问卷法Questionnaire学习教程.pptx
Content:1.Definition2.A brief description3.The main parts of a questionnaire4.The design of questionnaire5.Scaling techniques6.Selecting subjects7.Administering the questionnaire第1页/共39页1.DefinitionQuestionnaires are any written instruments that present respondents with a series of questions or statements to which they are to react either by writing or their answers or selecting from among existing answers.Brown,2001:6 第2页/共39页The term“questionnaire”refers to an instrument for the collection of data,usually in written form,consisting of open/closed questions and other probes requiring a response from subjects.Nunan,2002:231 第3页/共39页 A survey study usually involves a relatively large sample and is descriptive in nature.It either describes the features of a few variables or the relation between two or more variables.A survey study may be cross-sectional,when data are collected from different people at the same point in time;it may be longitudinal,when data are collected from the same group of people at different points over a period of time.2.A brief description第4页/共39页3.The main parts of a questionnaireTitleInstruction:Instructions are of two types:-general instruction at the beginning of the questionnaire -specific instructions introducing each new task(3)Questionnaire items(4)Additional information(5)Final“thank you”第5页/共39页4.The design of questionnaire Criteria for a good questionnaire:(1)Having high internal validityBy saying a questionnaire should have high internal validity means that items in the questionnaire must measure the variables you really want to investigate.But some researchers might fail to meet the criteria because of lack of skills or experience.Actually,having low internal validity is a common flaw occurring in a questionnaire constructed by a novice researcher第6页/共39页A MA student wanted to investigate students degree of anxiety in speaking L2,the following three items were part of her questionnaire:I try to avoid answering questions in class.I try sit in the corner of the classroom so that I will not be asked questions frequently by the teacher.(1)I do not like to speak in the public.第7页/共39页4.2 Taking a professional outlookHow a questionnaire looks can affect the attitude of the respondents which in turn influence the quality of their response.You should avoid clipping or stating papers together if a questionnaire contains more than 5 pages.One question should not be printed across two page.You should avoid crowing questions together to make the questionnaire looks shorter.(1)The paper for printing should be of high quality and the printing itself must be clear and easy to read.第8页/共39页4.3 The process of designing a questionnaireSelecting the mode of administration.Specifying what kind of data you intend to collect.Determining the way you process the questionnaire data.Deciding on the content of individual item.Choosing questions structure.Determining the order of questions.Deciding the format of the questionnaire.Conducting a pilot study to test the questionnaire.(1)第9页/共39页(1)Selecting the mode of administration.Two common models:By person:A group of subjects usually answer the same questionnaire together.The organizer gives the respondents instructions on how to respond to the questionnaire and clarifications if there are any ambiguous items.The organizer can also check whether the respondents has responded to all the items and thus the rate of data can be greatly reduced.第10页/共39页By mail:If the respondents are spread out in different cities or even in different countries what you can do is to mail the questionnaire to the target people.Researchers cannot control the overall response rate of missing items.Even if a questionnaire is returned,s/he cannot be sure that questionnaire is filled out by the people s/he expected and under which circumstances the questionnaire is completed.第11页/共39页(2)Specifying what kind of data you intend to collect.At this stage,you have to understand what kind of data you really want to collect.There are five type of information.Experience/behaviour(what a respondent does)Opinion(what a respondent thinks)Feeling(what a respondent feels)Knowledge/abilities(what a respondent knows and what is he able to do)Background(such as date of birth,age,gender,martial status)第12页/共39页Novice researchers cannot clearly differentiate belief items from behavior items.The structure of belief item is“I think/believe that”I think learning an L2 well requires painstaking effort is to find out the respondents opinion or view rather than behavior.I put a lot of effort into learning an L2 is to investigate students behavior rather than the view.第13页/共39页(3)Determining the way you process the questionnaire data.Individual-item-based(单个题目问卷)If the basic unit in the data analysis is an individual item,such as describing frequency and the mean of one isolate item,then such a questionnaire is called individual-item-based.The construction of such a questionnaire is comparatively simple and easy because it does not involve setting up conceptual categories.However,this kind of questionnaire has very limited value because its results are less generalizable.第14页/共39页If the data-analysis is to be on categories,each of which contains a few questionnaire items,you must established either by a top-down approach or by a bottom-up approach.By top-down approach you construct conceptual categories based on logical arguments or exsisting theories theories before you design specific items.By bottom-up approach,you simply write down whatever items occur in your mind.You then classify these items into categories.第15页/共39页(4)Deciding on the content of individual item.If a questionnaire is intended to contain several categories,you have to consider whether the items designed cover all the categories and whether each categories contains an adequate number of items.For example:Categories nameItem No.Form-focused belief2,4,5,7,9Meaning-focused belief1,3,6,8,10Form-focused strategies11,13,16,18,20Meaning-focused strategies12,14,15,17,19第16页/共39页To avoid poorly-worded questions,the following are some of the suggestions made by Malhotra(1993)and Bernard(1994).Use ordinary wordsAvoid leading questionsUsing dual statements:positive and negativeBeing caution in translation第17页/共39页第18页/共39页(5)Choosing questions structure.There are two types of questions:open-ended questions or unstructured questions.Open-ended questions refers to those whose answers are in the respondents own words and are difficult to predict.And these questions are always begin with“wh-”.In fact,this type of question is typically used to collect qualitative data.