英语写作段落写作.pptx
Whatisthestructureofaparagraph?第1页/共31页The Topic SentenceSupporting sentencesThe concluding sentence第2页/共31页 This is the structure of a paragraph!Generally speaking,these three different types of sentences play different roles in a paragraph:Topic sentence;Supporting sentences;Concluding sentence.a sentence to tell the reader what the paragraph is mainly about.sentences to give more detailed information about the topic sentence.a sentence to end a paragraph or to summarize(总结）the ideas.(主题句)(扩展句/阐述句)(结论句/结尾句)第3页/共31页如：Mymotherhaspassedalongtomearuleforgettingalongwithothers.Dontarguewithparents;theymightthinkyoudontlovethem.Dontarguewithchildren;theymightthinkthemselvesvictimized(受到伤害）.Dontarguewithspouses;theymightthinkyouareatiresomemate.Dontarguewithstrangers;theymightthinkyouarenotfriendly.Mymothersrule,infact,isquiteuniversal.请找出主题句、推展句和结论句。第4页/共31页The Topic SentenceThe characteristics of a topic sentenceThe positions of a topic sentence第5页/共31页The Characteristics1)Thetopicsentencemustbeacompletesentence.2)Thetopicsentenceshouldalwayscontainbothatopic主题andacontrollingidea限制义.The Topic Sentence=Topic+Controlling Idea3)Thetopicsentenceshouldbeneithertoogeneralnortoospecific,anditshouldfocusononlyonetopic.第6页/共31页The topic 与文章主题词相呼应。The controlling idea 将主题限制在特定范围之内。Note:acontrollingideacommitstheparagraphtoaspecificaspectofthetopic.e.g.1)Conveniencefoodsareeasy to prepare.2)Alcoholicbeveragesshould bebanned from college campuses for two reasons.3)Therearealsoafewsuperstitionsabout marriage in China.第7页/共31页Read the following topic sentences and then identify the topic and the controlling idea in each sentencePeoplecanavoidburglariesbytakingcertainprecautions.Thereareseveraladvantagestogrowingupinasmalltown.MostUSuniversitiesrequirea550pointTOEFLscoreforanumberofreasons.AirpollutioninMexicoCityistheworstintheworldforanumberofreasons.Fixingaflattireonabicycleiseasyifyoufollowthesesteps.Ridingabicyclegivespleasure.第8页/共31页ThereareseveralenjoyablewaystotravelbetweentheUSandQueretaro.Animalsindangerofbecomingextinctcomefromawiderangeofcountries.Effectiveleadershiprequiresspecificqualitiesthatanyonecandevelop.IndustrialwastepouredintoLakeMichiganhasledtodramaticchangesinitsabilitytosupportmarinelife.InordertofullyexplorethewreckoftheTitanic,scientistsmustaddressseveralproblems.第9页/共31页Discussion:which of the following topic sentence is general,specific or suitable?Group 11)Americanfoodisterrible.2)AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andpackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.3)Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.(too general)(too specific)(suitable)第10页/共31页Group 21)Manyvoterssupportedthecandidate.2)Manyvoterspassivelysupportedthecandidate.Group 3Toplayanykindofmusicalinstrument,oneneedstoknowsomethingabouttheinstrument.2)TOplayanykindofdrumrequiresagoodsenseofrhythm.(too general)(too general)(suitable)(suitable)第11页/共31页Here are some examples of sentences that cannot be used as topic sentences.Can you figure out why they are inappropriate?1)MyhometownisfamousbecauseitislocatedbyWheatonRiver,whichisverywide,andbecauseitisbuiltnearanunusuallysteephillcalledWheatonHill.Analysis:Theproblemwiththissentenceisthatitcontainstoomanydetails.Topicsentencesaregeneral,anddetailsshouldappearlaterintheparagraph.Revised:Myhometownisfamousforseveralamazinggeographicalfeatures.第12页/共31页2)Therearetworeasonswhysomepeopleliketobuycarswithautomatictransmissionandtworeasonswhyotherslikecarswithmanualtransmission.Analysis:This sentence is not appropriate as a topic sentence because it mentions two topics,not just one.Paragraphs are usually about one main thing and so their topic sentences should also be about only one main thing.Revised:a)Therearetworeasonswhysomepeopleliketobuycarswithautomatictransmission.OR(in a different paragraph):b)Therearetworeasonswhysomepeoplelikecarswithmanualtransmission.第13页/共31页3)Cloudsarewhite.AnalysisThe problem with this sentence is that it is too general.It is also very boring!Would you like to read a paragraph with this topic sentence?Most people would not.RevisedTheshapesofcloudsaredeterminedbyvariousfactors.第14页/共31页Different Positions Of a Topic SentencetypeThe positions of the topic sentence At the beginning of a paragraphAt the end of a paragraphIn the middle of a paragraphNo clear topic sentence第15页/共31页 Work with your partners and find out the topic sentence of each paragraph!第16页/共31页1Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness)-cancer,cigarettesmokingcanalsocauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smokerscough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?