专业英语1.ppt

词汇词汇1.科技英语词汇的特点：2前缀与后缀3常用短语1.科技英语词汇的特点：科技英语文章中的词汇一般包括普通词汇、半专业词汇和专业词汇三种。普通词汇是通用英语中的常用词汇,在科技英语中占绝大多数,属普通英语范畴,不做重点讲解。半专业词汇包括两种情况。一是常用词汇专业化。二是同一词语词义多专业化。常用词汇专业化指专业英语中的许多词汇除了具有普通英语词汇的意思外,在某些特殊场合表达的是专业词义。-short,“短的”,食品专业“脆的,松脆的”的含义,shortbread，shortcake；-prove,“证明”,食品专业“(面团)发酵”，egleavethedoughtoproveforhalfanhour；-essence,“本质”,食品英语“香精”，essentialoil，essencerecoveryapparatus，essentialfattyacid；-express,“表达”,食品英语“压榨”,expression，,expressivedrying,-同一词语词义多专业化许多词汇在不同的专业领域中具有不同的含义。如operation,在数学中指“运算”,在医学中指“手术”,在军事学指“作战”,在食品等专业中指“操作”。专业词汇专业词汇的使用范围局限于某些专业,但由于食品与化学、微生物学等学科密切相关,所以食品专业文章中的学多专业词汇不仅包含食品方面的词汇,同时还包含大量的化学、微生物等范畴。如aminoacids(氨基酸)、fungus(真菌)。2前缀与后缀通过对前缀和后缀的总结归纳,能够对专业词汇有更深的认识,更有助于对这些词汇的记忆。如“macro-”,表示“long,large,great（大的）”,如macronutrient(常量营养素),macroelement(常量元素);micro“verysmall(非常小的)，onemillionthpartof(百万分之一的)，如微克microgram（微克），microbiology（微生物学）。后缀如“-ose”,表示“糖”,如fructose(果糖),maltose(麦芽糖),lactose(乳糖)等。加“ol”表示醇，如甲醇、乙醇、丙醇分别为Methanol,ethanol,propanol。“one”表示酮，如丙酮Acetone。“ene”表示烯烃，如乙烯Ethylene等等。3常用短语许多短语和惯用法在科技英语中经常出现,使用频率非常高.如becharacterizedby(的特征是)。如“定义”可用bedefinedas,bydefinition,becalled,bereferredtoas以及beknownas等表示。“分类”可用becategorizedas,bedividedinto,besubdividedinto,beclassedaccordingto,beclassifiedinto等表示Translation Translation generality of science and technology English The characteristics of the science technology English Translation skills of S&T EnglishTranslation steps GeneralityFirstly:the translation must match theoriginal content accurately.No change ordistortion,noneglectorcutting.Secondly:the translation should use theperfectform,thattosay,thesentencewouldbestandardandfluentmodernEnglish.Norigmarole,no indefinite sentence,nomistakengrammar.Therefore,bothliterarytranslationandsciencetechnologytranslationmustrespecttheoriginalcontent.Thus,thetranslatormusthavethe“faith”.Ifdont,addingorsubtracting,changingordistortingtheoriginalmeaningofthecontentbyvoluntaries,itcantbecalledtranslation.Buttheliterarycompositionisanart.Thearthasacommoncharacter:beauty.Tomaintainthisdisposition,thetranslationmustkeepthecontentsandformsunion.So,tothepoint“faith”,theliterarytranslationcanhavecertainflexibilitywithoutbetraytheoriginalspirit.简言之就是要做到“明确、通顺、简练、忠实”。(1).Dawnbreakingovertheisland.Verybeautiful,inasoftgreylightwithmanyclouds.Thereisatransparencyaboutthelightwhichcannotbedescribedorpainted.If the translation must match the originalcontent,wewillgetthefollowingsentence:拂晓已降临岛上，灰色的柔光，许多云彩，景色美极了。这里有透明的光线，它是不能描写，也是不能画出来的。Thetranslationisveryfluentandhasnogrammarmistake.But it sound very stiff,that means no“art”.Iftheartcompositionalwaystranslatedasso,perhapsnopeoplewouldreadthewriting.Ifwegivethetranslationalittleflexibilitybasingonthecorrectedtranslation,wecanattractthereadermore.Thefollowingsentencelooksbetter:曙光中的海岛美丽极了，晨曦柔和，彩云片片，澄澈的光影是无法描写出来的However,thetranslationofthesciencetechnologyEnglishhasmuchlessflexibility.Itisdeterminedbythecontentofthes&tcomposition.Thes&tarticlepursuesaccuracy;onewordsdifferencewouldresultingreatmistake.Thus,thetranslatorhastothinkofeverywordcarefullyincaseofwrongingintheexpertise.Lake and rivers that are heavily pollutedwithorganicmaterialareliabletocontainlessdissolvedoxygenthandoesnonpollutedwater.Dissolvedoxygenmeans“溶解氧”,Theoxygenisstillgasotherthanliquidafteritdissolvesinthewater.受到有机物严重污染的湖泊和河流，比起未受过污染的水来说，其中的溶解氧通常要少一些。