英语句子成分句型.pptx

翻译并指出其语言单位名称1.a heavy rain 2.in the laboratory 1什么叫句子？什么叫句子？一场大雨 语言单位名称：名词短语3.a man always writing articlesa man always writing articles一个常写文章的人 语言单位名称：名词短语在实验室 语言单位名称：介词短语第1页/共78页4.mentally and physically healthy 5.see a film 1 身心健康 语言单位名称：形容词短语6.Mr.Li will visit you at 2：00 pm.李先生下午两点会来拜访你。语言单位名称：句子看电影语言单位名称：动词短语7.Stand up 7.Stand up！站起来！语言单位名称：句子第2页/共78页1 一个主谓结构就是一个句子。通常，主语和谓语是句子必不可少的两个组成部分，祈使句可省略主语。第3页/共78页*句子成分由词或词组充当英语的基本成分有七种：_和_主语（subjectsubject）、谓语（predicatepredicate）、表语（predicativepredicative）、宾语（objectobject）、定语（attributeattribute）、状语(adverbial)(adverbial)补语（complementcomplement）。首先，让我们来了解一下主语，谓语，宾语，表语。第4页/共78页1.1.主语主语 (Subject)(Subject)表示句子说的是表示句子说的是“什么人什么人”或或 “什么事什么事”。通常由名词、代词、主语从句或动名词短语等充当。通常由名词、代词、主语从句或动名词短语等充当。例如：例如：1.1.My teacherMy teacher hates telling lies.hates telling lies.（指老师这个人）（指老师这个人）2.2.Great changesGreat changes have taken place in China in have taken place in China in the past thirty years.the past thirty years.（所发生的事情（所发生的事情 很多大的变化很多大的变化）第5页/共78页2.谓语(Predicate)说明主语说明主语“做什么做什么”“是什么是什么”或或 “怎么样怎么样”。通常由动词或动词短语结合时态、语态、语气等充当。通常由动词或动词短语结合时态、语态、语气等充当。要弄清两个概念：要弄清两个概念：及物动词：后面直接接宾语的动词；及物动词：后面直接接宾语的动词；不及物动词：后面不能直接接宾语的动词。不及物动词：后面不能直接接宾语的动词。例如：例如：1.Children 1.Children likelike playing games.playing games.2.They 2.They were talking aboutwere talking about a new film.a new film.第6页/共78页3.宾语(Object)常指及物动词或介词后面使之意思完整的词常指及物动词或介词后面使之意思完整的词或短语。常由名词、代词、动词不定式或动或短语。常由名词、代词、动词不定式或动名词短语等充当。名词短语等充当。例如：例如：1.She has finished 1.She has finished doing the experimentdoing the experiment.2.We like 2.We like EnglishEnglish and are good at and are good at it it.第7页/共78页4.表语(Predicative)与系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质特征等。与系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质特征等。常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、短语或从句等充当。常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、短语或从句等充当。例如：例如：1.Her grandfather is 1.Her grandfather is an engineeran engineer.2.The two countries were 2.The two countries were at warat war then.then.3.The fact seems 3.The fact seems that he didnthat he didnt notice the cart notice the car.第8页/共78页系系系系动动动动词词词词分分两两类类：be,be,be,be,look,look,look,look,keep,keep,keep,keep,seemseemseemseem等等，表表情情况况；get,grow,become,turnget,grow,become,turnget,grow,become,turnget,grow,become,turn等属另一类，表变化。等属另一类，表变化。be be 本本身身没没有有什什么么意意义义,只只起起连连系系主主语语和和表表语语的的作作用用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词感官动词感官动词感官动词多可用作连系动词：多可用作连系动词：look well/look well/面色好面色好,sound,sound nice/nice/听起来不错听起来不错,feel good/,feel good/感觉好，感觉好，smell bad/smell bad/难闻难闻 第9页/共78页二、按照句子的结构来分，英语的句子有二、按照句子的结构来分，英语的句子有以下三种类型：以下三种类型：1 1、简单句、简单句：简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）。如：My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.2 2、并列句：并列句由并列连词或分号“；”把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。如：It is late,so we must hurry.第10页/共78页3、复合句：复合句中含有一个或一个以上的从句。如：If we want to keep fit,we must always remember that prevention is better than cure.从以上并列句和复合句的例句来看，我们不难看出它们实际上是由几个简单句通过并列连词或从属连词连接起来的。因此，只要我们掌握了简单句的几种基本句型，我们就可以通过在句中寻找起连接作用的连词来分析复杂的句子。