放风筝的最佳时机。考查介词辨析。on用于具体的某一天前，或具体某一天的上/下午/晚上前；in用于年、月、季节等泛指的时间前；at用于具体的钟点前；with和.一起；根据“spring”可知，季节前用介词i n,故选 B。（2022 年连云港市中考）3.The traffic light is green.Let1 s go the road.A.against B.among C.across D.above【答案】C【解析】考查介词之间的词义辨析。go across the road是固定搭配，意思是“穿过马路”。（2022 年无锡市中考）1.Our English teacher came into the classroom a smile on her face.A.in B.over C.with D.against【答案】C【解析】考查介词辨析。这句话的意思是“我们的英语老师走进教室，她的脸上带着微笑”，哲理的“面带微笑”用介词with表示。（2022 年泰州市中考）1.200 families won 2021 Jiangsu Most Beautiful Families Award this year,and 15families from Taizhou were them.A.among B.between C.over D.on【答案】A【解析】句意：200个家庭获得了 2021年江苏省最美家庭奖，其中有15个来自泰州的家庭。考查介词辨析。among（三者及以上）之间；between（两者）之间；over超过；o n 在.上。根据200 families won 2021 Jiangsu Most Beautiful Families Award this year,and 15 families fromTaizhou were.them.”可知，200个家庭中,15个来自泰州，用 among表示“在.之 间 故 选 A。