外国语毕业论文-德伯家的苔丝---不是悲剧人物.doc

德伯家的苔丝-不是悲剧人物Tess of the DUrbervilles -Not a Tragic WomanHuang MinUnder the Supervision ofMr. Tang GuopingSchool of Foreign Language and CulturesPanzhihua UniversityMay 2006ContentsAbstractKey Words. 摘 要 . . 关键词.Introduction.1.The Social Background of this Novel2.Tess Bravery.4A. Tess Sexual Innocence.4B. Tess Fate of being Rapped.5C. Tess Bravery.6.Tess Responsibility.8 A. The Responsibility to Her Family.8 B. The Responsibility to the Other Three Milkmaids.9 C. The Responsibility to her Family after Her Fathers Death.11. Tess Purity.14 A. Her Purity in Her Mind.14 B. Her Purity in Her Love for Clare.15Conclusion.19Acknowledgement.20Bibliography.21AbstractThere is a beautiful story in Bible. It says the God creates man formed of the dust of the ground in his own image. And the God puts the man named Adam in a garden in Eden. But the God says, it is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helpmeet for him. So the God takes one of the mans ribs to make a woman. And Adam says, this is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called Woman, because she is taken out of Man. So many people think a woman is a part of a man. Men should rule over women. I cannot agree with this idea, because everyone is born equally. Every people has right to live his or her own life. Especially women should live for themselves, but not for men.This novel Tess of the dUrbervilles (1891) is generally regarded as Hardys finest novel. It centers on a young woman who struggles to find her place in society. When it is discovered that the low-class Durbeyfield family is in reality the dUrbervilles, the last of a famous bloodline that dates back hundreds of years, the mother sends her eldest daughter, Tess, to beg money from relatives with the obvious desire that Tess wed the rich Mr.dUrberville. So the story begins. In this novel, Tess experiences so much. She witnesses the death of Prince; she is taken advantage of by dUrbervilles; she marries and the next day leaves from her husband; she supports her family when her father is dead; and she kills Alec for her love; finally she is sentenced to death. Many people think she is a tragic woman. But she struggles with life. She is a responsible, brave and pure woman from the beginning to the end. So from these angles we cannot say she is a tragic woman again. In this essay, I am going to discuss her bravery, responsibility and purity. Key Wordsbrave; responsible; pure; tragic 摘 要圣经里有个故事是说上帝按他自己的形象用尘土创造了人，上帝将名为亚当的人安置在伊甸园。但上帝觉得让他孤独一人不是一件好事，他就想给他制造一个伴侣。因此上帝取了一根亚当的肋骨制造了一个女人。亚当认为她的骨头是他的，她的血是他的，因此她应该叫女人，因为她出自于男人。所以很多人认为一个女人应该是男人的一部分，男人应该统治女人。我不同意这样的想法。我认为每个人都是生来平等的，每个人都有权力过他们自己的生活，特别是女人应该为她们自己而活不是为了男人。德伯家的苔丝被认为是哈代最出色的小说。它以一个年轻女子力争在社会中寻找自己的位置为中心。当被发现德伯菲尔德实际上是可以追溯到几百年前的德伯维尔贵族的后裔时，母亲送大女儿苔丝去向亲戚借钱，其实是希望苔丝能与富裕的德伯维尔结婚。因此故事开始了。在这本小说里苔丝经历了很多：她目睹了王子的死；她被德伯维尔强暴；她嫁给了克莱尔却在第二天与其分离；当父亲去世以后她支撑着整个家庭；为了爱情她杀了阿历克；最后她被处死。许多人认为她的命运是悲惨的，但她勇于同生活做斗争，从始自终她是一个有责任，勇敢，纯洁的女人，因此从这些方面来说她不再是一个悲剧人物了。在这篇论文里我将就她的勇敢，责任心和纯洁做个阐述。关键词 勇敢的；负责任的；纯洁的；悲惨的IntroductionTess of the dUrbervilles is written by Thomas Hardy, who was born on June 2, 1840, in Higer Bockhampton in Dorset, a rural region of southwestern England, which is the inspiration for many of his novel. Thomas Hardy begins Tess of the dUrbervilles with the title “Too Late Beloved” in 1888; the next year this novel serialized in the Graphic from July 4 to December 26, 1891, during which Hardy was forced to bowdlerize the text of Tess by his editors. Tess of the dUrbervilles subtitled A Pure Woman is the twelfth novel and was published in 3-volume form in December 1891 by Osgood, McIlvaine. Tess of the dUrbervilles(1891) came into conflict with Victorian morality. It explored the dark side of his family connections in Berkshire. In the story the poor villager girl Tess Durbeyfield is seduced by the wealthy Alec DUrberville. She becomes pregnant but the child dies in infancy. Tess finds work as a dairymaid on a farm and falls in love with Angel Clare, a clergymans son. They marry but when Tess tells Angel about her past, he hypocritically deserts her. Tess becomes Alecs mistress. Angel returns from Brazil, repenting his harshness, but finds her living with Alec. Tess kills Alec in desperation, she is arrested a hanged. Different people have different ideas when they finish reading it. J.I.M Stewart: ”Yet it is not in the final issue a depressing bookAnd this is because Tess Durbeyfield herself is as the sun at moon.” Dorothy Van Ghent objects to the ending because” the philosophy of an evolutionary hope has nothing essential to do with Tess fate and her common meaning: she is too humanly adequate for evolutionary ethics to comment upon, and furthermore we do not believe