第19页/共39页In closed-questions or structured questions,the researcher provides respondents with a set of response alternatives.In other words,the respondents have to select one response out of the alternatives provided.They do not have the freedom to use their own words to express their response.The closed-questions may be multiple-choice,dichotomous or a scale.第20页/共39页a.Multiple-choice:the researchers offers a set of answers and respondents is expected to choose one or more alternatives given.b.Dichotomous questions:it has only two alternatives to choose.c.Scales:a scale is continuum upon which a set of alternative choices are placed.For example:Do you guess the meaning of the new words when reading English novels for pleasure?Never Occasionally sometimes often very often 1 2 3 4 5第21页/共39页(6)Determining the order of questions.Background information firstGeneral questions before specific questions(7)Deciding the format of the questionnaire.Before you print out questionnaire,you need to decide the format,space and the position of the question.Research find that questions place at the top receive more attention than the bottom.(8)Conducting a pilot study to test the questionnaire.A pilot study is one in which a questionnaire is tested on a small sample of respondents to detect and overcome potential problems.第22页/共39页5.Scaling techniquesScaling techniquesComparativeNoncomparativePaired comparisonRank orderSemanticdifferentialLikert第23页/共39页Paired comparison scaling:as its name suggests,only offers two choices to be the respondent who is asked to compare them according to some criterion.When you speak English,which of the following two aspects do you pay more attention to?(1)Accuracy(2)Fluency第24页/共39页Rank order scalingDifferent from paired comparison,rank order scaling expects respondents to order or rank more than two choices with the reference to some certain criterion.When do you want to pay more efforts into learning English?When I get higher scores on the English test.When I was praised by my English teacher in class.(1)When I obtain a prize in an English speaking competion.第25页/共39页Semantic differential scaleThe semantic differential scale is a five-point or seven-point rating scale with end points associated with bipolar labels that have the opposite semantic meaning.The subject mark the blank that best indicates their views or behaviors.(1)How much do your parents encourage you to study English?Not at all _;_;_;_;_;_;_;Very much(2)How do you think of Enngish?Interesting _;_:_;_:_;_;_;Boring 第26页/共39页One things that has to be emphasized here is that the negative adjectives or phrases sometimes appear at the left side of the scale and sometimes at the right.This controls the tendency of some subjects particularly those with very positive or very negative attitudes,making the right-or left-hand side without reading the labels.第27页/共39页The subjects were asked to evaluate their reasons for learning English on a four point-scale.1=not important2=somewhat important3=important4=very importantIt is called a Likert scale and it was first introduced by Rensis Likert.第28页/共39页To conduct the analysis,each response is assigned a numerical score,ranging from 1 to 4.When we use this approach to determine the total score for each subject,it is important to use a consistent scoring procedure so that a high(or low)score consistently reflects a favorable response.This requires that the numerical value assigned to the negative statement by the subjects be scored by reversing the value.Note for a negative statement,an agreement reflects an unfavorable response,whereas for a positive statement,reflects a favorable response.Accordingly,a“strong disagree”to a negative statement would both receive the same score.第29页/共39页6.Selecting subjects“You cannot study everyone anywhere doing everything”Miles and Huberman,1994:27The common practice is to select a sample from the population to study,hoping the findings from the sample can be applied to the whole.第30页/共39页6.1 Random sampling techniquesThere are three basic random sampling techniques:simple random sampling,systematic random sampling and stratified random sampling.(1)Simple random samplingIt is the basic for the other two.By a Simple random sampling,each unit is numbered from 1 to N(the size of population).Next,a table of random number is used to select n items to the sample.第31页/共39页第32页/共39页(2)systematic random sampling If the population is large but the intended sample size is small,simple random sampling is not suitable because the sample selected might not be evenly distributed among the population.It can make sure that the subjects selected are evenly spread out among the population,and we need to know the interval.Interval=the total number of the population/the size of the sampleIf the interval happens to be number with a decimal,you need to round it off into a whole number.第33页/共39页Suppose that the total number of a population consists of 900 students and you would like to select 30 students out of them as a random sample.The interval is 900/30=30The first number is 915900 (No)The second 674 (OK)The third 674+30674,704,734,764,794,824,854,884,914-900第34页/共39页(3)Stratified random samplingFor example:900 students,30 female.a.You want to get a sample of 30 students in which male and female are balanced.If we use systematic random sampling female maybe far less than 10%.In this case we should choose15out of 90 female and 15 from the 810 female.b.If you want your sample of 30 students to represent the original gender,that is 10%female and 90%male.First,you divided the students into male and female,and then by systematic random sampling,you get 3 out of 90 female and 27 out of the 810 male.(4)Convenience sampling第35页/共39页6.2 what needs to be considered in subject selection?How many subjects will involved in the study,and why?How will the subjects be selected and to what extent can the chosent subject represent the population,and why?How many times will the subjects be involved in the study,and why?A large sample size or a relatively small one?A random sample or a convenient sample?(1)Longitudinal or cross-sectional?第36页/共39页7.Administering the questionnaireApproaching the subjects professionallyTrying to have face to face administratingA good environment and suitable timing第37页/共39页何光铿，黄冰，勒妍（2009），英语教学研究方法，广东高等教育出版社。文秋芳（2004),应用语言学研究方法与论文写作，外语教育与研究出版社。Nunan(2002),Research Methods in Language Learning，Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Wen Qiufang(2004),Applied Linguistics Research Methods and Thesis Writing,Foreign language Teaching and Research Press.参考目录参考目录第38页/共39页感谢您的观看！第39页/共39页
