阅读理解之词义猜测题解析.pptx

猜测词义题猜测词义题：词义猜测能力是英语高考阅词义猜测能力是英语高考阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，是历年高考中读理解能力的主要组成部分，是历年高考中的必考题型，此类题要求考生根据一定的上的必考题型，此类题要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词词义或熟词生意，考查考生根下文猜测生词词义或熟词生意，考查考生根据上下文对灵活变化的词义做出准确理解判据上下文对灵活变化的词义做出准确理解判断的能力。断的能力。而且，所考查的词或短语的意义而且，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。考纲解读另外，代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。第1页/共41页熟词生意。即考试大纲中有该词，但所考的是该词的纲外意义。如even在大纲中所给的意义是“即使”（副词），但在（2013北京卷）The advanced EP also heats the room evenly,wall to wall and floor to ceiling.这句话中考查该词的意义却是equally“均匀地”。l生词词义。遇到生词不要慌张，也不要停滞不前，而应继续阅读下去，也许该词的意思在下文中很快就会明朗。第2页/共41页 词义猜测题常用的提问方式有：1.The word“”refers to/probably means /could best be replaced by _.2.The word“”is most likely to mean _.3.What do you think the expression“”stands for?4.The underlined word“”means _.5.The underlined word“”can be replaced_.设问方式第3页/共41页应答技巧？第4页/共41页 It will be very hard but very brittle that is,it will break easily.1.Definition 定义法：定义法：一般通过定义、定语一般通过定义、定语（从句）或同位语（从句）来确定词义。常（从句）或同位语（从句）来确定词义。常用逗号，破折号，冒号等。用逗号，破折号，冒号等。(adj.易碎的易碎的,脆的脆的)The herdsman,who looks after sheep,earns about 650 yuan a year.(n.n.牧羊人牧羊人)第5页/共41页2.Contrast 对比法：利用文中的反义词以及表对比关系的词（组）猜测词义。表示对比的词有but、while、however、otherwise等。第6页/共41页Most of us agreed,however,Bill dissented.She is usually prompt for all her classes,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.A.on time B.late C.slowly D.quickly A (v.v.不同意不同意)第7页/共41页3.Similarity 相似法：利用同义词、近义词或词组猜测词义。Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task.The job is so large,in fact,that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted.(adj.巨大的;极大的)第8页/共41页4.Cause Effect 因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。One who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing.That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.(adj.贫穷的,穷困的)(adj.大的大的)第9页/共41页5.Example 例举法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。常见的举例的提示词有for instance,for example,such as等。Today young couples often spend lots of their money on appliances,for instance,washing machines,refrigerators and color televisions.(n.电器用具)第10页/共41页6.Word Formation 构词法：英语单词大多是由词根、词头（前缀）和词尾（后缀）所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头和词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易猜测出由其构成的新词的含义了。Eg.Im going to buy a microbus.micro+bus 微型公共汽车 第11页/共41页中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：super-(超)mini-(极小的,微小的)micro-（极微小的）re-（再，反复）mis-（误，恶）im-（不）un-（不，非）in-（不，非）non-（不，非）-able（能的）-less（不，无）-wards(向)第12页/共41页 With their shining brown eyes,With their shining brown eyes,wagging tails,and wagging tails,and unconditional unconditional love,love,dogs can provide the dogs can provide the nonjudgmental nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence.reader to gain confidence.unconditional:无条件的无条件的,绝对的绝对的 adj.adj.condition conditional 情况，条件情况，条件 n.n.有条件的有条件的 adj.adj.nonjudgmental:没有判断力的没有判断力的 judgmentaladjadj.judgment判断判断 n.n.judge判断判断 v.v.第13页/共41页superman microwave(超人)nonnatural mispronouce(非自然的)homeless nonsmoker(无家可归的)rebuild eastwards(重建)Can you guess the right meanings?(微波)(非烟民)(发错音)(向东)第14页/共41页7.7.ContextContext 上上下下文文：利利用用语语境境及及前前后后的的提提示示来来猜猜测测词词义义。利用重述作为上下文猜词的线索。当作者不能肯定读者能够理解他的意思时，他会用另外一种方式陈述自己的观点。常见的用来表示重述的词或短语有：to put it another way 换句话说or.即，或者说that is 也就是说 that is to say 也就是说 in other words 换句话说第15页/共41页 In some countries where there is very little rain,the farmers have to irrigate,or water,their fields.逗号后的or water给出了irrigate的准确含义，即“灌溉”的意思。We are on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 a.m.this week.两个破折号之间的短语重述了night shift的含义，很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。第16页/共41页8.8.Common senseCommon sense 普通常识：普通常识：根据普通常识和生活经验来猜测词义。根据普通常识和生活经验来猜测词义。在阅读的过程中，如遇到生词，有时可以根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将其推测出来。比如了解一些英美国家的天文地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、政治结构、社会制度等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，遇到生词时，猜测词义的能力自然就会增强。When a doctor performs an operation on a patient，he usually gives an anesthetic to make himunconscious，because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.n.麻醉剂(药)第17页/共41页 Its said that Bill Gates is the most affluent person in the world.说明：根据常识，Bill Gates 为世界首富，所以 affluent 可能是“富有的”。As a scientist,Edison is very famous for his contrivances.说明：根据常识，Edison为发明大王，他应因“发明物”而闻名于世。第18页/共41页根据上下文指代关系猜测代词文章中的代词it,that,this,he,him 或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。第19页/共41页 Like Schmid,the editors of several self-published art magazines also champion(捍卫)found photographs.One of them,called simply Found,was born one snowy night in Chicago them指的是前面出现的self-published art magazines However,the question that“moon people”asked is still an interesting one.A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.it指的是月球人(moon people)所问的问题（the question）。