第11页/共78页英英语语句句子子的的基基本本结结构构可可以以归归纳纳成成五五种种基基本本句句型型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一：（主谓）二：（主系表）三：（主谓宾）四：（主谓间宾直宾）五：（主谓宾宾补）第12页/共78页基本句型基本句型 一：一：（不及物动词）（不及物动词）1.Thesunrose.2.Whocares?3.Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.4.Theytalkedforhalfanhour.5.Thepenwritessmoothly此句型的句子有一个此句型的句子有一个共同特点共同特点，即句子的谓语，即句子的谓语动词动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。第13页/共78页基本句型二：（主系表）此此句句型型的的句句子子有有一一个个共共同同的的特特点点：句句子子谓谓语语动动词词都都不不能能表表达达一一个个完完整整的的意意思思，必必须须加加上上一一个个表表明明主主语语身身份份或或状状态态的的表表语语构构成成复复合合谓谓语语，才才能能表表达达完完整整的的意思。这类意思。这类动词动词叫做连系动词。叫做连系动词。第14页/共78页（是系动词）（表语）1.ThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Thedinnersmellsgood.3.Hefellinlove.4.Everythinglooksdifferent.5.Heisgrowingtallandstrong.6.Ourwellhasgonedry.7.Hisfaceturnedred.第15页/共78页*Therebe结构：There There be be 表表示示存存在在有有。这这里里的的therethere没没有有实实际际意意义义，不不可可与与副副词词therethere那那里里混淆。混淆。此结构后跟名词，表示此结构后跟名词，表示（存在）有某事物（存在）有某事物 试试比比较较：There There is is a a boy boy therethere.（那那儿儿有有一一个个男男孩。）孩。）前前一一个个therethere无无实实意意，后后一一个个therethere为为副副词词那那里里。第16页/共78页基本句型三：（主谓宾）此此句句型型句句子子的的共共同同特特特特点点点点是是：谓谓语语动动词词都都都都具具具具有有有有实实实实义义义义，都都都都是是是是主主主主语语语语产产产产生生生生的的的的动动动动作作作作，但但不不能能表表达达完完整整的的意意思思，必必必必须须须须跟跟跟跟有有有有一一一一个个个个宾宾宾宾语语语语，即即动动作作的的承承受受者者，才才能能使使意意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。第17页/共78页（及物动词）（宾语）1.Whoknowstheanswer?2.Hehasrefusedtohelpthem.3.Heenjoysreading.4.HesaidGoodmorning.5.Headmitsthathewasmistaken.第18页/共78页基本句型四：（主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，egeg：buy,find,buy,find,bring,give,teach,tell,lend,offer,bring,give,teach,tell,lend,offer,promise,give/pass/bring/showpromise,give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常。这两个宾语通常一个指人一个指人(间接宾语间接宾语)；一个指物；一个指物(直接宾语直接宾语)。-Give me a cup of tea please.-Give me a cup of tea please.-Give me a cup of tea please.-Give me a cup of tea please.-Show this house to Mr.Smith.-Show this house to Mr.Smith.-Bring it to me,please.-Bring it to me,please.第19页/共78页（及物）（多指人）（多指物）1.Sheorderedherselfanewdress.2.Hebroughtyouadictionary.3.Ishowedhimmypictures.4.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.5.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.第20页/共78页 注意：有些动词引导的间接宾语可改为to引导的短语，这类动词有give,hand,show,send,bring,pass,lend,teach,tell,write,throw,sell,email等，表示动作是对谁做的。如：Can you lend us your car?=Can you lend your car to us?有些动词引导的间接宾语可改为for引导的短语，这类动词有buy,play,get,make,order,choose,sing,pay等，表示动作是为谁做的。如：My uncle boughtme a watch.=My uncle bought a watch for me.第21页/共78页一 找出下列句中的直接宾语。1.She gave me her telephone number.2.Bring me some water,please.3.Ill make you some fresh tea.4.He sang us a folk song.5.She showed me her paintings.二 改为同义句 6 Tom gave me a nice pen.Tom_ a nice pen_ me.7 My mother bought my little sister a pink shirt.My mother_ a pink shirt_ my little sister.8 She cooked us a delicious meal.She _ a delicious meal _us.9 Tim showed me his nice T-shirt.Tim_ his nice T-shirt_ me.10 She made me a cup of coffee.She_ a cup of coffee_ me.gavetoboughtforcookedforshowedtomadefor第22页/共78页基本句型五：（主谓宾宾补）此此句句型型的的句句子子的的共共共共同同同同特特特特点点点点是是：动动词词虽虽然然是是及及物物动动词词，但但是是只只跟跟一一个个宾宾语语还还不不能能表表达达完完整整的的意意思思，必必须须加加上上一个一个补充成分补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾宾语语补补足足语语：位位于于宾宾语语之之后后对对宾宾语语作作出出说说明明的的成成分分。