高考英语语法知识：易错动词用法归纳8讲义.docx

高中英语语法知识：易错动词用法归纳8got和gotten的区别简单地说:got和gotten 都是get的过去分词，但 got主要用于英国英语，gotten主要用于美国英语(而且主要见于口语或非正式文体，在书面语和正式语言中人们仍倾向于用 got作过去分词)。have got和 have gotten 在意义上有两种可能:一是构成动词 get 的完成式(现在完成时、过去完成时以及情态动词后接的完成式)。二是表示“有”“拥有”之类的意思。1.用于get的完成式用法从他的角度来看，他本应得到这份工作。英:From his standpoint, he should have got the job美:From his standpoint. he should have gotten the job他们一定是迷路了，否则现在他们应该到了。英:They must have got lost or they'd be here by now.美:They must have gotten lost or they'd be here by now如果今天早上我起来早一点，我可能不会迟到。英:If I had got up earlier this morning, I might not have been late.美:If I had gotten up earlier this morning. I might not have been late2.表示“有”“拥有”等的用法:(1) 表示“有”“拥有”:我身上没有钱。英:I have (got) no money with me / on me美:I have (gotten) no money with me /on me真幸运，汤姆有一辆汽车。英: It's lucky that Tom has (got) a car.美:It's lucky that Tom has (gotten) a car(2)表示“有要(做)”“必须(做)”:今晚我有很多事要做。英: I have (got) a lot of things to do tonight美:I have (gotten) a lot of things to do tonight(3) (用于代替 there is,表示某事物存在或发生了某事):有两位房客和他同住。英:He has (got) two tenants living with him.美:He has (gotten) two tenants living with him表示“获得”“使役”时，仍是英国英语用got，美国英语用gotten。用got 的例子就不说了，因为这样的用法，书上到处都是change sth与change for sth 你知道change sth与change for sth 的区别吗？请看下面这道题：The camera isnt good enough; I want to change _.A. another                                                B. a good oneC. it with another                                      D. it for another【分析】容易根据汉语字面意思误选A、B。其实此题最佳答案为D。英语中的 change sth 表示的是“换某物”，sth 是被换的东西，而 change sth for sth else 表示的才是“用某物换另一物”。比较：That coat was too large and I had to change it. 那件外套太大了，我得去换一件。That coat was too large and I had to change it for a smaller one. 那件外套太大了，我得去换一件小一点的。下面的内容摘自中学英语高频词详解词典的change词条：(1) changefor 意为“用换来”。如：Im thinking of changing my car for a new one. 我正考虑换辆新车。(2) changeinto 意为“把变成（换成）”。如：He changed his dollars into francs. 他把美元换成了法郎。We can change ice into water by heating it. 通过加热我们可以把冰变成水。注意以下受汉语思维影响所导致的错误：这部照相机不够好，我想换一部。正：The camera isnt good enough; I want to change it (for another).误：The camera isnt good enough; I want to change another.动词appreciate的两点用法 1. 表示“感激”“赞赏”等，通常为及物动词，其后可接名（代）词、动名词、名词性从句等作宾语，但不能接不定式。如：I really appreciate a good cup of tea. 有好茶一杯，我就真乐在其中了。I appreciate your giving me so much of your time. 真感激你为我花了这么多时间。I appreciate being given this opportunity. 非常感谢给了我这个机会。I appreciate that you have come here so early. 感谢你来得这么早。其后不直接跟 if 或when引导的从句，若语义上需要接这类从句，需借助 it。如：We really appreciate it when she offered to help. 她来帮忙了，我们十分感激。I would much appreciate it if you would arrange this for us. 如果你能替我安排这事，我将非常感激。2. 其后只能接“事”作宾语，而不能接“人”作宾语；若接“人”作宾语，可考虑用动词thank等。比较：正：We appreciate your help. 我们感谢你的帮助。误：We appreciate you for your help.正：He thanked her for her help. 他感谢她的帮助。误：He thanked her help用作情态动词和助动词的will 一、用作助动词will 用作助动词，表示将来，用于构成将来时态。如：She will be back in a minute. 她一会儿就回来。Ill carry your case for you. 让我来给你提手提箱。二、用作情态动词1. 表示意愿，其意为“愿意”“想要”。如：Will you accept a cheque? 你收支票吗?2. 表示请求，意为“请”“好不好”。如：Be quiet for a moment, will you? 你安静一会儿，好吗?3. 表示可能性，意为“可能”“该是”“很可能”。如：The car will hold six people. 这车应该可坐6个人。That will be the postman at the door now! 现在门口准是邮递员来了!4. 表示命令，意为“要”“得”。如：You will carry out these instructions and report back this afternoon. 你要执行这些指示并于今日下午报告执行情况。5. 表示习惯或倾向性，意为“总是”“惯于”。如：Oil will float on water. 油总是浮在水面上。This window wont open. 这扇窗户经常打不开（老是打不开）。She will get angry over nothing. 她老是无缘无故地发脾发。三、一条注意根据英语语法，在时间或条件状语从句中，谓语动词习惯上要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态；但是，在条件状语从句中，有时可用will表示意愿（不是表示时间）。如：Id be grateful if you will let me know soon. 如果你肯早点告诉我，我会感激不尽。If you will sit down for a few moments (=Please sit down and) Ill tell the manager youre here. 请稍坐，我这就通知经理说您来了。He became her senior adviserher deputy, if you will. 他成了她的高级顾问你要说是她的副手也未尝不可 。这样用的 if you will. 可视为英语惯用表达，其意为“如果你愿意的话”“你要是也行（未尝不可）”。