四级翻译练习及方法.ppt

中译英语法和词汇是重点1.首先要判断出待翻译部分在句中的功能、结构和形式。也就是充当什么成分，是否需要被动、倒装和虚拟。2.选词要确切，特别注意搭配是否正确，不要混用近义词和形近词3.翻译后要通读句子，检查拼写、用词、语法和逻辑关系，检查句子是否完整，主谓是否一致，代词和名词是否一致，是否遗漏了结构词、介词Part 1.八种常考语法要点Part2.三种常考词汇要点归纳Part 1.八种常考语法要点v比较结构v用于表示“与相比”的短语v状语从句v名词性从句v定语从句v虚拟语气v倒装结构v并列成分比较结构 常考的考点包括原级和比较级结构，vas+形容词/副词原级（+n.)+as；vmore+形容词/副词比较级+than,vno+形容词/副词比较级+than，va bit/a little/a lot/even/far/greatly/many/much/slightly/still+形容词/副词比较级vno less than“（数目）”多达；与同等重要vno more than“至多，仅仅”vno better than“实际上与一样”比较结构示例1 返回 On average,it is said,visitors spend only _(一半的钱）in a day in Leeds as in London.这里考察的是倍数的表达，后半句有明确的“as”一词。根据倍数的表达公式，空缺部分先填上数字half,接着填as,由于修饰的是钱，不可数，形容词用much，最后是名词money,即：half as much money比较结构示例2vThe more you explain,_（我愈糊涂）.the more confused I am/become 这里考的是the morethe more句型；“糊涂”通常译为be confused,用一般现在时。几组易混淆的比较级形式vlatter/later：latter 表顺序，“后者的”，反义词是former;later 表时间，“后来”，反义词earliervfarther/further:farther 表距离，“更远的”。如：Lets not walk any farther.（我们别再往前走了。）；further表程度，“更进一步地”，如：I have nothing further to say.（我再没有什么可说的了。）几个以or结尾的形容词vSuperior,inferior,prior,senior,junior这些词本身就是比较级了，而且必须与介词to搭配，如：Prior to the Revolutionary War,the United States was an English colony.（在独立战争之前，美国是英国的殖民地。）They are superior in numbers to us.（他们在数量上超过我们。）用来表示“与相比”的短语vCompared with 和in comparison with,可用于同级比较、比较级和最高级。注意不要混淆compare with 和compare to（把比作)例题vYour losses in trade this year are nothing _(与我的相比）.vCompared with mine/in comparison with mine.v翻译时有两点容易出错。一是compared with必须用过去分词形式。此外，句中“我的”其实是my losses的省略形式，但翻译成英语要用物主代词所有格，mine状语从句v1.as/though 引导的让步状语从句v2.hardly/barely/scarcelywhen 和 no sooner than 引导的时间状语从句v3.状语从句特殊的引导词1.as/though 引导的让步状语从句v_（家也许很简陋），theres no place like home,wherever he may go.Humble as it may be.这里as 可以用though。as 在引导让步状语从句时不位于句首，在它前面可以是形容词、名词、副词等；“家”可以用it 代替，因为后文使用的是名词。v_（尽管我很欣赏作为作家的他),I do not like him as a man.Much(as)I admire him as a writer这里“很”可译为much，考虑到句子要倒装，much放在句首。“作为作家”与主句as a man结构上要保持对应，所以可译为as a writer 返回2.hardly/barely/scarcelywhen 和 no sooner than 引导的时间状语从句vNo sooner _(我们一到山顶）than we all sat down to rest.Had we reached the top of the hill no sooner 后面的主谓要部分倒装，其中谓语动词要用过去完成时 返回状语从句特殊的引导词vNow that 既然，由于Now _（既然你熟悉了作者的观点),try reading all the sections as quickly as you possibly can.that you are familiar with the authors ideas由于句首是now，显然考的是now that引导的原因状语从句 in that 由于，因为vCriticism and self-criticism is necessary in _(原因是这有助于）find and correct our mistakes.that it helps to空格前出现in,根据中文分析，显然考的是in that引导的原因状语从句in case/for fear that/lest 以防，万一，以免vGive me your telephone number _（以防万一我需要你的帮助）。vin case I need your helpv以防万一用in case.以防，可以用in case,for fear that,lestvHe was punished lest _（再犯同样的错误）vhe should make the same mistake again.v注意lest后要用should型的虚拟语气Unless 除非v_（政府才能有效运行）unless it is free from such interference.Government cannot operate effectively 由于unless 表示if not 的含义，所以译成否定句Whether or是否vThe substance does not dissolve in water _（不管是否需要加热）.whether(it is)heated or not 考的是whether or 结构，翻译的关键在于“加热”在英语中需要用被动语态。