第17页/共31页2Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent.Ontheotherhand,nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessionalcriminal.Andthemanwhoknows“everything”mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness.So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance.第18页/共31页 3 Every bride wants her wedding to be the most wonderful day of her life.But perfect weddings require careful planning,whether the bride and bridegroom are planning a traditional wedding or just a registry office ceremony.Paying for the wedding,which is always a problem,will partly decide the choice.第19页/共31页TomstudiedforfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat_.A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears,movedtoanotheruniversity.B.TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.C.TomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity.D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation.detaildetaildetail第20页/共31页Read the following paragraphs carefully and write a topic sentence for each paragraph in the space provided.FamousinventorThomasEdison,forinstance,didsopoorlyinhisfirstyearsofschoolthathisteacherwarnedhisparentsthathewouldneverbeasuccessatanything.Similarly,HenryFord,thefatheroftheautoindustry,hadtroubleinschoolwithbothreadingandwriting.ButperhapsthebestexampleisAlbertEinstein,whoseparentsandteacherssuspectedthathewasretardedbecauseherespondedtoquestionssoslowlyandinastutteringvoice.Einsteinshighschoolrecordwaspoorineverythingbutmath,andhefailedhiscollegeentranceexamsthefirsttime.Evenoutofschoolthemanhadtroubleholdingajob-untilheannouncedthetheoryofrelativity.Many scientists had very bad proficiency records in their school days第21页/共31页Asanindustry,TVprovidesjobsforhundredsofthousandswhomakeTVsetsandbroadcastingequipment.Italsoprovidesworkforactors,technicians,andotherswhoputonprograms.Asanart,televisionbringsthetheaterandotherculturaleventsintothehome.ItsinfluenceonthelifeofaverageAmericansisincalculable:itcaninfluencetheirthoughts,theirlikesanddislikes,theirspeech,andeventheirdress.Itcanalsoaddtotheirstoreofknowledge.Throughadvertising,televisionhelpsbusinessesandmanufacturersselltheirproductstomillionsofpeople.Televisionhasbroughtpoliticalcampaignsclosertothevotersthaninformerdays.EducationalTVstationsofferteachinginvarioussubjectsrangingfromhomenursingtoartappreciation.Manylargeschoolsanduniversitieshave“closed-circuit”televisionequipmentthatwilltelecastlecturesanddemonstrationstohundredsofstudentsindifferentclassrooms;andthelecturecanbeputonvideotapetobekeptforlateruse.SomehospitalsuseTVtoallowmedicalstudentstogetclose-upviewsofoperations.TV plays an important role in the life of Americans.第22页/共31页Americansrelaxingathome,forexample,mayputonkimonos,whichisaJapaneseword.Americanswholiveinawarmclimatemaytakeanafternoonsiestaonanoutdoorpatio withoutevenrealizingthattheseareSpanishwords.Intheirgardens,theymayenjoythefragranceofjasmineflowers,awordthatcameintoEnglishfromPersian.Theymayevenrelaxonachaise longuewhilesippingadrinkwithvodka,wordsofFrenchandRussianorigin,respectively.Many loan words have entered Americans daily life.第23页/共31页Weareawakenedbyelectricalarmclocksandmusicpouringfromourradio;weoperateourtoaster,brushourteethwithanelectrictoothbrush,andshavewithanelectricrazor.Wereadthedaysheadlinesfromnewspapersprintedonhugeelectricpresses,andwewritealetteronourelectrictypewriterbeforeleavingforworktooperateacomputerandwordprocessor.Electricity has filled almost every part of our life.第24页/共31页Supportingsentences推展句-theextensionandspecificationofthetopicsentence.对主题句的延伸和细化基本要求A:在意义上完全支持主题句，应细化和典型化；B:在形式上，注意连贯coherence和organization结构C:足够的支持性材料第25页/共31页aconcludingsentence结论句结论句撰写规则1.明确指示文章的结束:insummary；inaword;inbrief;inconclusion;toconclude;inshort;inotherwords2:小结该段或强调主题。第26页/共31页Sampleconcludingsentencesinwritingtests1.Takingintoaccountofallthesefactors,wemayreachtheconclusionthat_.2.Allreliableevidencespointtoonesaying,thatis_.3.Forthereasonspresentedabove,Istronglycommittothenotionthat_.4.Whileitistruethat_,Ithinkthat_.5.GiventhefactorsIhavejustoutlined,Icanonlysaythat_.6.Thisisnottosaythat_.Butintermsof_,itis_.7.Therefore,itiseasytodrawtheconclusionthat_.8.Recognizingthefactthat_shoulddriveustoconcludethat_.9.Toputallintoanutshell,I_.10.Inaword,Isupportthestatementthatitisbetterto_because第27页/共31页好段落的基本要求Unity统一性（主题统一，不跑题）Completeness完整性（主题句交代的内容应全部涉及）Coherence连贯性（多使用连接词如but;however;ononehandontheotherhand;alsofinally等）第28页/共31页期中考试1.Ourlifetodaydependsverymuchonenergy.2.Noonecanavoidbeinginfluencedbyadvertisements.第29页/共31页第30页/共31页感谢您的观看！第31页/共31页
