英语句子成分ppt.pptx
概念：组成句子的各个部分，即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语，主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。第1页/共58页主语主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。第2页/共58页主语（subject）:句子叙述的主体，一般位于句首The sun rises in the east.（名词）He likes dancing.（代词）Twenty years is a short time in history.(数词)Seeing is believing.（动名词）第3页/共58页讲述“谁”Weworkinabigfactory.讲述“什么”Theclassroomisverybig.数词作主语Threeareenough.三个人就够了不定式作主语TooperateontheblindisoneoftheORBISDoctorsjob.从句作主语Whatweneedisfood.我们最需要的是食物.在“Therebe”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：Therearesomebottlesofmilkinthebox.第4页/共58页在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如：Itisveryinterestingtoplaythegamecalled“treatortrick”.Ittooktwoworkersaboutthreemonthstobuildthehouse.第5页/共58页To see is to believe.（不定式）What he needs is a book.（主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.形式主语形式主语真正主语真正主语It=that the elephant is round and tall like a tree第6页/共58页The rich should help the poor.名词化的形容词名词化的形容词第7页/共58页1.Doexerciseisgoodforyourhealth.2.Eattoomuchmeatisbadforyourhealth.V.不能做主语！不能做主语！第8页/共58页指出下列句中主语的中心词Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.介词不能作主语Thereisanoldmancominghere.There is an apple on the table.An apple is there on the table.第9页/共58页Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.Todotodayshomeworkwithouttheteachershelpisverydifficult.第10页/共58页找出下面句子的主语1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.3.Cleaningthehouseneedsalotoftime.主语小测主语小测第11页/共58页单选：1.Marywithhertwodaughters_goingtoShanghaiforExplo 2010 nextmonth.A.areB.wasC.isD.were2._moreexercisedoesgoodtoyourhealth.A.DoB.DoesC.DidD.Doing3._isimpossibletofinishthisjobbeforeWednesday.A.ThatB.ThisC.ItD.They第12页/共58页谓语：说明主语是什么，做什么或怎么样。由动词充当，主语和谓语在人称和数上必须保持一致。谓语动词存在多种时态，它是句子的核心。第13页/共58页Heisverygenerous.ShelooksverysmartandcoolWehavefinishedthejob.HecanspeakGerman.第14页/共58页谓语（predicate）:是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。Iloveyou!Theywenttosleepverylatelastnight.Hepractisesrunningeverymorning.第15页/共58页Theplanetookoffat10oclock.Howoftendoyougoshopping?Whydidntyoucomebacklastnight?简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成第16页/共58页Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcough.Wearesudents.Thatideasoundsgreat!复合谓语：复合谓语：1.情态动词情态动词助动词助动词+v 2.系动词系动词+adj.第17页/共58页Open the door,please!Go and get some water for me.Dont laugh at others!Dont come back late tonight.祈使句：1.省略主语you2.谓语动词用原形第18页/共58页找出下列句子的谓语Idontlikethepictureonthewall.Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?第19页/共58页Tomdidntdohishomeworkyesterday.Wehadbettersendforadoctor.Heisinterestedinmusic.Whomdidyougivemybookto?11.Putawayyourbooksrightnow!第20页/共58页按要求找出下列句子的主谓：1.Treesturngreenwhenspringcomes.（主谓）2.Hebrokeapieceofglass.（谓）3.Dontgetnervous，andhelpyourselftowhatyoulike（主谓）4.Luckilythe1989earthquakedidnothappeninthecenteroftown.（主谓）5.Therearemanypeopleinthehall.（主）6.Wouldyoupleasepassmethecup?（主谓）主谓小测主谓小测祈使句祈使句,省略主语省略主语you第21页/共58页1.Itisdifficultforme_somuchworkwithinonenight.Canyouhelpme?A.finishB.finishingC.tofinishD.finished2.Johnwithtwoofhisfriends_toplaybasketballeverySundayafternoon.A.goB.wentC.goesD.gone单选：单选：Itsadj.forsbtodosth.做某事对某人来说是做某事对某人来说是的的形式主语真正的主语 to finish第22页/共58页3._upearly,oryouwillmisstheearlybus.A.GotB.GetC.GettingD.Gets4._upearlyisgoodforyourhealth.A.GotB.GetC.GettingD.Gets5.Wow!Thecaketastes_!CanIhaveonemore?A.wellB.deliciouslyC.badD.good祈使句，谓语动词用原形祈使句，谓语动词用原形动名词做主语动名词做主语感官动词感官动词+adj.第23页/共58页表语：说明主语是说明或怎么样，由名词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、介词短语、句子等充当。它的位置在系动词后面。第24页/共58页形容词作表语Youlookyoungerthanbefore.名词作表语Myfatherisateacher.副词作表语Everyoneishere.介词短语作表语Theyareatthetheatre.不定式作表语MyjobistoteachthemEnglish.动名词作表语Herjobistrainingthenurses.从句作表语Thatiswhyhedidntcometoschoolyesterday.第25页/共58页宾语:表示动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、V-ing、从句充当，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。第26页/共58页如：名词作宾语Heneverforgivesothersfortheirmistakes.代词做宾语Heoftenhelpsme.