Thes&ttranslationemphasizeaccuracy,butitdoesntmeansitcantbeevenalittleflexibility.Forexample:Butcometkohoutekofferedastronomersaunique opportunity to make a concertedattackonmanyofthem.Followingskills1.ExcellentcommandoftheEnglish.2.Thenecessaryprofessionalknowledge.3.GoodcommandofChinese.4.Wildknowledgeinallkindsoffields.Translation characteristics There many difference between the s&tEnglishandtheliteraryEnglishorthedailyEnglish.Exceptthenormalgraphandsignof all kinds of majors,the s&t Englishtranslation contains the following mainattribute:1.It wildly uses the passive voice:Thes&tEnglishdescribetheeventandthetheory,itpay attention to the objectivity,put noemphasisonpersonalactivity.Forexample:Overthirtyfoodstuffswereinvestigatedfortheirfoamingpropertiesincludedformabilityandfoamstability.2.It normally use the common describing sentence:Allthecontentbelongtoobjectevent,scienceprinciple,theoryordefinition,it use the current tense.Forexample:Metals expand when heated and contractwhencooled.3.The s&t translation usually use the verbs infinitive to signify target or object.Forexample:Thenewdiminishingimpuritiesmethodisaccidentallydevisedandoperatedtosurmounttheshortcominginfiltrationandactivitylossofheparinbyacidintheoldmethod4.It wildly uses the participle as the attribute.Forexample:Heparinpropagatedbytheoldmethodhas5.Using nouns as embellishment word of an attribute:in the s&t English,the noun is often used as an attribute to embellish noun for the sake of clearer describe.Example:Theoiltankercarriescrudeoiltoarefinery,wheretheoilisprocessed.6.Neglecting the definite article:thecomposition title of s&t English usuallyneglecttheword“the”.Example:ProteindeterminationbydyeBindingStudies.7.Using long complex sentences:EX:Raw materials and finished productsreceivesutilizedandprocessedwithintheplantsshouldbeundertheinspectionandsurveillanceofa quality control department to ascertain thecompliancewithsanitaryregulationsandspecificationsandtoassurethattheproductswillbe wholesome and avoid of any detrimentalchanges，andcontaminationoradulterations.8.Normally using the concentrated term.For allowing the reader to gain moreinformation in less time,the s&t Englishcompresses the composition by using theconcentratedtermwildly.Especiallyinthedigests and the magazines.To some longwords which are often used and thenomenclatures.Thes&tEnglishoftenusestheconcentratedform.Someofthemhavebeengenerallyused.DH=degreeofhydrolysisADI：（AcceptableDailyIntakes）每日允许摄入量；CAC：CodexAlimentariusCommission)国际食品法典委员会FDA：（FoodandDrugAdministration）（美国）食品和药物管理局WHO：（WorldHealthOrganization）（联合国）世界卫生组织9.Complex adjective:there are more andmorecomplexadjectiveappearsinthes&tEnglishrecently.Eventhesign“-”istendtobe removed.The complex adjectives areoftenmadeupoftwoorthreeormorewords.The elements include the noun,verb,preposition,adverb,numeral and so forth.The complex adjectives are all used asattributetoembellishotherword.Ex:boilinghouseefficiency/recovery;handsampling；Translation skills 1.Translated as verb:A one-celled animal or plant cannot,ofcourse,survive the destruction of its onecell.Thechlorinefromsaltisusedforbleachingpaperandtextiles.Thissystemmakesthesechemicalssolublein water and thus easier to transport foreventualexcretionthoroughthekidneysandlowintestines.2.Translated as nounGold is an important metal,but is notessentiallychangedbymanstreatmentofit.Boththecompoundsareacids.Theformerisstrong,thelatterweak.lMostU.Sspysatellitesaredesignedtoburnupintheearthsatmosphereaftercompletingtheirmissions.3.Translated as adjectiveHis basic studies on the retina areconsidered the foundation for practicallyevery advance in the neurophysiology ofvision.4.Translated as adverbInordertomakebetteruseofthematerialspeoplehavestudiedtheirproperties.5.TranslatedasobjectiveWater has a density of 62.4 pounds percubicfoot.OneofthefirstmentoworkwithsuchreactionswasthegreatEnglishscientistMichaelFaraday.6.Translated as predicateThe lightness and cheapness of thesubstance recommended it for architectingdecoration.7.Translated as attributeThissystemischieflycharacterizedbyitssimplicity of operation and the ease withwhichitcanbemaintained.8.Translated as adverbial modifierThe whole of this massive device isdesigned for remove-controlled