that young girls make ameliorated lives out of witness of a sisters hanging. Although Tess is sentenced to death, she is not a tragic woman. She is a brave, responsible and pure woman. She struggles with life. Her life is meaningful. The Social Background of this NovelThis novel is written during 19th century that is Victorian Age. It is a period, which many British people are proud of. The big expansion in British industry and commerce and the stronger hold in more colonies abroad gave Britain an industrial monopoly over a large part of the world. A sharp decline in the so-called Victorian prosperity sets in, British agricultures are thoroughly bankrupt. At that time England is in process of great transformation. The steam engine leads England into a new era. As surly as Englands grass is green, the industrial economy develops and supersedes the agriculture economy. The economic changes match the new emerging social structure. However, the growth period is nearly violent and certainly painful. “Close under the eaves of the stack, and as yet barely visible, was the red tyrant that the women had come to serve. whilst it was going, kept up a despotic demand upon the endurance of their muscles and nerves.”(Hardy: 522). Railways are the new means of establishing reliable contact between the rural urban areas of England. Rural workers produce beyond subsistence not only for their own needs, but also for the demands of the new industrial center. The market expands, and there really are commodity surpluses. Tess and Angel deliver the milk to the railway station: “Tess was so receptive that the few minutes of contact with the whirl of material progress lingered in her thought. Londoners will drink it at the breakfast tomorrow, wont they! she asked.” (Ibid: 188). Obviously, Tess is just able to imagine the city bevellers life.The image of the nineteenth century as a period of great opportunity for men of energy and skill is one that has been long established. The increased scale of industry and overseas trade, together with the expansion of empire fuelled the proliferation of commence and finance such as banks, insurance companies, shipping and railways. The Victorian period witnesses the massive expansion of local government and the centralized state, providing occupations for a vast stratum of civil servants, teachers, doctors, lawyers and government officials as well as the darks and assistants which helps these institutions and services to operate. Despite the expansion of the economy and the growth of towns and cities, reputation and personal contact remains significant factors in business arrangements and recruitment in the Victorian period. In moving from a society based on rank and privilege to one based on free exchange, the very idea that an individual, though hard work, thrift and self-reliance, could achieve social and economic success provided an equalizing principle. Tess BraveryLife for Tess is very hard, but she is so brave that she struggles with life. A. Tess Sexual InnocenceTess is one of members of the May Day procession. She wears in white and her physical characteristics equally suggest her innocence. At that time she is just a girl who knows nothing of life. After the death of Prince, Tess goes to claim kinship with the dUrbervilles. It is this aspect of the visit to the dUrbervilles that disturbs Tess most, highlighting her particular sexual innocence. This introduces the theme of sexuality and innocence that will continue throughout the novel; at this point in the novel Tess represents a particular sexual innocence. She is unaware of her own sexuality and thus cannot perceive the danger that Alec dUrbervilles presents to her. Because she is an attractive woman, dUrbervilles is attracted by her beauty and do some things to express his feeling, which makes Tess feel embarrassed. If she can find some job in her village, she needs not go to take care of Mrs.dUrbervilles chickens. She does not like dUrbervilles, so she does not want to stay with him. But she does not know what will happen on her. During their dangerous travel along with sexuality, Alec asks Tess to grasp his waist while the carriage tumbles down the hill. At that time Tess finds herself in danger with Alec. But for her there is no other choice but to do as Alec demands. After this travel Tess works as a mere rural servant, this is because Alec himself has brought Tess to his house under false pretenses; he does not take her to claim kinship with him and his mother, but rather for his own personal reasons, but Tess does not know this.B. Tess Fate of being RappedAlec is attracted so deeply that he even stalks Tess as she whistles to the bullfinches. Nevertheless, Tess