不定式作宾语Helikestosleepintheopenair.动名词作宾语TheAmericansenjoyedlivinginChina.从句做宾语Ibelievethattheycanfinishtheworkintime.第27页/共58页直接宾语和间接宾语及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如：We brought them some food.主 谓 间宾 直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。第28页/共58页宾语的补足语在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.第29页/共58页名词作宾补Ifyouletmego,Illmakeyouking.形容词作宾补Dontmakeyourhandsdirty.副词作宾补WefoundLiMingoutwhenwearrived.介词短语作宾补Makeyourselfathome.省略to的不定式作宾补Isawagirlgointothebuilding.带to的不定式作宾补Theboyorderedthedogtoliedown.现在分词作宾补Thebosskeptthemworkingallday.过去分词作宾补Yesterdayhegothislegbroken.第30页/共58页在英语中,常见的“宾语宾语补足语”的结构有：“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：call,name,make,find,choose,think,leave等。We call him Jack.They made Li Lei their monitor.“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think,believe,leave,drive,make,keep,turn,wish,want等。如：Do you think his idea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We cant leave him alone.Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?第31页/共58页“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down,up,here,there,home,in,out,anywhere等。如：Lethimin/out.Mr.Lidroveushome.Whengotthere,wefoundhimout.“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如：Wefoundeverythingingoodorder.Weregardhimasourgoodfriend.Heopenedthedoorandfoundsomeofhisfriendsintherain.第32页/共58页“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种：A要求带to的不定式Thecoolwaterofthelakeinvitedustoswim.B要求不带to的不定式let,make,see,hear,watch等Thebossmadetheworkerswork12hoursaday.IoftenhearhimreadEnglishinhisroom.C单词help后可加to或不加toShesometimeshelpshermother(to)dohousework.“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。Isawthemplayingontheplayground.IheardMarysingingintheclassroom.“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。Ihadmybikestolen.Theteacherexplainedagainandagaintomakehimselfunderstood.第33页/共58页形式宾语形容词WefounditimpossibletogettherebeforeSaturday.宾语+what从句Callmewhatyoulike.Mr.Lihasmadethefactorywhatitistoday.Themountainvillageisdifferentfromwhatitwastenyearsago.第34页/共58页宾语：动宾表示行为的对象，放在及物动词或者介词之后。IlikeChina.Hehatesyou.Howmanydoyouneed?WeneedtwoWeshouldhelptheoldandthepoor.IenjoyworkingwithyouIhopetoseeyouagain.Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?第35页/共58页Heisafraidofher-hisheadteacher.Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.介词后面的宾语：介宾注意：人称代词要用宾格Idecidedtogowith_.A.heB.hisC.herD.theyE.she第36页/共58页Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney.间接宾语(sb)+直接宾语(sth)：双宾第37页/共58页IthinkithardtofinishthisdifficultjobbeforeSunday.形式宾语形式宾语真正宾语真正宾语第38页/共58页Mybrotherhasntdonehishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourjob.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?找出下列句子的宾语第39页/共58页5.Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?6.Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.7.Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.8.Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.9.Theythinkitimpossibletogettothestationinsuchashorttime.第40页/共58页定语：用来修饰名词或代词。由形容词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、从句充当。单词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或句子作定语放在被修饰才之后。第41页/共58页定语定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。第42页/共58页形容词作定语Theblackbikeismine.代词作定语Whatsyourname?名词作定语Theymadesomepaperflowers.介词短语作定语 TheboysintheroomareinClassThree,GradeOne.不定式作短语Ihavelotstoeatanddrink.从句作定语ThetallboywhoisstandingthereisPeter.第43页/共58页在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。修饰不定代词something,anything,nothing,something,anyone,somebody,anybody,nobody的定语必须后置。如：WellgotohavesomethingEnglish.Ifyoudontknowtheanswer,asksomeoneelse.Doyouhaveanythingimportanttotellme?介词短语作定语时要后置。如：Doyouknowtheboybehindthetree?Thestudentsintheroomareallmyfriends.Ithinkthepictureontheleftisbetterthantheoneontheright.第44页/共58页动词的不定式作定语时要后置Whataboutsomethingtodrink?IhavenotimetotraveltoChinaisinAutumnorinSpring.注动词不定式作主语时，to后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。