monkeypox.ppt
MONKEYPOX MONKEYPOX INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION+Human monkeypox,initially recognized in 1970,causes a rash-like illness nearly clinically indistinguishable from smallpox.Subsequent to the recognition of human monkeypox,several key differences between monkeypox and smallpox were identified.First,smallpox was solely an infection of humans,whereas monkeypox is zoonotic,with an apparently broad range of permissible hosts.+Additionally,person-to-person transmission of monkeypox virus(MPXV)is inefficient relative to variola virus,and monkeypox shows lower human fatality rates.15 Vaccination with smallpox vaccine(vaccinia virus)is reported to be protective against infection with MPXV,providing up to 85%protection.+The natural history of MPXV in Africa remains ill defined,despite numerous detailed studies investigating the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of human monkeypox.There have been no longitudinal studies of potential animal reservoirs,and the available serologic tests have been generic for viruses of the genus Orthopoxvirus.Despite MPXV having long been recognized to have the potential to infect a variety of species in captivity,811 the naturally occurring spectrum of monkeypox reservoirs in Africa is unknown.+The eradication of smallpox is linked to an emerging related disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo.Scientists say the appearance of monkeypox could be a cause for concern.+Monkeypox causes symptoms a lot like smallpox,but its not nearly as fatal.The two viruses are so closely related that the only way to tell them apart is under a microscope.Theyre so similar that researchers didnt even know they were separate diseases until vaccination eliminated smallpox from African populations.Monkeypox Strikes in Congo+When smallpox was being eliminated in the 1960s through the 1980s,scientists working in what was then called Zaire(now the Democratic Republic of Congo)first noticed monkeypox.They noticed that people vaccinated against smallpox also got protection against monkeypox and realized that ending smallpox vaccination would allow this related disease to emerge more strongly.+Scientists from Zaire and other countries studied monkeypox,to get an idea of how serious it was,and whether monkeypox transmission could be sustained,passing from human to human,rather than from animal to human.+At the time,the DRC was a very different place.It was more prosperous,with a functioning health care system.And researchers believed the market for bush meat would diminish as people moved into cities.+Rimoin says health officials need to watch monkeypox in Congo,to see if its becoming more virulent,and to see if its passing from human to human,not just from animal to human.And she says theres an urgent need to develop strategies to contain the spread of the disease.+But the political situation in Congo deteriorated into a decade-long civil war.The economy collapsed,and with it,the health care infrastructure.More people turned to bush meat for food,increasing their contact with animals harboring the monkeypox virus.+Its in this context that Rimoin and an international team recently studied the incidence of the disease.SOME WORDS:SOME WORDS:+1.eradication：irdikein.根除+2.smallpox：英 sm:lpks 美 smlpks.天花；天花病：天然痘+3.infrastructure 英 infrstrkt，nfrstrkt(r)美 nfrstrkt.n.+1.基础设施;基础结构；基础建设2.行政机构3.【军事】永久性军事设施，永久性基地4.(支持并进行颠覆或其他非法活动的)秘密机构5.【+建筑学】基础；下面结构+5.deteriorate 英 ditirireit 美 dtriret.vi.+.恶化,变坏,退化+6.democratic 英 demkrtik 美 dmkrtk adj.+1.国家、政府、制度等 民主的；民主政体的；民主制度的,有民主精神或作风的2.民主管理的 3.有民主精神的；平等的 4.（美国）民主党的 thank you thank you