begins to become more accustomed to Alec, despite the sexual danger he presents to her. When Car quarrels with Tess, Alec dUrbervilles rescues Tess. As Cars mother realizes, Tess is now in greater danger with Alec than she would be around Car. Cars mother thus foreshadows the later tragic events that will come to fruition.Alec dUrberville uses several factors particular to this situation to seduce his distant relative. At this point in the novel Alec is at his most heroic to Tess, having saved her from Car Darch. Alec frames his arguments against Tess as evidence that she is frigid, untrusting and ungrateful; she must defend her refusal to give in to Alec rather than Alec having to defend his much less excusable behavior. Finally, and perhaps most critical in Tess letting down her guard is that she is intensely tired and Alecs final proposition of her is unexpected. He comes upon her when she is sleeping and at last, she may not have had the strength to refuse him at that time.After several days Tess decides to come back home.It was always beautiful from here; it was terribly beautiful to Tess today, for since her eyes last fell upon it she had learnt that the serpenthisses where the sweet birds sing, and her views of life had been totally changed for her by the lesson. She could not bear to look forward into the Vale. (Ibid: 122).When Alec finds Tess have gone away, he drives car to find her. He admits he did wrong and hurt her. If Tess would like to accept him, he is ready to pay to the uttermost farthing. He thinks Tess has not need to work in the fields or the dairies again and he can make her clothe herself with the best, instead of in the bald plain she has lately affected. But Tess refuses all the things he offers. “I have said I will not take anything more from you, and I will not I cannot! I should be your creature to go on doing that, and I wont.” (Ibid: 126). When Alec requires to kiss her as a way to say goodbye, she thereupon turns round and lifts her face to his, and remains like a marble term while he imprints a kiss upon her cheek-half perfunctorily, half as if zest has not yet quite dyes out. Tess does not want to say a lie, which would do the most good to her at that time. She chooses to leave him because she dislikes him so much that she would suffer rather than have any contact with him. Alec admires this very much. He says: “You can hold your own for beauty against any woman of these parts, gentle or simple; I say it to you as a practical man and well-wisher. If you are wise you will it to the world more than you do before it fades.” (Ibid: 128). But Tess does not agree with him and says:“ Never, never! I made up my mind as soon as I sawwhat I ought to have seen sooner; and I wont come. (Ibid: 128). Then she leaves from him and comes back to her family.C. Tess BraveryTess return to Marlott becomes the subject of gossip in the town precisely because it is such a stunning reversal of fortune for the girl. She tells her mother all the things happened. When her mother knows Tess refuses to marry Alec, she thinks Tess may be mad, because any woman would have done it but Tess after that. Tess insists on her decision. The only thing she blames is that her mother does not tell her man is dangerous and what she should do is to protect herself. All the things happened because she is sexuality innocent.In place of the excitement of her return, and the interest it had inspired, she sees before her a long and stony highway, which she has to tread, without aid, and with little sympathy. The fact of pregnant and the gossip from the villagers make Tess feel herself a sinner for what occurred to her. Her depression is then terrible, and she could have hidden herself in a tomb. She stays under her few square yards of thatch and watches winds, and snows, and rains, gorgeous sunsets, and successive moons at their full. So close keeps her that at length almost everyone thinks she had gone away.As time goes by, people let bygones be bygones. Then people can see“the oval face of a handsome young woman with deep dark eyes and long heavy clinging tresses, which seems to clasp in a beseeching way anything they fall against. The cheeks are pale, the teeth more regular, the red lips thinner than is usual in a country-bred girl.” (Ibid: 146). This is our heroine Tess; resolution, which has surprised her, has brought her into the fields for the first time during many months. After wearing and wasting her palpitating heart with every engine of regret that lonely inexperience could devise, commonsense has illumined her. She feels that she would do well to be useful againto taste anew sweet in-dependence at any prince. The past is past. They would all i