Doyouhaveanypieceofmusictolistento?nearby,below,downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如：Weareatthetopofthehill.Canyouseethevillagebelow?Thepeopledownstairsarelisteningtoatalknow?Theytooktheboytothehospitalnearbyatonce.第45页/共58页状语：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、条件、目的、方式、程度等等。通常由副词、介词短语、不定式或句子充当。（若在同一句子中出现多个不同状语，常见的4个的顺序为：方式状语、目的状语、地点状语、时间状语。）第46页/共58页状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如：HediditcarefullyTheymissedmeverymuch.Withouthishelp,wecouldntworkitout.Inordertocatchupwithmyclassmates,Imuststudyhard.WhenIwasyoung,Icouldswimwell.第47页/共58页副词作状语的位置：放在句中修饰动词，通常是be动词之后，实义动词之前，助动词和实义动词之间，如usually,often，sometime，seldom，never，also，only，ever，still放在句末修饰动词，如verymuch，alot，quickly，fast，high，slowly修饰形容词或副词时反复在它们前面，如verygood，soearly有的副词在句子中位置灵活，如already，only，sometime这些应该都是要掌握的，是我们学校的英语老师总结的，在英语复习书上作为语法精讲，我把一些例子删去了，希望能够帮到你。第48页/共58页(一).指出下列句中主语的中心词(4分，4分钟)Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.Thereisanoldmancominghere.Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.Todotodayshomeworkwithouttheteachershelpisverydifficult.第49页/共58页(二).选出句中谓语的中心词(10分，10分钟)Idontlikethepictureonthewall.A.dontB.likeC.pictureD.wallThedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summerDoyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.busTherewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoonDidthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfastTomdidntdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didntC.doD.hishomeworkWhatIwanttotellyouisthis.A.wantB.totellC.youD.isWehadbettersendforadoctor.A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctorHeisinterestedinmusic.A.isB.interestedC.inD.musicWhomdidyougivemybookto?A.giveB.didC.whomD.book第50页/共58页三)挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟）Mybrotherhasntdonehishomework.ABCDPeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.ABCDYoumustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.ABCDHowmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?ABCDSomeofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?ABCDTheoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.ABCDTheymadehimmonitoroftheclass.ABCDGoacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.ABCDYouwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.ABCDTheydidntknowwhoFatherChristmasreallyis.ABCD第51页/共58页(四)挑出下列句中的表语(5分，5分钟)Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.ABCDWhyisheworriedaboutJim?ABCDTheleaveshaveturnedyellow.ABCDSoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.ABCDShewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.ABCD第52页/共58页(五)挑出下列句中的定语(6分，6分钟)TheyuseMr.Mrs.withthefamilyname.ABCDWhatisyourgivenname?ABCDOnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.ABCDIamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.ABCDThemandownstairswastryingtosleep.ABCDIamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!ABCD第53页/共58页(六)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语(6分，6分钟)Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.ABCDHeaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.ABCDShefounditdifficulttodothework.ABCDTheycallmeLilysometimes.ABCDIsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.ABCDDidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?ABCD第54页/共58页(七)挑出下列句中的状语（8分，8分钟）Therewasabigsmileonherface.ABCDEverynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.ABCDHebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.ABCDThemanonthemotorbikewastravellingtofast.ABCDWiththemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.ABCDShelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.ABCDIamafraidthatifyouvelostit,youmustpayforit.ABCDThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.ABCD第55页/共58页(八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语(5分，5分钟)Pleasetellusastory.Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.Didheleaveanymessageforme?第56页/共58页第57页/共58页感谢您的观看！第58页/共58页