可可以以用用作作宾宾语语补补足足语语的的有有名名词词，形形容容词词，不不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等,它与宾语构成它与宾语构成主谓关系或动宾关系。主谓关系或动宾关系。第23页/共78页Thewarmadehimasoldier.Newmethodsmakethejobeasy.Ioftenfindhimatwork.Theteacheraskthestudentstoclosethewindows.Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.名词/代词宾格+n./adj./介词短语/动词不定式/分词第24页/共78页（及物）（宾语）（宾补）1.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.2.Thissetthemthinking.3.Theyfoundthehousedeserted.4.Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.5.Isawthemgettingonthebus.第25页/共78页句子翻译。1.他们请我和他们一起去。2.我刚才看见她在跟Jane谈话。3.你认为这部电影精彩吗？4.你建议我做什么？5.你注意到他进来了吗？They asked me to go with them.I saw her talking with Jane just now.Do you think the film wonderful?What did you advise me to do?Did you notice him come in?第26页/共78页a，b，c，d，e，1，Pleastellusastory._2,Shesmiled._3.Ihavealotworktodo._4.Hisjobistotrainswimmers._5.Henoticedamanentertheroom._6.Pleaselookatthepicture._daebec第27页/共78页但但常常用用的的英英语语句句子子并并不不都都象象基基本本句句型型这这样样简简短短，除除了了基基本本句句型型的的成成分分不不变变外外，通通常常是是在在这这些些成成分分的的前前面面或或后后面面增增加加一一些些修修修修饰饰饰饰语语语语而而加加以以扩扩大大。这这些些修修饰饰语语可可以以是是单单单单词词词词（adj./adv./num.adj./adv./num.数数词词）、短短短短语语语语（主主要要是是介介词词短短语语、不不定定式式短短语语和和分分词词短短语语）。我们称之为：我们称之为：定语、状语定语、状语定语、状语定语、状语The The littlelittle boy needs a boy needs a blueblue pen.pen.第28页/共78页一、一、定语：定语：定语是对名词或代词起定语是对名词或代词起修饰修饰修饰修饰、限定限定限定限定作用的词、短语或句作用的词、短语或句子，译为子，译为的的的的常由形容词、形容词性物主常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分代词、名词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词短语等充当词短语等充当。常放位置：常放位置：定语通常位于被修饰的定语通常位于被修饰的成分前成分前成分前成分前。复合不定代词复合不定代词（something/nothingsomething/nothing）之后；）之后；不不定定式式/分分词词短短语语/从从句句作作定定语语时时要要放放在在被被修修饰饰的的成成分后；分后；副词副词用作定语时须放在名词用作定语时须放在名词之后之后之后之后。第29页/共78页Twoboysneedtwopens.HisnameisTom.TheboyinblueisTom.Theboythereneedsapen.Theboyneedsaballpen.Thereisnothingtodotoday.ThepenboughtbyherismadeinChina.TheboyyouwillknowisTom.第30页/共78页二、状语：状状语语修修饰饰动动词词、形形容容词词、副副词词或或全全句句的的句句子子成成分分，说说明明方方式式、因因果果、条条件件、时时间间、地点地点、让步让步、方向方向、程度程度、目的目的等等-Theboyneedsapennow.-Theboyneedsapenverymuch.可用作状语的有副词可用作状语的有副词,不定式，分词，介词短语，不定式，分词，介词短语，从句等从句等。第31页/共78页In the classroomIn the classroom,the boy needs a pen.,the boy needs a pen.在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）（地点状语）Before his motherBefore his mother,Tom is always a boy.,Tom is always a boy.在母亲面前在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子汤姆总是一个男孩子.(.(条件状语条件状语)On On SundaysSundays,there there is is no no student student in in the the classroom.classroom.星期天星期天,教室里没有学生教室里没有学生.(.(时间状语时间状语)介词短语作状语：介词短语作状语：第32页/共78页He sits there,He sits there,asking for a penasking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）Having Having to to finish finish his his homeworkhomework,the the boy boy needs a pen.needs a pen.因因为为不不得得不不完完成成作作业业，男男孩孩需需要要一一支支笔笔。（原原因因状语）状语）FrightenedFrightened,he sits there soundlessly.,he sits there soundlessly.（因因为为）受受了了惊惊吓吓，他他无无声声地地坐坐在在那那儿儿。