名词性从句vWe agreed to accept _（任何一位他们认为最好的）tourist guide.whoever they thought was the best 引导从句的关系词在从句中作主语，而且是“任何一位”，应该用whoever，而不是whomever 或whovIn some countries,_(所谓的平等）does not really mean equal rights for all people.what is called“equality”“所谓的”即“被称为的”，汉语中的“的字结构”“所字结构”往往用what 引导的主语从句表达定语从句v1.as 引导的定语从句v2.关系代词that与which用法的区别as 引导的定语从句vas 引导的定语从句是常考的考点，特别强调如下：v1）as可以引导非限定性定语从句，相当于which引导的非限定性定语从句，如：I am from Beijing,as you know.相当于 I am from Beijing,which you know.但是，as引导的非限定性定语从句可以放在句首：As you know,I am from Beijing.而which引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在句首。v2）as可以作为关系代词来引导定语从句，既可以单独引导定语从句，又可以与主句中的the same 或such相呼应，从句中的谓语动词常省略。v_(正如所料),the response to the question was very mixed.As(had been)expected as 引导的非限定性定语从句可以放在句首。vThe British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,_(正如发生在其他国家的情形一样).as is often the case in other countries as引导的非限定性定语从句，代替前半句所说的内容。as is often the case 固定表达了“情况也是如此”返回关系代词that与which用法的区别vWhich可以引导一个非限定性定语从句，that不能；which之前可以有介词，that之前不能v只能用that，而不能用which的主要情况：1）当先行词是all,anything,everything,few,little,much,none,nothing,something 等不定代词时 2）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时 3）先行词被the very,the only等词修饰时 vAll _(合理的）is not necessarily practicable.that is reasonable 当先行词是all的时候，非限定性定语从句用that引导There is hardly an environment on earth _（动物种群尚未成功适应）.to which some species of animal or other has not adapted successfullyEnvironment 是先行词，adapt to 是固定搭配。介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。“尚未”用现在完成时表达 返回虚拟语气v虚拟语气用于表语从句及同位语从句中v虚拟语气用于it is+adj./n.+that 结构中v虚拟语气用于宾语从句中v虚拟语气用于某些特定结构中v虚拟语气用于非真实条件句虚拟语气用于表语从句及同位语从句中v表示“建议”、“命令”、“要求”等意义的动词或其相应的名词后面接从句时，从句的谓语动词用“（should)+动词原形”，这类动词包括order,command,demand,insist,maintain,request,ask,propose,suggest,move,desire 等 The professor required that _(我们交研究报告）we hand in our research reports虚拟语气用于it is+adj./n.+that 结构中v此结构的形容词和名词包括：advisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,fundamental,imperative,important,necessary,proper,urgent,vital,a pity,a shame,no wonder that,其虚拟形式是从句的谓语动词为（should)+动词原形 It is highly desirable that a new president _(被任命）for this college.be appointedvIt is essential that these application forms _(尽早寄出去）be sent as early as possible虚拟语气用于宾语从句中vWish 后的宾语从句可以用三种谓语动词形式表示虚拟：1）一般过去时（即were型虚拟）表示对现在情况的假设 2）过去完成时表示对过去情况的假设 3）“would+动词原形”表示对将来的愿望vSometimes I wish I _(生活在）in a different time and different place.were living 考wish后的宾语是表示对现在情况的假设He didnt go to the party,but he does wish he _(当时在那里）.had been there 考wish后宾语对过去情况的假设虚拟语气用于某些特定结构中v用于if only,would rather+从句，as if/though,It is(high)time that 等结构中，与if引导的虚拟结构形式一样vLook at the terrible situation I am in!If only I _(听从了你的建议）.had followed your advice if only 表示的是“要是就好了”，从句表示对过去情况的假设，用had+过去分词.