第20页/共41页1.Definition 定义法定义法3.Similarity 相似法相似法2.Contrast 对比法对比法4.Cause and effect 因果法因果法5.Example 例举法例举法8.Common Sense 普通常识普通常识 6.Word Formation 构词法构词法猜测词义7.Context 上下文上下文 SummarySummary第21页/共41页 同学们在做词义猜测题时注意不要脱离语境。有些常用词在特定的上下文中，或专业性文章中，具有特殊的或专门的词义。在解这类题时，必须仔细地研读划线部分的上下文，有时阅读的视线还要扩大一些。如果离开特定的语言环境来理解生词意义，必然会理解错误。给同学们的建议：第22页/共41页特别提醒不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思。不管这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定语境中的意思。第23页/共41页 Inquiry-based Activities(I)探究活动(1)第24页/共41页 Can you guess the correct meanings of the following words?-1.He is a resolute man.Once he made up his mind to do something,he wont give it up halfway.A.weak B.firm C.kind D.cleverB B2.In many countries there are two financial extremes,from penury to great wealth.A.便士 B.温饱 C.非常贫困 D.虚弱 C第25页/共41页 3.Mrs.Smith is 3.Mrs.Smith is loquaciousloquacious while her husband is while her husband is the silent type.the silent type.A.A.活泼的活泼的 B.B.好动的好动的 C.C.多嘴多舌的多嘴多舌的 D.D.可爱的可爱的 4.Those new comers were not used to the life in 4.Those new comers were not used to the life in the the suburbssuburbs which was so different from that which was so different from that inside the city.inside the city.A.town B.capital C.countryside D.house A.town B.capital C.countryside D.house C CC C第26页/共41页5.Children are always boasting.They say things like “My Dads car is bigger than your Dads,”“My Mom is smarter than yours.”and“My family has more money than yours.”The word“boasting”means _.A.A.骄傲骄傲 B.B.吹牛吹牛 C.C.顽皮顽皮 D.D.幼稚幼稚B B第27页/共41页反义词反义词6.Unlike his brother,who is truly a handsome man,John is quite homely“homely”means“”.uglyUnlike handsome第28页/共41页资金资金 n.7.At the beginning they did nothave enough capital to start a business,nor were they able to borrow the amount of money they needed from the bank.moneynor第29页/共41页Homework:运用今天所学到的解题方法，运用今天所学到的解题方法，完成印发的猜测词义练习。完成印发的猜测词义练习。第30页/共41页 Inquiry-based Activities(II)探究活动(2)第31页/共41页Passage 1Passage 1(NMET2002,E篇)A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle;it can be a basket of fun,according to Beth Anaclerio,an Evaston mother of two,ages 4 and 18 months.What does the under lined word hassle probably mean?A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thought C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests第32页/共41页解析解析:对比法对比法由前句的否定由前句的否定doesntdoesnt与与后句的肯定后句的肯定can becan be这一对比关系，可以推这一对比关系，可以推断出断出,hasslehassle的意思应该与的意思应该与funfun相反相反,而与而与difficulty,troubledifficulty,trouble等相近。故答案为等相近。故答案为C C。第33页/共41页Passage 2Passage 2 A mans position among the black-tent people depends on his ancestors,relatives,and fellow tribesmen.If they are honored,he is also honored.If they are disgraced,he too is disgraced.Therefore one carefully guards the honor of his family,his lineage(宗系),and his tribe.The word“disgrace”means _ in this text.A.honor B.endanger C.proud D.shame D第34页/共41页Passage 3 Passage 3 (NMET2004全国，广东卷)When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently,researchers found that the colors turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective.Eventually,it came on the market in a dark blue and white package-blue because we think of it as safe,and white as calm.第35页/共41页The underlined part“the colors turned the customers off”(in Para.3)means that the colors_.A.had weak effects on the customersB.tricked the customers into shopping C.caused the customers to lose interestD.attracted the customers strongly 通过因果法通过因果法可知答案为可知答案为C C第36页/共41页Passage 4.New York:when the first jet struck 1 World Trade Center at 8:48 am on Tuesday,the people in 2 World Trade Center with a view of the instant damage across the divide had the clearest sense of what they,too,must do:get out fast.Among the uncertainty about what was the best thing to do,formal announcements inside the south tower instructed people to stay put,telling them that the building was in good condition and the threat was limited to the other tower.4.The underlined words“stay put”means_.A.to keep silentB.to leave at once C.to stay in the building D.to put everything back and then leave第37页/共41页Passage 5.All the athletes try to be at the closing ceremony.They have forgotten all their fears and worries.It does not matter whether they have done well or not.All the teams walk round the stadium together.Everybody in the village clears up and gets ready to leave.Everyone is hunting for local products.People exchange track suits,hats,running vest and so on.There is a last chance to take photographs and get addresses of new friends.Then each team starts its journey home.5.The underline phrase“clears up”in the paragraph means_.A.packs up B.goes away C.makes clear D.does the cleaning第38页/共41页第39页/共41页Bye!第40页/共41页感谢您的观看！第41页/共41页