（原原因因状语）状语）分词（短语）作状语：分词（短语）作状语：第33页/共78页The boy needs a pen The boy needs a pen to do his homeworkto do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）To To make make his his dream dream come come truetrue,Tom Tom becomes becomes very interested in business.very interested in business.为实现梦想为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.不定式作状语：不定式作状语：第34页/共78页状语从句：状语从句：状语从句：状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句让步状语从句、条件状语从句 -We chatted-We chatted as we walked along.as we walked along.-Even if she laughs at himEven if she laughs at him,he adores her.,he adores her.第35页/共78页三、同位语：三、同位语：同同同同位位位位语语语语 当当当当两两两两个个个个指指指指同同同同一一一一事事事事物物物物的的的的句句句句子子子子成成成成分分分分放放放放在在在在同同同同等等等等位位位位置置置置时时时时，一一一一个个个个句句句句子子子子成成成成分分分分用用用用来来来来说说说说明明明明和和和和解解解解释释释释另另另另一一一一个个个个句句句句子子子子成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。We We studentsstudents should study hard.should study hard.(students(students是是wewe的的同同位位语语，都都是是指指同同一一批批学学生生）We We allall are students.are students.(all(all是是wewe的同位语，都指同样的的同位语，都指同样的我们我们）第36页/共78页四、独立成分：四、独立成分：与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分独立成分独立成分独立成分感叹词：感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,oh,hello,aha,ah,等。等。肯定词肯定词:yesyes否定词否定词:nono称呼语：称呼语：称呼人的用语。称呼人的用语。插入语：插入语：一些句中插入的一些句中插入的 I think,I believe,I think,I believe,等。等。如如:The The story,story,I I think,think,has has never never come come to to the the end.end.我相信我相信,这个故事还远没结束这个故事还远没结束.第37页/共78页一一)挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.People all over the world speak English.How many new words did you learn last class?How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?to go swimming,how about you?The The old old man man sitting sitting at at the the gate gate said said he he was was ill.ill.第38页/共78页(二二)挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语-The old man felt very tired.-The old man felt very tired.-The leaves have turned yellow.-The leaves have turned yellow.-Soon Soon They They all all became became interested interested in in the the subject.subject.第39页/共78页(三三)挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语1.What is your given name?1.What is your given name?2.2.I I am am afraid afraid some some people people forgot forgot to to sweep sweep the floor.the floor.3.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.3.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4.4.I I am am waiting waiting for for the the sound sound of of the the other other shoe!shoe!第40页/共78页(四四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She She likes likes the the children children to to read read newspapers newspapers and books in the reading-room.and books in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.第41页/共78页(五五)挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face.There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He He began began to to learn learn English English when when he he was was eleven.eleven.The The man man on on the the motorbike motorbike was was traveling traveling too fast.too fast.第42页/共78页 With the medicine box under her arm,MissLihurriedoff.Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.Iamafraidthatifyouvelostit,youmustpayforit.The students followed Uncle Wang toseetheothermachine.