在if only引导的简单句中，表示对现在和将来的虚拟，要用would+动词原形虚拟语气用于非真实条件句时间If从句谓语形式主句谓语形式现在过去式/wereshould/would/could/might+动词原形过去had+过去分词should/would/could/might have+过去分词将来一般过去时were to/should+动词原形should/would/could/might+动词原形vIf I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell you _(现在就不能这样笑了）.vcouldnt be smiling like this nowv从句是对过去的虚拟，主句是对现在的虚拟v注意：从句含were或should时，可以省略if，将were或should放在句首引导条件句，如：Should he be hardworking,he could fulfill the plan on time.v另外，介词with,without 和but for 也可以表达虚拟语气，如：vWith your assistance,we might finish the plan earlier.vMan couldnt live without water.vBut for your co-operation,we would have failed.倒装结构v倒装是重要考点，主要用于以下几种情况：v1）表示否定或限定意义的词或短语位于句首时，v2）so,neither,nor引导的句子承前表示同类情况时v3）地点状语位于句首，动词是come,lie,stand,walk等表示否定或限定意义的词或短语位于句首时，v1）seldom,rarely,never 位于句首时，句子倒装v2）使用Hardly/Scarcelywhen,No soonerthan 结构时，句子倒装v3）当包含Only的状语出现在句首时，句子倒装v4）当包含no的短语出现在句首时，句子倒装。（at no time,under no circumstances,in no way,on no account,on no condition,by no means等vThe organization had broken no rules,but _(但是它也没有负责任地行动）.neither had it acted responsibly 否定副词neither 引出的句子要部分倒装，时态要注意与主句一致，用完成时Only under special circumstances _(允许大一年级学生）to take make-up tests.are freshmen permittedOnly 位于本句句首，并且修饰句中的状语，主谓要部分倒装。Only位于句首修饰主语，则句子不倒装并列成分v并列成分在句中具有相同的功能，如充当句子的主、谓语或宾语、表语等，因此，形式上也应当保持一致。并列成分常见的标志词/词组是：and,or,nor,notbut,rather than,bothand,not only but(also),either or,neither nor等vInitial reports coming out of the region indicate the earthquake has caused_(广泛的破坏和重大的人员伤亡）.vwidespread damage and heavy casualties 要填入的两个部分是动词的两个并列宾语，都采用“形容词+名词”结构，用and连接。注意选词和搭配3种常考词汇要点归纳v相对于语法结构，对词汇的考查更加灵活多变。总的来说，要特别重视动词及其搭配。v1.接动词不定式或动名词的动词及短语v2.表因果关系的动词词组v3.常用短语1.接动词不定式或动名词的动词及短语1）接动名词做宾语的动词及短语：anticipate,appreciate,consider,deny,dislike,enjoy,favor,mind,practise,report,resent,risk,keep,imagine/fancy,recall,defend,justify,include,involve,advise/suggest,admit/acknowledge,despair of,object to,count on,feel like,persevere in,insist on,stick to,persist in,succeed in,look forward to,have(no)trouble/difficulty(in)例题vThe dog only missed _(被车子碾过）having been run over by a car miss表示“躲过”时后面接动名词，且该动名词要用完成时的被动态，碾过用“run over”vHaving spent some time in the city,he had no trouble _（找到去历史博物馆的路）finding the way to the history museum had no trouble 后接动名词，“去的路”用“the way to”v2）接不定式做宾语的动词及短语：refuse,afford,agree,choose,claim,manage,offer,pretend,promise,swear,venture,guarantee,decide/determine/resolve,desire/hope/wish,expect,had better,cannot but,may/might as well,would rather/sooner例题1vThe boy swore _(报复谋杀父亲的凶手）to take revenge on the man who murdered his father/to take revenge on his fathers murderer swore(swear 的过去式)后面接动词的不定式，报复可译成to take revenge on例题2vHe would rather _(和你一起参加工作也不愿待在家里）join you in the work than stay at home 句子的基本结构是would ratherthan,would rather后面要接不带to的不定式，待在家里是并列成分，要采用相同的语法形式 3）接不定式和动名词意思有区别的动词try to do 设法做某事try doing 尝试做某事mean to do 想要做某事mean doing 意味着做某事Propose to do打算做某事Propose doing 建议做某事Forget to do 忘记要做某事Forget doing 忘记已做某事Remember to do记得要做某事Remember doing记得已做过某事Regret to do 遗憾将要做某事Regret doing 遗憾已做过某事Go on to do 接下来做（另一件事）Go on doing 继续做（原来的事）Stop to do 停下来去做（另一件事）Stop doing停止做某事2.