beat与defeat区别 这两个词无论在形式还是意思上都有相似之处，有时甚至可以通用。但它们也有一定的区别：1. 两者用作动词都可表示“打败”、“战胜”、“击败”等，常可互换，只是 defeat 比 beat 更正式，其后的宾语通常是比赛或战斗的对手。如：They beat defeated the enemy. 他们打败了敌人。He beat defeated me at swimming. 他游泳胜过了我。We beat defeated their team by ten points. 我们以10分的优势胜了他们队。比较：win 表示“赢”，与“打败”同义，但其后所接宾语不同。win 通常接表示比赛或战斗方面的名词作宾语。如：正：He beat defeated me at chess. 他下棋赢了我。正：He won the game (the race). 他赢了比赛。误：He won me at chess. / He beat defeated the game.2. 两者也可用作名词，但含义不同：(1) 名词 beat 通常表示“打击(声)”。如：We heard the beat of a drum. 我们听到了打鼓的声音。Can you hear the beat of my heart? 你能听到我心脏跳动的声音吗?(2) 名词 defeat 通常表示“失败”、“战胜”等( 视含义的具体与抽象，可用作可数或不可数名词)。如：Our basketball team suffered another defeat. 我们的篮球队再次败北。What he said meant admitting defeat. 他说的话就意味着承认失败。attempt与try的区别 两者均可表示“设法”、“尝试”，有时可互换，只是 attempt 比 try 更正式。如：The prisoners tried attempted to escape but failed. 犯人企图逃跑，但未能得逞。注意两者在用法上区别较大：1. attempt 在现代英语中只用用及物动词，而 try 则可用作及物或不及物动词。如：我恐怕做不了，但我要试试。误：Im afraid I cant do it, but Ill attempt.正：Im afraid I cant do it. but Ill try.2. attempt 后接不定式或动名词均可(以不定式为常见)，且含义无多大差别；try 后接不定式或动名词差别较大 (即后接不定式时，表示试图做某事；后接动名词时，表示做某事试试看有何效果)。如：He attempted to climb climbing the mountain. 他们试图要攀登这座山。He tried to persuade her to stay. 他试图要说服她留下。Try phoning his home number. 给他家里打个电话试试。advertise 还是advertise for 请看看这个句子，该用advertise 还是advertise for？If you want to sell your product you must _ it.A. advertise             B. advertise for        C. advertise on        D. advertise to【分析】此题正确答案为A，但容易误选B，认为 advertise 的意思是“做广告”，advertise for 的意思“为做广告”。advertise 可用作及物和不及物动词，及物时，其意为“为做广告”、“登广告宣传”；不及物时，其意为“做广告”、“登广告”，此时通常后接介词 for，表示“做广告征求”。比较：advertise for sth (sb) 登广告征求或寻找某物或某人 (此时 advertise 不及物)advertise sth 为登广告，登广告宣传(此时 advertise 是及物动词，其后要直接跟被宣传的东西作宾语)He advertised for a new secretary. 他登广告招聘一名新秘书。People advertise things that they wish to sell. 人们为要卖的东西登广告。再比较：advertise jobs 招聘广告，advertise for jobs 求职广告请做以下类似试题：(1) We must _ the people heart and soul.A. serve                    B. serve for               C. serve to                D. serve on答案选A，serve 意为“为服务”，可直接用作及物动词，其后不能按汉语意思误加介词 for。(2) I _ you yesterday, but you werent in.A. rang                     B. rang to                 C. rang with              D. rang to答案选A，ring 可以用作及物动词，表示“给打电话”，故其后不用介词。(3) How can I _ you?A. contact                 B. contact with          C. contact to             D. contact for答案选A，contact 为及物动词，表示“与联系”，其后不接介词。force sb to do sth还是force sb do sth force用作动词，总是及物的，要表示迫使某人做某事，英语通常用 force sb to do sth，而不说 force sb do sth，这与普通的使役动词不一样。如：The reduced income forced him to economize. 收入减少迫使他节约。The storm forced us to cancel our meeting. 暴风雨迫使我们取消了会议。A decrease in sales forced the owners to close the store. 销售下滑迫使店主关门歇业。They forced the natives to leave their land by burning their villages. 他们烧毁了土著人的村庄，迫使他们离开自己的家园。注意该结构还通常用于被动语态中。如：The enemy were at last forced to give in. 敌人终于被迫投降。I was forced to concede that she might be right. 我不得不承认可能是她对。He was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons. 由于政治原因，他被迫离开了祖国。He was often forced to do what I was unwilling to do myself. 他常被迫去做他自己不愿去做的事。He was forced to accept it as true in the absence of other evidence. 由于没有别的证据，他只好认为那是真实的。He was forced to leave the country, leaving behind his wife and children. 他被迫离开这个国家，没有带走妻子和孩子。I was forced to agree to it, but at heart I didnt quite agree with it. 我被迫答应，但内心并不完全同意。Many of the poorer people were forced to migrate to the cities to look for work. 很多较穷的人都被迫迁移到城市找寻工作。As new facts became known, the Government was forced to climb down over its handling of the spy scandal. 新的事实已众所周知，政府被迫承认处理间谍丑事失当。另外注意，英语除可说force sb to do sth，也可用force sb into doing sth。如：He was forced to leave into leaving the country. 他被迫离开这个国家。They forced her to sign into signing the paper. 他们强迫她在文件上签字。His arguments forced them to admit into admitting that he was right. 他的论据迫使他们承认他是正确的。学科网（北京）股份有限公司