第43页/共78页V.V.句子的分类（按用途）句子的分类（按用途）句子按用途可分为：句子按用途可分为：1.1.陈述句陈述句 （Declarative SentencesDeclarative Sentences）2.2.疑问句疑问句 （Interrogative SentencesInterrogative Sentences）3.3.祈使句祈使句 （Imperative SentencesImperative Sentences）4.4.感叹句感叹句 （Exclamatory SentencesExclamatory Sentences）第44页/共78页用来说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：用来说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：1)Light travels faster than sound.1)Light travels faster than sound.光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）2)The film is rather boring.2)The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）1.1.陈述句（陈述句（Declarative Declarative SentencesSentences）第45页/共78页要特别注意陈述句的否定结构要特别注意陈述句的否定结构首先，否定转移首先，否定转移:主句谓语动词是主句谓语动词是think,expect,think,expect,believe,suppose,guess believe,suppose,guess 等表等表“认为认为”的动词时的动词时,宾语宾语从句的否定习惯上前移到主句谓语上从句的否定习惯上前移到主句谓语上.例如：例如：1)I don1)I dont think I know you.t think I know you.2)She doesn 2)She doesnt believe you are wrong.t believe you are wrong.注意注意:hope hope 不在此列不在此列.误误:I don:I dont hope it will rain.t hope it will rain.正正:I hope it won:I hope it wont rain.t rain.第46页/共78页第二，第二，句中含有句中含有never,seldom,hardly,never,seldom,hardly,scarcely,rarely,barely,nothing,nobody,scarcely,rarely,barely,nothing,nobody,nowherenowhere等词时等词时,应视为否定句。例如：应视为否定句。例如：1)I could 1)I could hardlyhardly hear anything.hear anything.2)He 2)He rarelyrarely comes to see es to see me.3)3)None None of us has been to Beijing.of us has been to Beijing.4)I saw 4)I saw nothingnothing in the darkness.in the darkness.5)We could find her 5)We could find her nowherenowhere.第47页/共78页第三，第三，部分否定和全部否定部分否定和全部否定:all,both,either,every,everybody,all,both,either,every,everybody,everyday,everywhere,alwayseveryday,everywhere,always与与not not 连用时连用时,表示部分否定。表示全部否定要用表示部分否定。表示全部否定要用no,neither,no,neither,none,nobody,nothing,never,nowhere none,nobody,nothing,never,nowhere 等词等词.肯定:Alltheantsgooutforfood.部分否定:Notalltheantsgooutforfood.或:Alltheantsdontgooutforfood.全部否定:Noneoftheantsgoesoutforfood.或:Notanyoftheantsgoesoutforfood.第48页/共78页我们可将英语陈述句的句序归纳如下：主谓（宾）主谓（宾）/主系表一条线，定语和名词紧相连。主系表一条线，定语和名词紧相连。不是在后就在前，状语很少在中间。不是在后就在前，状语很少在中间。第49页/共78页用来提出请求，建议或发出命令，肯定的祈使句用来提出请求，建议或发出命令，肯定的祈使句用动词原形开头，否定的祈使句用用动词原形开头，否定的祈使句用DonDont t 或或 Never+Never+动词原形开头。例如：动词原形开头。例如：1.Sit down,please!1.Sit down,please!2.Don 2.Dont be nervous!t be nervous!2.2.祈使句（祈使句（Imperative SentencesImperative Sentences）有些祈使句还可以没有动词。例如：有些祈使句还可以没有动词。例如：Silence!Silence!No parking!No parking!有时为了加强语气还可以在动词前面用上助动词有时为了加强语气还可以在动词前面用上助动词dodo。例如：例如：Do come earlier,please!Do come earlier,please!第50页/共78页表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，常用情绪，常用whatwhat或或howhow来引导。来引导。常见的句型结构是：常见的句型结构是：3.感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）第51页/共78页感叹句两种结构：1.What a/an+adj.+可数名词+（主语+谓语 What+adj.+复数名词+（主语+谓语）What+adj.+不可数名词+（主语+谓语）What a dangerous scene it was!What terrible weather weve been having these days!2.How+主语+谓语（省略adj./adv.）How+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语 How+adj./adv.+主语+谓语 How beautiful a picture it is!How we love our great motherland!第52页/共78页练习一 把下列句子变成感叹句：1.She runs quickl