表因果关系的动词词组v能表达因果关系的动词词组往往成为考点 1）attribute to/love to “把孩子的成功归功于”;2）lead to/result in“导致”；3)give rise to“引起，导致，为的原因”；4)result from/arise from“是的结果”；5)originate in/from“起源于，由引起”；6)be responsible for“作为原由的”例题vBy contrast,American mothers were more likely _(把孩子的成功归功于）natural talent.to attribute their childrens success to 考的是attribute sth.to sth.,注意attribute 的拼写，不要和contribute 和distribute等混淆。此外，be likely to 也是考点之一，稍不留神就会把to漏掉3.常用短语v1.动词短语v2.形容词短语v3.介词短语v4.名词短语v5.易混词1.动词短语vhave access to 有机会接近、进入或享用vtakeinto account/consideration 考虑到vaccuse sb.of doing sth.指责某人做某事vadapt to 适应vtake advantage of 利用，占的便宜vapprove of 赞成，称许vassure sb.of sth.使某人确信某事vbenefit by/from sth.得益于某事vcharge sb.with sth.vcharge sb.(money)for sth.要价，要某人付钱买某物v comment on sth./make comments on sth.评论某事vconcentrate(ones attention)on/upon把某人的注意力集中在vconvince sb.of sth.说服某人做某事vcome/go into effect 实施，生效vtake effect 生效，起作用vbe entitled to(do)sth.对享有权利，有做某事的资格、权利vfind fault with 抱怨，找茬，挑剔vfocus on(doing)sth.集中于（做）某事，vcatch a glimpse of sth./sb.瞥见某事/某人vinform sb.of/about sth.通知、告知某人某事vbe/get involved in sth.参与、卷入某事vkeep/hold pace(with)（与)齐步前进vmake sense 讲得通，有意义，言之有理vspend(time,money,etc.)on sth./in doing sth.花(时间、金钱等）做某事vtake for 把认为是；把看成是2.形容词短语vbe accustomed/used to(doing)sth.习惯于做某事vbe ashamed of 认为是耻辱，为感到羞愧vbe(well/fully)aware of（完全）意识到vbe committed to 致力于，交付于；被提交到vbe composed of 由组成vbe concerned about 关心vbe concerned with 牵涉到，与有关vbe conscious of 意识到vbe consistent with 与一致vbe content with 对感到满意，满足于vbe critical of 对某事持批评态度的vbe familiar with对熟悉vbe familiar to 为.所熟悉vbe ignorant of/about对不了解，不知道vbe inferior to 在之下，次于，不如vbe jealous of sb./sth.忌妒、羡慕某人或某事vfeel/be nervous about/of(doing)sth.担心、害怕做某事vBe optimistic about 对感到乐观、有信心vbe relevant to 有 有关vbe sensitive to 对敏感的vbe similar to 与相似，类似于vbe superior to 胜过，比好vbe/feel uneasy about/at sth.对某事感到不安、忧虑3.介词短语von/in behalf of 代表，为了vin case 假使，以防（接从句）vin case of 假使，如果发生；防备（接名词）vin charge(of)管理，负责vbe in(out of)contact with 和（脱离）接触，有（失去）联系 vto a certain(large)extent在一定（很大）程度上vin favor of 支持，赞同vin honor of 为了向表示敬意，为纪念vin particular 特别，尤其von the point of 正要之际，就要.之时von purpose 故意，有意vfor the sake of 为了起见，看在份上4.名词短语va heart attack 心脏病发作va tourist attraction 游览胜地va case in point有关的事例，例证vheavy rain/snow/traffic大雨/大雪/拥挤的交通vopening/closing/degree/graduation ceremony开幕式/闭幕式/授予学位仪式/毕业典礼vdomestic market/goods/products国内市场/国产货vsevere punishment/pain/injuries/drought/storm 严厉的惩罚/剧痛/重伤/严重的旱灾/猛烈的风暴5.易混词award 奖，奖品，奖金reward报答，奖赏，报酬，酬金attribute 把.归因于contribute 贡献，捐献，捐款，投稿confirm证实；确认；批准conform遵照；一致；符合considerate体贴的considerable 相当大（多）的continual多次重复的，频频的continuous连续不断的，不断延伸economic 经济上的economical节约的effective效果好的efficient效率高的electric 由电产生的，带电的electrical有关电或电学方面的source发源地；来源；出处resource资源，财力；应付办法historic有历史意义的，历史上有名historical与历史有关的preserve保持；保存；腌制reserve 保留，留存；预定extensive广泛的intensive深入的excessive 过度的assure 使确信，使放心ensure担保，确信insure给保险transfer搬；调动；转学；转车transform 使改观，改革；把转换成transmit播送，发射；传送，传染