operationovera25-yearperiod,withaminimumofdiverattention9.Translated as complementThenumberofmoleculesinanyobjectwecanseeisunimaginablelarge.10.Translated as predicativeAnexampleoftheuseofliquidchromatographyistheseparationofmixturesoforganicacids.11.Adding and subtracting translation WhentranslatingtheEnglishintoChinese,weoftenneedoffsetsomesubtractedpartsto match the Chinese habit or make thecontentclear.Water evaporate move rapidly,when thetemperatureishighthanwhenitislow.SomewordsorsentencesarenecessaryinEnglish.But if we translate them into Chinese word byword,wewillattainfatsentencesand“thefeetofsnake”,andtheconcisenessfluencyissuretobeaffected.Wecallthemethodofsubtractingsomewords or sentences-subtracting translation.Itdoesnt means subtracting the content of theoriginal composition,but avoiding the repeat ofthe same content or sentence.It ensures thetranslationmatchingtheChinesehabitsbetter.Obviouslysincethisradiationisinvisibleitisofnousetousforphoto.12.Dividing translation and complex translationDividing translationSometimewemaymeetsomesingleword,phaseorsentencesintranslationwhichmakeusembarrassed,itlooksthefeetofsnake,ifwetranslateit,wecantfindtheperfectplacestoputthem,butifwesubtractit,thetranslation doesnt match the original compositionexactly.Inthissituation,wecantranslatethewordsasasubsidiaryorsolosentence.Normallytheadjectiveandtheadverbcanbeextractedfromthecompositionasasubsidiarysentenceorsolosentence;sometimestheverbandnouncantoo.Thedegreesofacidityoralkalinityofanysolution,then,can be most convenientlyexpressedbythepHsystem.Afewyearslaterhewasabletotakeouthisfirstpatentsforhigh-frequencyACplex translationThedefinitionofcomplextranslationcanbedescribedas:groupseveralwords,mainorsubsidiarysentences,orsolosentencesandcomplextogethertomakeupasolosentence.Thecomplextranslationcanavoidtheshortcomingofprolixity,repeat，brokenandsoon.Thechiefculpritinthiscasearebacteria,molds and yeast.They feed on much thesamesubstancesmanhimself.Yetthey(acids、bases、salts）allhaveincommonsomethingwhichdistinguishthemfromallothercompoundsthatarenotacids,bases and salts:which dissolved in water,theycanconductanelectriccurrent.13.The translation of the passive voice Thepassivevoiceiswildlyusedins&tEnglish,webetterusetheactivesentenceswhentranslatingitintoChinese,becauseitisthehabitofChinese.Those experiments were performed afterthelongdaystoilwasover,atlatenightorearlymorningandwhenthegreatpartsofmankindweresoundlyasleep.Thepassivevoice,whichhas“it”asthesubjectnormally,hasdifferenttranslationwaybecauseofthedifferenceofitsverb.itisreportedthat(据报道)Itmustbeadmittedthat(必须承认)Itwillbeseenfromthisthat(由此可见)Itisbelievedthat(据信)Itiswellknownthat(众所周知)The steps of the translation Translationisthecomplexoperationusingtwolanguages.Thetranslationprocedureofthickorimportantwritingandarticlenormallyincludesthestepsofpreparation,comprehension,expression,proofreading,finalizing,ect.Preparation:Forunderstandingthecontentof the original composition,the translatorcan read some corresponding writing toknow the history background the article.Findthenecessaryreferencebook.Preparation:Comprehension:Itmeanstounderstandthecontentoftheoriginalarticlethroughtheoriginallanguage.Thetranslatoroughttoreadtheoriginalwritingrepeatedly.Comprehension:Expression:Expression:Toselecttheproperexpressivemethodforthetranslation.Thetranslatoroughttothinkofeverywordandsentencecarefullytochoosethemostexactexpressivemethodaccordingthesurroundingofit.Expressiongrowtobeperfectstepbystep,thetranslationcantbefinishedbyonlyonetime.Forkeepthequalityofthetranslation,thetranslatorshouldtryhisbesttopursuethebestwordandthebestsentencethushehastorepairittimeandtime.Finalizing:Finalizing:Checkingthewholetranslationforthelasttimecontractingthemanuscript.Sofarthewholeprocedurecompleted.